NCERT Basics : Class 9

NCERT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS

EXERCISE : 5.1 (iii) True,
1. Which of the following statements are Evidence : According to Euclid's
true and which are false ? Give reasons for postulate 2; a terminated line can be
your answers. produced indefinitely.
(i) Only one line can pass through a A B
single point. (iv) True,
(ii) There are an infinite number of lines Evidence : According to the axiom 4
which pass through two distinct of Euclid; that "the things which
points. coincide with one another are equal
(iii) A terminated line can be produced to one another". If we superimpose
indefinitely on both the sides. the region bounded by one circle on
(iv) If two circles are equal, then their the other, then they coincide. So, their
radii are equal. centres and boundaries coincide.
(v) In Fig., if AB = PQ and PQ = XY, then Therefore, their radii will coincide.
(v) True,
AB = XY.
Evidence : Euclid's axiom 1 states that
B Q Y
the things which are equal to the
A P X same thing are equal to one another.
2. Give a definition for each of the following
Sol. (i) False, because infinitely many lines terms. Are there other terms that need to
can pass through a single point. be defined first ? What are they and how
This is self evident and can be seen might you define them ?
visually by the student as follows : (i) parallel lines

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(ii) perpendicular lines
(iii) line segment
(iv) radius of a circle
P (v) square
Sol. (i) Parallel lines : Parallel straight lines
are straight lines which, being in the
(ii) False, because the given statement
same plane and being produced
contradicts the postulate I of the
indefinitely in both directions, do not
Euclid that assures that there is a
meet one another in either direction.
unique line that passes through two
Other term involved is the "plane".
distinct points. We keep the Plane as undefined term.
P Q The only thing is that we can
Through two points P and Q, a unique line represent it intuitively or explain it
can be drawn. with the help of physical model.

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(ii) Perpendicular lines : When a straight (2) Centre of circle : The fixed point from
line set up on a straight line makes which all the points on a circle are
the adjacent angles equal to one
equidistant is called its centre.
another, each of equal angle is right
(v) Square : Of quadrilateral figures, a
and the straight line standing on the
other is called a perpendicular to that square is that which is both
on which it stands. The other terms equilateral and right-angled. Other
that need to be defined first is (1) terms that need to be defined first are
Angle (2) Adjacent angles (3) Right
(1) equilateral
angle. Let us define these.
(1) Angle : A plane angle is the inclination to (2) right angle. Let us define these.
one another of two lines in a plane which (1) Equilateral : A figure having all its sides
meet one another and do not lie in a equal is called an equilateral.
straight line. (2) Right angle : An angle equal to one
(2) Adjacent angles : The two angles with the
quarter of a complete angle is called a
same vertex, one arm common and other
arms lying on the opposite sides of the right angle.
common arm are called adjacent angles. 3. Consider two 'postulates' given below :
(3) Right angle : An angle equal to one (i) Given any two distinct points A and B,
quarter of a complete angle is called a there exists a third point C which is in
right angle.
between A and B.
(iii) Line segment : A line segment which
extends indefinitely in both (ii) There exist at least three points that
directions gives a line. are not on the same line.
Other term involved is line. We keep Do these postulates contain any
the line as undefined term. The only
undefined terms ? Are these
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thing is that we can represent it

postulates consistent ? Do they follow
intuitively or explain it with the help
of physical model. from Euclid's postulates ? Explain.
(iv) Radius of a circle : A line segment Sol. There are several undefined terms which
joining the centre to any point on the are to be listed by a student. These two
circle is called the radius of the circle.
postulates (i) and (ii) are consistent
Other terms that need to be defined
because they deal with two different
first are :
(1) Circle (2) Centre. situations.
Let us define these : Postulate (i) states that given two points
(1) Circle : A circle is a closed curve on a A and B, there is a point C lying on the line
plane, all points on which are at the same
in between them.
distance from a fixed point which is
centre. A C B

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NCERT Basics : Class 9
Postulate (ii) states that for given two AC = BC ... (1)
points A and B, we can take point C not Similarly, D is the midpoint of AB implies
lying on the line through A and B. that AD = BD ... (2)
C we have, AB = AB
or AC + BC = AD + BD
A B or AC + AC = AD + AD [Using (1) and (2)]
Hence, we observe that the postulates do or 2AC = 2AD
not follow from Euclid's postulates, or AC = AD ... (3)
however they follow from Axiom 1. B B
C D
4. If a point C lies between two points A and A
A
B such that AC = BC, then prove that AC =
When we superimpose AD over AC and
1
AB. Explain by drawing the figure. BD over BC we find that D exactly lies over
2
C. It implies that D and C are not two
Sol. Given that C lies between A and B
different points but the same.
A C B
Hence, we conclude that mid-point of a
And AC = BC So, AC + AC = BC + AC
line segment is unique.
[ according to Euclid's Axiom-2, if
6. In Fig., if AC = BD, then prove that AB = CD.
equals are added to equals, the wholes are D
C
equal] B
A
i.e., 2AC = AB Sol. Given that AC = BD ... (1)
[BC + AC coincides with AB] AC = AB + BC

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1 (point B lies between A and C) ... (2)
Therefore, AC = AB
2
BD = BC + CD
5. In Question 4, point C is called a mid-point
(point C lies between B and D) ... (3)
of line segment AB. Prove that every line
Substituting (2) and (3) in (1), we get
segment has one and only one mid-point.
AB + BC = BC + CD
Sol. Let C and D be the two mid-points of line
Subtracting BC from both sides, we get
segment AB.
AB + BC – BC = BC + CD – BC
So, according to Euclid's axiom (4) when
So, AB = CD
line is folded about point C we observe
( if equals are subtracted from equals,
that part BC superimposes over the part
AC. It implies that the remaining are equal)

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7. Why is axiom 5, in the list of Euclid's Other equivalent versions of Euclid's fifth
axioms, considered a 'universal truth'? postulate are as follows :

(Note that the question is not about the According to Poseidonios; If two lines
never meet no matter how much they are
fifth postulate.)
produced ; then they are equidistant.
Sol. Euclid's Axiom 5 states that "The whole is
(100 B.C.)
greater than the part." According to Proclus ; The distance
Since, this is true for anything in any part between a pair of parallel infinite straight
of the world. lines (may fluctuate but) remain less than
So, this is a universal truth. a certain fixed distance (5th century).
According to Clauvius ; all the points
Deleted Exercise
equidistant from a given straight line, on
1. How would you rewrite Euclid's fifth
a given side of it, constitute a straight line
postulate so that it would be easier to
(1574).
understand ? 2. Does Euclid's fifth postulate imply the
Sol. There are several easy equivalent existence of parallel lines ? Explain.
versions of Euclid's fifth postulate. Sol. Yes. Euclid's fifth postulate is valid for

Playfair's axiom is one of the other parallelism of lines because if a straight

equivalent versions of Euclid's fifth line  falls on two straight lines m and n

postulate which is easily understandable. such that sum of the interior angles on
According to it, one side of  is two right angles, then by

For every line  and for every point P not Euclid's fifth postulate the line will not
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meet on this side of . Next, you know that

lying on , there exists a unique line m
the sum of the interior angles on the other
passing through point P and is parallel to . side of line  will also be two right angles.

Clearly, if all lines passing through the Therefore, they will not meet on the other

point P, only line m is parallel to line . side also. So, the lines m and n never meet
and are therefore, parallel.

P m
m
1

2 n


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