Operating system

Introduction
• An operating system is a program which manages all the computer hardwares.

• It provides the base for application program and acts as an intermediary between a user
and thecomputer hardware.

• The operating system has two objectives such as:

Firstly, an operating system controls the computer’s hardware.

The second objective is to provide an interactive interface to the user and interpret
commands so that it can communicate with the hardware.

• The operating system is very important part of almost every computer system.

Types of Operating Systems

Following are some of the most widely used types of Operating system.

1. Simple Batch System

2. Multiprogramming Batch System

3. Multiprocessor System

4. Distributed Operating System

5. Realtime Operating System

1.SIMPLE BATCH SYSTEMS

1. In this type of system, there is no direct interaction between user and the

2. computer.

3. The user has to submit a job (written on cards or tape) to a computer operator.

4. Then computer operator places a batch of several jobs on an input device.

5. Jobs are batched together by type of languages and requirement.

6. Then a special program, the monitor, manages the execution of each program in the
batch.
7. The monitor is always in the main memory and available for execution.

2.MULTIPROGRAMMING BATCH SYSTEMS

8. In this the operating system, picks and begins to execute one job from memory.

9. Once this job needs an I/O operation operating system switches to another job (CPU
and OS always busy).

10. Jobs in the memory are always less than the number of jobs on disk(Job Pool).

11. If several jobs are ready to run at the same time, then system chooses which one to
run (CPU Scheduling).

12. In Non-multiprogrammed system, there are moments when CPU sits idle and does
not do any work.

Time-Sharing Systems are very similar to Multiprogramming batch systems. In fact time
sharing systems are an extension of multiprogramming systems. In time sharing systems
the prime focus is on minimizing the response time, while in multiprogramming the prime
focus is to maximize the CPU usage.

MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEMS

A multiprocessor system consists of several processors that share a common physical

memory. Multiprocessor system provides higher computing power and speed. In
multiprocessor system all processors operate under single operating system. Multiplicity of
the processors and how they do act together are transparent to the others.

Following are some advantages of this type of system.

1. Enhanced performance

2. Execution of several tasks by different processors concurrently, increases the

system's throughput without speeding up the execution of a single task.

3. If possible, system divides task into many subtasks and then these subtasks can

be executed in parallel in different processors. Thereby speeding up the

execution of single tasks.

DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEMS

The motivation behind developing distributed operating systems is the availability of

powerful and inexpensive microprocessors and advances in communication technology.
These advancements in technology have made it possible to design and develop distributed
systems comprising of many computers that are inter connected by communication
networks. The main benefit of distributed systems is its low price/performance ratio.

REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEM

It is defined as an operating system known to give maximum time for each of the critical
operations that it performs, like OS calls and interrupt handling.

The Operating system which guarantees the maximum time for these operations are
commonly referred to as hard real-time, while operating systems that can only guarantee a
maximum of the time are referred to as soft real-time.

Basic Functions of Operation System:

1. Processor management which involves putting the tasks into order and pairing

them into manageable size before they go to the CPU.

2. Memory management which coordinates data to and from RAM (randomaccess

memory) and determines the necessity for virtual memory.

3. Device management which provides interface between connected devices.

4. Storage management which directs permanent data storage.

5. Application which allows standard communication between software and your

computer.

6. User interface which allows you to communicate with your computer.

Introduction & Features of M.S DOS (Disk Operating system )

The DOS (Disk Operating System) is the old and single user Operating System in the
computer. Though it is not used by many people at present, it is better to study DOS with a
view to understand how the files are created, maintained and copied in the computer. As
this operating system is mainly deals with different disks like floppy, hard disk etc., it is
called as Disk Operating System (DOS). When we start the computer, it makes the system to
work in its internal parts like RAM, ROM and other peripherals. Here it will check whether
the operating system has been loaded in it or not. If it is loaded, it will start further
operations. Disk operating system is thus that part of system which will co‐ordinate with all
the parts of a computer.
Functions of DOS (Disk Operating System)

1. It takes commands from the keyboard and interprets them.

2. It shows all the files in the system.

3. It creates new files and allots space for programme.

4. It changes the name of a file in place of old name.

5. It copies information in a floppy drive and hard disk.

6. It helps in locating a file.

7. It searchers where the file is located in the disk.

8. If we want the information in the file to be printed, it gives printout of the information.

9. It hides the files and directories so as not to be seen by others.

10. It permanently removes the file.

Features of DOS

The primitive operating system of DOS has the following features:

1. It is the primary system where the user will get an environment about the input and
output devices, e.g. Monitor, Keyboard, Printers etc. viz. DOS provides features essential to
control hardware devices such as Keyboard, Screen, Disk Devices, Printers, Modems and
programs.

2. It is helpful in performing file management e.g., creating, editing, deleting files etc.

3. It is a single user operating system. One user can operate at one time in this operating
system.

4. It is Character Based interface system. We can type letters (or characters in this operating
system). DOS translate the command issued of the user in the format that is understood by
the computer to execute it, also error message in the format for the user to understand.

Declare any 10 commands using m.s dos

13. DIR: This command lists the contents of a directory, showing files and
subdirectories.

14. CD (or CHDIR): Used to change the current directory. For example, "CD Documents"
changes the current directory to the Documents folder.
15. MD (or MKDIR): Creates a new directory. For instance, "MD NewFolder" creates a
new folder named NewFolder.

16. COPY: Copies one or more files from one location to another. For example, "COPY
file1.txt C:\Backup" copies file1.txt to the Backup directory on the C: drive.

17. DEL (or ERASE): Deletes one or more files. For instance, "DEL file1.txt" deletes the
file named file1.txt.

18. REN (or RENAME): Renames a file or directory. For example, "REN oldfile.txt
newfile.txt" renames the file oldfile.txt to newfile.txt.

19. TYPE: Displays the contents of a text file on the screen. For instance, "TYPE
document.txt" shows the contents of the file named document.txt.

20. CLS: Clears the screen, removing all previous commands and output from view.

21. EXIT: Closes the MS-DOS command prompt or exits from a batch file or script.

22. FORMAT: Formats a disk drive, preparing it for use by erasing all data on it. For
example, "FORMAT C:" formats the C: drive.