Maharshi Dayanand University,
Rohtak, Haryana
Topic : Presented to:
Calculus of residues DR. Savita Rathee
Presented By:
Pooja
Roll no.:2162
Class: M.Sc. Math Ist Year
Calculus of residues
• In this topic we will explore calculating residues.
Definition : residue Consider the function f(z) with an
isolated singularity at z0, i.e. defined on the region a
with Laurent series (on that region)
• The residue of f at z0 is b1. This is denoted
Importance of residue
If γ is a small, simple closed curve that goes counterclockwise around b1 then
Figure 1.1 γ small enough to be inside |z−z0|<r surround z00 and contain no other
singularity of f. This is easy to see by integrating the Laurent series term by
term. The only nonzero integral comes from the term b1/z.
Example
has an isolated singularity at 0. From the Laurent series we see that Res(f,0)=1/2.
Why we find residue only at poles?
• Because the residue of a removable singularity is always O. It simply follows
from the fact that if the singularity is removable then the Laurent series is
actually taylor series.For essential singularities, no such simple formulas
exists. consider example:
• So, f has a removable singularity at z=0 and Res(f,0)=0 .This statement is
purely analytic if we define the function f(0)=1.
At a simple pole c , the residue of f is given by: if ,that limit does not exist, There is an essential
singularity . If it is 0 then it is either analytic there or there is a removable singularity. If it is
equal to infinity then the order is higher than one .
Example:
This has a singularity z=−1, but it is not isolated, so not a pole and therefore there is no residue
at z=−1.
Computation of residues in some
special cases
• The residue of a function at an isolated singularity is
measure of the function’s behavior near that singularity. It
can be calculated using various methods, such as Laurent
series expansion of the formula for the residue at a simple
pole.
• Residues at simple poles: if f has a simple pole at z0 then
• This says that the limit exists and equals the residue.
Conversely, if the limit exists then either the pole is simple,
or f is analytic at z0. In both cases the limit equals the
residue.
If g(z) has a simple zero at z0 then 1/g(z) has a simple pole at z0 and
Example:
Find all the poles and their residues.
Solution:
The poles of f(z) are the zeros of sin(z) i.e. nπ for n an integer. Since the derivative
sin′(nπ)=cos(nπ)≠0
the zeros are simple .
Residues at finite poles of order m :
For higher-order poles we can make statements similar to those for simple poles, but the formulas and
computations are more involved.
Residue at infinity: If f(z) is analytic or has an isolated singularity at infinity and if C is a circle
enclosing all its singularities in the finite parts of the z-plane, the residue of f(z) at infinity is
defined by
Also, Res(f(z),∞)=-sum of residues at all finite singularities.
Applications of Residues
- evaluation of definite and improper integrals occurring in real analysis and applied math
