Third meeting (3rd meeting)

Kinds of adverbs
Traditionally, adverbs are described as a modifier of adjectives, verbs, or other adverbs.
They are used to add information to a sentence, information about manner, place, time,
purpose, frequency, and degree. As such, they answer questions related to how, when, where,
why, how often, and to what extent. Adverbs are not always in single word.
Adverbs modifying Verb
1. Adverbs of Manner
Adverbs of manner answer the questions “how?” They are generally movable and often
end in “-ly”, for example: rapidly, softly, quickly, clearly, fluently, differently, slowly,
silently. Adverbs of manner modify the verb most directly. Unlike nouns and adjectives,
the position of these adverbs is flexible. Adverbs of Manner (–ly) can occur in initial or
final sentence position, or before or after the verb. In verb phrases, these adverbs can
occur between the auxiliary verb (helping verb) and the main verb. Generally, the
sentence position of an adverb depends on what the speaker wants to stress or emphasize.
For example:
a) Softly, she called to the children
b) She called softly to the children.
c) They speak English fluently
d) She spoke clearly
2. Adverbs of Place
Adverbs of Place refer to location, direction, or position. They answer the
question where. Those usually occur after the main verb or after the
clause they are modifying.
Common adverbs of Place
above back behind below east
down far here there west
near inside outside inside north
over under towards away south
Many common adverbs of place also function as prepositions. We can distinguish the
function because when these words are used as prepositions, they must be
followed by a noun. Lets’ consider the following sentences
As adverbs of Place As Preposition
I am going inside to look for my book They found the money inside a bag
Maya left her cell phone behind. I’m driving behind a truck.
3. Adverbs of Time
Adverbs of time refer to the time at which something occurred. This time reference can
be:
 definite (e.g., yesterday, today, tomorrow, last week, next month, a year ago, etc) or
 indefinite (e.g., now, then, soon, just, before, still, already, next, etc)
Some of the time adverbs can also function as nouns. We can distinguish their
function because when these words are used as nouns, they are the subject of the
main verb. Lets’ consider the following sentences:
As adverbs of time As noun
We will study Vocabulary Development tomorrow Tomorrow is mother’ birthday
I rode my bike yesterday. Yesterday was sunny day

4. Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of Frequency describe how often an action takes place; some of these also end
in –ly.
Common adverbs of frequency
always generally usually seldom never
hardly ever rarely occasionally frequently sometimes
Once in a while etc
The most common sentence position of adverbs of frequency is before the verb they are
modifying, except when they are used with the verb be. Whenever the verb be occurs, the
frequency adverb follows. For example:

a) He always comes on time.

b) We never traveled Bali during pandemic covid-19.
c) She is seldom late.
d) The students were often rowdy.

Adverbs modifying Adjectives and Adverbs

5. Adverbs of degree
Adverbs of degree modify adjectives and adverbs in the same way and cannot be moved
from their positions. Adverbs of degree are generally divided into two categories,
 Intensifiers are adverbs such as very or extremely that strengthen or intensify the
meaning of an adjective or another adverb. When these adverbs modify adjectives,
they are used with gradable adjectives that can take the comparative and superlative
 forms (–er, –est or more, the most). Intensifiers normally precede the adjective or
adverb they are modifying, for example:
a) Budi speaks English extremely well
b) Anna is very busy
In the first sentence, the intensifier extremely modifies the adjective well and
emphasizes how well the subject (Budi) speaks English v. In second sentence, very
modifies the adjective busy and emphasizes how busy Anna is
 Downtoners are adverbs that decrease or lessen the tone of an adjective or
another adverb. Like intensifiers, downtoners modify gradable adjectives. They
normally precede the adjective or adverb they are modifying, for example:
a) Hannah read the comic fairly quickly.
b) The ending is somewhat sad.
In the first sentence, fairly is modifying the adverb quickly and downplays the
force of the adverb quickly. In the second sentence, somewhat is modifying the
adjective sad and downplays the force of the adjective sad.
Common adverbs of degree
very too quite almost
somewhat rather extremely totally
particularly especially really fairly
merely terribly etc

Activity:
A. Which words of the following words are categorized as adverbs!
heavenly fully princely richly nightly scholarly sincerely
brightly newly yearly masterly beastly nicely remarkably

B. Look at the following paragraph, underlying and categorize the kind of adverbs!
Brianna generally starts her mornings with a cup of coffee. She always has a
splash of milk and one teaspoon of sugar in her coffee. Depending on her
mood, she sometimes eats a slice of toast with a little jam or a bowl of cereal.
On days when she is in a hurry, she frequently skips breakfast. Once she is at
work, she is often too busy to eat anything until lunchtime. She rarely misses
lunch because she is hardly ever home before 6:30 p.m. She occasionally
stops at a restaurant on her way home from work, but she usually prefers to
wait until she gets home to eat. She is hardly ever ready for bed before
 midnight.

C. Look at the picture, complete the sentences with these adverbs

angrily badly dangerously fast heavily quietly

1) It’s raining …
2) He sings very…
3) They come in…
4) They shouted at me…
5) She can run very …
6) He was driving…
D. Which is right?
1) Don’t eat so… (quick/quickly). It’s not good for you
2) Jenifer is studying (hard/hardly) for her exam
3) Where is Anna? “she was here but she left …(sudden/suddenly)
4) I understand you…(perfect/perfectly)
5) Why are you … (angry/angrily)? I didn’t do anything
6) I am going to tell you so something, so please listen …(careful/carefully)
7) Anna! I need your help. Come …(quick/quickly)