Department of Education

Iligan City East National High School

Senior High School Department

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

Quarter 2 Chapter 2

PRINCESS SOHAILAH S. MUTALIB

General Chemistry 1 Teacher
 MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

Describe the different functional groups.

1
(STEM_GC11OC IIg-j-87)
➢ Determine the different functional groups of organic compound
➢ Identify the functional groups of the given chemical compounds

2 Cite uses of representative examples of compounds

bearing the different functional groups
(STEM_GC11OC IIg-j-88)
3 Explain the properties of some polymers in terms of
their structure
(STEM_GC11OC IIg-j-93)
 Organic Chemistry

All of the chemistry we have been doing is

technically "inorganic" chemistry. The
compounds are all found in nature. For a
while, at the beginning, some molecules
were considered "organic", which means
that only living things (plants and
animals) could produce them.

Urea was the first organic molecule that scientists

have synthesized.
 Organic Compound
An organic compound is any
member of a large class of
gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical
compounds whose molecules
contains carbon
Carbon can form a single bond,
a double bond, or a triple bond
 CARBON
• Carbon is the first atom of organic
chemistry then, comes Hydrogen followed
by some others, like Oxygen.
• Halogens: F, CI, Br, and I and other
atoms such as N and S
• No metal elements is allowed to bond
with the carbon atom in organic
chemistry.
 CARBON

Carbon can also bond

Chain of carbon
with other carbon atoms
atoms to form
chains, branched
chains, and ring of Ring of carbon
carbon atoms Branched chain of atoms
carbon atoms
 CARBON
• Carbon makes 4 bonds because it has a 4
electron configuration, and it needs the
octet for bonding stability.
All carbon atoms make 4 bonds. They can be:
✓ 4 single bonds,
✓ 2 single bonds + 1 double bond
✓ 2 double bonds
✓ 1 single + 1 triple bond
 3 TYPES OF BONDS

SINGLE BOND DOUBLE BOND TRIPLE BOND

1 2 3
Two atoms share a pair Two atoms share two Two atoms share three
of electron pairs of electron pairs of electrons.
 FUNCTIONAL GROUP
A group of atoms that is responsible for the
chemical behavior of the molecule.
Different molecules containing the same kind of
functional group undergo similar reactions.

The simplest of all hydrocarbons.

For example: CH 4 forms from one carbon and 4
hydrogen atoms, which is called methane.
 HYDROCARBON

1. Alkane 7. Aldehyde
2. Alkenes 8. Ketones
3. Alkynes 9. Carboxylic acid
4. Aromatic 10.Esters
5. Alcohol 11. Amine
6. Ethers 12.Amide
ALKANES, ALKENES & ALKYNES
 What is IUPAC?

In order to unite the scientific community, in 1919 the

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
otherwise known as IUPAC was established.
The group wanted to makes sure that chemists around
the world could communicate accurately.
A hundred years later, IUPAC is still the guiding
organization for all nomenclature in chemistry.
 3 RULES IN IUPAC SYSTEMATIC
NAMING

1 2 3
Find the longest carbon Identify the highest Identify the types of
chain and give it a root priority functional group substituents and their
positions on the carbon chain,
name. and add its suffix to the
then add a numbered prefix to
root name.
the root name
 Important in Organic Chemistry:

All organic molecules use the number

of carbons in their chemical names.
You must use this table to learn to
count carbon atoms in Latin.
Memorize this and remember.
 ALKANES, ALKENES & ALKYNES
Alkanes are organic compounds that is consist of
single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms.
 ALKANES, ALKENES & ALKYNES

Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least

one carbon to carbon double bond.
Practice:

1 Pentene

1 Butene

2 Butene
 ALKANES, ALKENES & ALKYNES

Alkynes contain one or more triple bonds

between neighboring carbon atoms.
Practice:
Propyne

Ethyne

2 Butyne
1 Butyne
 CYCLOALKANES & AROMATICS

• Cycloalkanes are alkanes (only carbon to carbon single

bonds) which form a ring structure.
• The term 'aromatic' was derived from Greek word
'aroma' meaning sweet fragrance.
• Aromatic hydrocarbons are also called ARENES.
• An aromatic compound is one that is based on a ring.
• A benzene ring that is attached to another compound
is given the name phenyl.
A. The "straight" chain has
carbon atoms that are able
to rotate freely around their
single bonds, sometimes
linking up in a closed ring.
B. Ring compounds of the first
four cycloalkanes.
 CYCLOALKANES & AROMATICS
A hydrocarbon that contains an aromatic ring which is a
six-carbon ring with alternate double bonds or a ring with
a circle in the middle representing the double bonds.

Aromatic rings
contain alternating
double bonds
A. The bonds in C6H6 is a
compound that has between
single and double bonds, which
gives it different chemical
properties than double-bonded
hydrocarbons.

B. The six-sided symbol with a

circle represents the benzene
ring. Organic compounds based
on the benzene ring are called
aromatic hydrocarbons because
of their aromatic character.
 ALCOHOL
• Alcohol has a hydrogen replaced by a hydroxyl (-OH) group.
The name of the hydrocarbon that was substituted
determines the name of the alcohol.
• Suffix: -ol.

If methane is substituted with an OH group it becomes methanol.

If a pentane group is substituted with an OH group it is pentanol.

For alcohols with more than two carbon atoms we need to

number the chain so as to keep the alcohol group as low as
possible.
 Nomenclature of Alcohols

Identify the longest carbon chain that has the hydroxyl functional
group. Drop the final -e in the name of the alkane then add the
suffix -ol.

Count the number of carbons in the longest chain, starting from the
nearest carbon to the –OH group. Use the appropriate number to
indicate the location of the hydroxyl group.

Finally, identify the substituents, and assign the appropriate

number corresponding to their locations.
 ALCOHOL

Contains an oxygen atom that

is bonded to one hydrogen
atom and one carbon atom
with the formula R-OH

**R1 R2 R3 represents
any organic chain
PRIMARY ALCOHOL SECONDARY ALCOHOL TERTIARY ALCOHOL

1 2 3
Only one R group is bonded
to the alpha carbon. Some Two hydrogens are Three R groups are
examples of this includes replaced by R groups. attached to the alpha
ethanol, propanol, and carbon. An example of this
butanol. Methanol is an Examples include
exception because it only
is tert-butanol, more
has one carbon for its R 2-propanol formally known as:
group, which is directly
attached to the -OH 2-methyl, 2-propanol.
functional group.
 The IUPAC name is given above each structural
The OH group is polar and short formula, and the common name is given below.
chain alcohols are soluble in both
nonpolar alkanes and water.

- If an alcohol contains two OH

groups it is a diol
(sometimes called a glycol).
- An alcohol with three OH groups
is called a triol
(sometimes called a glycerol).

Common examples of alcohols with one, two, and

three hydroxyl groups per molecule.
 ETHERS

General formula: CmH2m+1-O-CnH2n+1

• Functional group: -O –
• Suffix: *carbon base*
These are derived from alkanes by
replacing one hydrogen atom by
alkoxy group (-OR).

Consist of an oxygen atom that forms single

bonds with two carbon atoms.
 ETHERS

(alkane - ane + oxy + carbon

base = Alkoxy alkane )

CH3-O-CH3 C2H5-O-C2H5
Methoxy ethane Ethoxy ethane
Dimethyl ether Diethyl ether
 ETHERS

R–O–R R–O–R

Methyl propyl ether or Diethyl ether or

Methoxy propane Ethoxy ethane
 ALDEHYDES

General formula: CnH2n+1-CHO

• Functional group: -CHO
• Suffix: -al

These compounds are obtained by

replacing a hydrogen atom attached to
the terminal carbon atom in alkane
molecule by an aldehydic (CHO) group.

*R-group or a hydrogen atom

 ALDEHYDES

These are called alkanals in the

IUPAC system of nomenclature
and the names of individual
members are derived by changing
–e of corresponding alkane by –al.

(alkane - e + al = alkanal)

*R-group or a hydrogen atom

 KETONES
General formula: CnH2n+1COCmH2m+1
• Functional group: >C=O
• Suffix: -one
These are obtained by replacing two hydrogen atoms attached to the
non-terminal carbon atom in alkane molecule by a divalent oxygen atom.
Thus the functional group called ketonic group contains a carbon atom
joined to the oxygen atom by double bond.

The names of individual members are derived by replacing –e of

the corresponding alkane by –one.
 KETONES
Involves a carbonyl in which the
carbon atom makes a single
bonds with the two R-groups

The simplest ketone is acetone,

in which carbonyl carbon is
bonded to two CH3 groups.

(alkane - e + one = alkanone)

(alkane - e + one = alkanone)
 CARBOXYLIC ACID
General formula: CnH2n+1—COOH
Functional group: - COOH
Suffix: -oic acid
1) In this compounds, one hydrogen atom in alkane
molecule is replaced by a carboxyl (COOH) group. The
first member is, however, obtained by replacing a
hydrogen atom in the hydrogen molecule.
2) In the IUPAC system, they are named by replacing the
terminal –e of the corresponding alkane by –oic acid.

(alkane – e + oic acid = alkanoic acid)

 CARBOXYLIC ACID

Another carbonyl containing

functional group, in which
the carbon atom is bonded
to an OH group on one side
and either a carbon or
hydrogen atom on the
other.
(alkane – e + oic acid = alkanoic acid)
 ESTER
General formula: CnH2n+1—RCOOR’
Functional group: - R-CO-OR
Suffix: -oate”
1. Name the chain as a plane alkane.
2. Add the suffix "-oate" to the name,
dropping the "-e" from the alkane
name.
For example, the name for an ester with
five carbons is pentanoate.

(alkane – e + oate = alkanoate)

 ESTER

Contains a carbonyl where the

carbon is bonded to one additional
oxygen atom and one carbon or
hydrogen atom

“However, the second oxygen atom is

bonded to another carbon instead of to an
acidic hydrogen atom.”
(alkane – e + oate = alkanoate)
 AMINE
General formula: CnH2n+1-NH2
Functional group: -NH2
Suffix: -amine
These are the alkyl derivatives of ammonia. They
are formed by replacing one, two or all the three
hydrogen atoms in ammonia with alkyl radicals. In
IUPAC, the name is derived by replacing –e of
alkane by amine.

(alkane – e + amine = alkanamine)

(alkane – e + amine = alkanamine)
 AMINE
- Consist of a nitrogen atom bonded to
hydrocarbons.
- An organic compounds that contain nitrogen
atoms with a lone pair.
(alkane – e + amine = alkanamine)
 AMIDE

General formula: CnH2n+1-(C=O)NH2

Functional group: -CONH2
Suffix: -amide

The IUPAC and common name of amides are derived

from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the
suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid” respectively, with
“amide”.
 AMIDE

A carbonyl in which the

carbon is attached to one
nitrogen atom and one carbon
or hydrogen atom.

(alkane – e + amide = alkanamide)

(alkane – e + amide = alkanamide)
(alkane – e + amide = alkanamide)
(alkane – e + amide = alkanamide)