MODULE-6 -7-8

“THE ACT”
IN

GE 107- ETHICS

Submitted by:

NAME: RENEL QUINSAY BERNAL

BSED-1- SOCIAL STUDIES

Submitted to :

NAME: LOIDA BARRERA

Course facilitators

=Assessment of learning=

I.) True or False. Write TRUE if the statement

is correct and FALSE if otherwise.
____TRUE_____ 1. Emotions do not affect
human’s decision making.
____TRUE____ 2. A deliberate act makes the
person responsible.
___TRUE____ 3. Will and reason are the strong
pillars for moral actions according to Aquinas
and Kant.

___FALSE_____ 4. If a person is in a negative

mood, he may likely make positive decisions.

____TRUE____ 5. Not everyone is bale to have

feelings.
____TRUE_____ 6. True happiness is achieved
when you practice and live a life of virtue in
accordance to Aristotle.

___TRUE___ 7. People who are influenced

mostly by their emotion often make biased
decisions.

___TRUE ___ 8. A person who make a decision

in a state of happiness make a rightdecision.
__FALSE___ 9. According to Hume, moral
judgments and decisions are often driven by
automatic, effective responses, rather than
explicit reasoning.
___TRUE__ 10. Socrates believes that an
unexamined life is not worth living.

II.) Identification: Identify the following

statements being described and supply in
the blank the correct answer.

__FREEDOM__ 1. A constituent of human act

where an agent is not constrained in doing his
action.

___EMMANUEL KANT__ 2. This is Kant’s

philosophy which believes that humans act on
purely conscious moral reasoning and
universal moral imperatives.

__IMMANUEL KANT__ 3. A choice made based

on person’s ethics, manners, characters and
what he believes is a proper behavior.

__ DAVID HUME___ 4. He believes that morals

are determined by moral sentiments.
__REASON____ 5. It is the capacity for
consciously making sense of things,
establishing and verifying facts, applying logic
and changing or justifying practices,
institutions and beliefs based on new or
existing information.
___MORAL COURAGE_____ 6. The courage to
take action for moral reasons despite the risk
of adverse consequences.

___RIGHTS APPROACH_____ 7. The approach to

moral decision that strives to achieve the
greatest good for the greatest number.

___FEELINGS,INSTINCTIVE RESPONSE TO
MORAL DILEMMAS_____ 8. These are passions
that human feels which are skin to other
bodilyfeelings.

___FAIRNESS/JUSTICE APPROACH________ 9.
He said that “equals should be treated equally
and unequal unequally.”
___IMPARTIALITY_______ 10. This justice
principle holds that decisions should be based
on objective criteria and not on the basis of
bias or prejudice.

=Assessment of learning=

III. Essay
1. Reflect and share your insights on the
situation given below.
Mr. Adams, 75, runs a family store business.
One gloomy day, a robber went inside the
store and robbed his valuables. Unknowingly,
while the robber was going out the store,
one of his children Ron, followed and engaged
in a fight with the robber to bring back
their money. Because both were armed, Ron
and the robber got injured heavily. Ron
eventually dies. The robber, on the other
hand, still has a sign of life and begs Mr.
Adams to bring him to the hospital.

=Question: if you were Mr. Adams, what

would you do? Justify your answer based on
reason, will and morality.
=ANSWER= This question answer the
dilemma of which option will produce the
greatest benefits and
least harm. It assesses an action in terms of
its consequences or outcomes; i.e. the net
benefits and cost to all stakeholders on an
individual level. aking society better is one of
the reasons to be moral and essential,
regardless of employment. When we
contribute to the betterment of society, we
are rewarded with bettering our own lives as
well as the lives of our family and friends.
Society would be a horrible place if moral
behavior did not exist.the case of humans,
Aristotle claimed that thinking is our
distinguishing role, and that a life” worth
living” is one in which we reason properly.
Virtues are determined by common sense
intuitions that we as witnesses consider to be
commendable features in other individuals,
according to an agent based view.The rights
approach follows the belief that individuals
ave the ability to make their
decisions freely. It believes that if the act
does not respect everyone’s moral rights, it is
wrong to act. This approach gives individual
the opportunity to reflect if the action is fair to
the people.
It has its roots in the teachings of the ancient
Greek philosopher Aristotle who said that
“equals should be treated equally and
unequal unequally”.
MODULE-7
VIRTUE ETHICS
1.) True or False. Write TRUE if the statement is
correct and FALSE if otherwise.

_____TRUE______ 1. Telos is the Latin term for an end,

fulfilment, completion, goal or aim; it is the source of
the modern word ‘teleology’.

____TRUE_______ 2. Aristotle made it clear that life of

virtue can be achieved through constant
contemplation of the “Good” or happiness.

____TRUE_______ 3. Only persons with legitimate

authority have the power to create and implement
laws for their respective communities.

____TRUE_______ 4. Aristotle believes that we inherited

a propensity to sin from our first parent, Adam.
____TRUE_______ 5. The purpose of temperance is to
refine the way we enjoy bodily pleasures.
____TRUE_______ 6. The law of love leads us to rejoice in
good fortune of our neighbor – jealousy is a
contradiction to this.

____TRUE_______ 7. In ethical view, each human action is

taken to be directed towards some telos and practical
deliberation involves specifying the concrete steps
needed to attain that telos.

___TRUE_____ 8. Pride is an unrestrained and improper

appreciation of our own worth.
____FALSE_______ 9. Gluttony comes from the Greek
term gluttirei – to gulp down or swallow. It refers to
the sin of over-indulgence and overconsumption of
food and drink.

____TRUE______ 10. Sexuality is a gift from God, and not

inherently impure in itself.

2.)Identification: Identify the following statements

being described and supply in
the blank the correct answer.
___HAPPINESS________ 1. Aquinas follows Aristotle in
thinking that an act is good or bad depending on
whether it contributes to or deters us from our proper
human end.
____PRUDENCE_______ 2. In order to act well, we need to
make good judgments about how we should behave.

___THE GOOD WILL _____ 3. It reveals a host of virtues

that are indicative of human goodness.
_____ARISTOTLE (MONTEMAYOR, 1995)______ 4. He
presented that human being’s present earthly
existence is a composit nature of body and soul, mind
and matter, sense and the intellect, and passion and
reason.

____NATURAL RIGHTS_______ 5. It is a natural

endowment, not an artificial habit of action to be
acquired by education.

___ TEMPERANCE ______ 6. It is a virtue that denotes a

restrained desire for physical gratification.
___A JUST LAW IS AN ORDINANCE OF REASON________
7. This means that a good law must be reasonable, it
must be a product of careful and serious deliberation.

___JUSTICE________ 8. It governs our relationships with

others. Specifically, it denotes a sustained or constant
willingness to extend to each person what he/she
deserves.
__VIRTUE AS HABIT___ 9. Aristotle maintains that
knowing truly the good means doing the good
constantly and habitually because human being does
not only know, love and appreciate virtue, but practice
virtue and lives a life of virtue.
____HAPPINESS AS VIRTUE______ 10. It consists of the
knowledge of the good and wisdom to apply such
knowledge for the attainment of one’s own perfection.

III. Essay
1. Differentiate virtue as habit from happiness as
virtue. Cite two to three differences
between virtue as habit and happiness as virtue.
=ANSWER=our behaviors are the focus of "virtue as a habit."
The general norm is to act ethically: we do not cause harm to
others, and we do not lie, steal, or cheat. We don't get so
inebriated or drugged out that we do things that are harmful or
cause us to lose control. In this sense, "pleasure as virtue"
refers to the situation in which happiness is the product of a
habit of virtue. We are more likely to be happy if we live a
loving and ethical life than if we harm ourselves and others.
Therefore, to distinguish between these two ends, attention
must be paid to rules and goals: happiness is according to goals
and virtue is according to rules . He contended that virtue does
not guarantee happiness and that happiness requires
something more than virtue.

2. Explain the transcript of St. Thomas Aquinas’

definition of law.
=ANSWER=According to Aquinas, the fundamental principle of natural
law is that "good is to be done and pursued, and evil avoided." Reason exposes
specific natural laws that are beneficial to people, such as self-preservation,
marriage and family, and the desire to know God. Law, according to Aquinas,
is "an ordinance of reason for the general benefit, devised by him who has
care of the society, and disseminated."in accordance with the legislator's
wishes.

3. How important is right to a person?

=ANSWER=Human rights are fundamental freedoms that we all
enjoy just because we are human. They represent important
societal ideals such as fairness, dignity, equality, and respect.
Human rights are basic rights that belong to all of us simply
because we are human.Aug 31, 2017Human rights are basic
rights that belong to all of us simply because we are human. They
represent important societal ideals such as fairness, dignity,
equality, and respect. They are critical safeguards for all of us,
especially those who may be subjected to abuse, neglect, or
isolation. In five of the eight countries, the right to vote was
recognized as the most important human right. The right to free
expression is the most essential human right in the United States,
followed by the right to vote. In Germany, free expression is also
highly prized; its residents regard it as crucial.

4. Why do all rights have limitations? Give a real

scenario that rights do have limits.
=ANSWER= RIGHT AND REASON - Because we are constrained by
our human nature. They are constrained by our responsibilities.
Rights and laws are inextricably linked. Only God has all rights and
no duties to an unlimited degree. We were created from nothing and
rely on God's preserving agency to keep us safe from moment to
moment. We have unlimited rights in a limited frail human being.
Austin Fagothey's " Right and Reason" is a good example. The
section on rights and responsibilities.
MODULE-8
JUSTICE AND
FAIRNESS:PROMOTING THE
COMMON GOOD

I. True or False. Write TRUE if the statement is

correct and FALSE if otherwise.

___TRUE_____ 1. During the World Economic

Forum in September 2018 the council
reiterated salient responsibilities of the state in
this current time.
 __TRUE______ 2. The major tenets of
distributive justice are equality,
proportionality and fairness.

____TRUE_______ 3. Egalitarian has been

applied to a society when all members are
assured of a
basics level of goods.

____FALSE_______ 4. Racial Egalitarianism is a

form of a society in which power is equally
shared between men and women, or a family
structure where power is shared equally by
both parents.

____TRUE_______ 5. Marx provides a much

more positive account of what is required to
build a society based upon the political idea of
equality.

____TRUE______ 6. Business executives

appreciate the fact that most utilitarians
recognize that not everyone will benefit from
a particular action.
___TRUE________ 7. Utilitarianism
accommodates complex circumstances more
easily than other, more absolute,
philosophical approaches.
___FALSE_______ 8. Moral right of infringement
is when you have not been properly named or
credited when your work is used.

_____TRUE______ 9. Right if integrity means

that no one can change your work without
permission; no one can destroy your work
without first asking you if you want to take it
back.

_____TRUE_____ 10. Every authority has an

ingrained and an unfettered right to be
recognized as the creator of the work.

2.)Identification: Identify the following

statements being described and supply in
the blank the correct answer.

___EGALITARIANA________ 1. It is the legal or

moral entitlement to do or refrain from doing
something or to obtain or refrain from
obtaining an action, thing or recognition in
civil society.
___RESTRICTED EXEMPTION_____ 2. It is the
natural limit or boundary of right, Beyond
which it cannot be exercised without violating
the right of another.

____PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION AND INCLUSIVE

GROWTH_______ 3. It is man’s highest right
because without it, no other rights can be
enjoyed.
___RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE________ 4. These are
the power of the person to refuse to perform
negative acts.
___STATE AND CITIZENS RESPONSIBILITY TO
EACH OTHER________ 5. This posits that man
may choose the kind of life one wants to
pursue, especially in getting married and
establishing a family.

__FUNCTION OF THE STATE____ 6. They are

rights acquired by birth and also called basic
human rights.
___THEORY OF JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS_____ 7.
This ethical theory places the locus of the
right and wrong solely on the outcomes of
choosing one action/policy over other actions.
___CONVENIENCE____ 8. This argues that we
should figure out what sort of behavior usually
causes happiness and turn it into a set of
rules.

___DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE ___ 9. It is

concerned with the fair allocation of resources
among diverse members of a community.

____ SOCIAL JUSTICE ______ 10. It is a concept

of fair and just relations between the
individual and society.

III. Essay
1. Discuss the theory of justice and fairness.
=ANSWER= The principle that "equals should be treated
equally and unequals unequally" has been widely accepted since it
was first defined by Aristotle more than two thousand years ago. In
its modern form, this principle is sometimes expressed as follows:
"Individuals should be treated the same, unless they differ in ways
that are relevant to the situation in which they are involved."

2. Differentiate the three essential properties

of rights.
=ANSWER= E xclusiveness (all expenses and benefits from
possessing a resource should go to the owner), transferability (all
property rights should be transferred from one owner to another
in a voluntary exchange), and enforceability are stated to be
three features of an efficient property rights framework (property
rights should be secure from seizure or encroachment by others).
Thus,
The three properties of rights.

(1.) exclusivity of rights to select how a resource is used..

(2.) exclusivity of rights to a resource's services, and

(3.) rights to trade the resource at mutually accepted conditions

are the three core characteristics of private property.

3. Identify and discuss the different

responsibility of citizens to the state.
=ANSWER= citizenship is the condition of having the
rights, advantages, and responsibilities of a
citizen, but it may also refer to an
individual's character as a part of society.
Citizenship in the United States comes with
a lot of benefits, but it also comes with a lot
of duties.The Constitution of the United
States guarantees that everyone's rights are
protected, regardless of their origin, culture,
or religion. Although all citizens of the
United States have the freedoms,
protections, and legal rights guaranteed by
the Constitution, they also have the
obligation, or "civic duty," to adhere to
certain societal norms and principles.
Civic responsibilities guarantee that the Constitution and
the Bill of Rights' democratic principles are respected.
Both voluntary and mandatory responsibilities are
included in the list of responsibilities
. Obeying the law. Every U.S. citizen must obey federal,
state and local laws, and pay the penalties that can be
incurred when a law is broken.
Paying taxes. All citizens must pay taxes in one form or
another, including federal, state, local, Social Security,
property and sales taxes. Each tax funds services and
programs - i.e., schools, roads, police and fire protection,
Medicare and national defense - that would be impossible
to maintain without the support of tax payments.

4. Explain the “Good Will” of Immanuel Kant.

=ANSWER= I want to begin by defining what Kant means by

goodwill. According to him, the only thing that is completely good is
goodwill, and one must have a good will in order to carry out a
moral deed. Kant believes that we should esteem good will
unrestrictedly.
A good will, according to Kant, is a will whose decisions are entirely
influenced by moral demands or, as he frequently refers to it, the
Moral Law. Human beings invariably perceive this Law as a restraint
on their inherent impulses, which is why such Laws are imperatives
and responsibilities when applied to humans.

THANK YOU!