6

The Physics

Science Orbit
Teacher’s Manual
Kishwar Raza

(An imprint of New Saraswati House (India) Pvt. Ltd.)

New Delhi-110002 (INDIA)
 R

(An imprint of New Saraswati House (India) Pvt. Ltd.)

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First published 2018

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 Preface
The purpose of The Science Orbit series (3 to 8) teacher’s resource pack is to empower teachers
to make classroom teaching a holistic experience. It will enable teachers to explain the chapters in
the most effective way, which will not only impart knowledge, but also ignite interest in the minds
of young learners towards the subject. A wide array of resources complement these manuals,
which makes learning an interesting process instead of a routine chore.

Teacher’s Manual
Teacher’s Manual resources have been carefully prepared with an aim to make the process of
teaching and learning interesting and intriguing for the teachers and learners alike. It comprises
detailed lesson plans and answers to the coursebook along with solved worksheets and
model test papers. These have been prepared keeping in mind the explanation of the concepts
and the level appropriateness of the topics. Easily available teaching aids are used to make teaching
and learning an interactive and lucid process. The lesson plans give a topic-wise explanation of
each chapter. Its components are:
– Warm-up section guides the teacher to start the topic in an interesting way.
– Learning objectives give the list of measurable aims of each chapter, which should be
achieved after teaching the chapter.
– Concept explanation gives a detailed method of explaining the important concepts of the
chapter using various teaching aids.
– Reinforce section allows the teacher to check the progress of the concepts learned by
the students with the help of textual questions and worksheets and allows them to
revisit and revise the concepts, if required.
– Explore section helps the learners to do various activities, often taking them beyond their
classroom learning.

App-based Digital Store

Digital offerings comprise digital resource embedded e-book, 2D and 3D animations, videos,
interactive activities, slideshows, educational games, test generator and teacher’s manual.

Web Support
The web support consists of worksheets, model test papers, and answers to worksheets and
model test papers. These would help teachers in assessing students on the concepts taught in the
class.
Contents
1. Matter 5
2. Measurement 12
3. Force 21
Model Test Paper 1 30
4. Energy 32
5. Light 40
6. Magnetism 48
Model Test Paper 2 57
 1 Matter

Learning Objectives
Students will be able to:
 understand and define matter and its composition
 understand and define the states of matter
 distinguish between solid, liquid and gas

Warm-up States of Matter; Differences between

Picture cards of various states of matter such Solids, Liquids and Gases
as water, steam escaping from a kettle to be Explain the three fundamental states of
shown to students. matter.
A table, marbles, fish swimming in water, Read the related sections from the book.
oil, inflated balloon, etc. also to be shown to Take a glass jar completely filled with
students. plastic balls. Place a hair dryer at the mouth
They should be asked to classify the of the glass jar. The light, plastic jars barely
three states of matter under three different show any movement.
headings. Thus, students are reminded of the Similarly, in two more glass jars, place
three states of matter. fewer plastic balls representing liquid and
gas. The glass jar showing gas had the least
Concept Explanation number of balls.
Show ice, water and boiling water producing Air was blown into each of the jars.
steam in different containers to introduce the Plastic balls in the liquid glass jar showed
topic. movement but there was little space between
Matter; Composition of Matter, Kinetic the balls. Maximum movement was shown
Theory of matter by the glass jar representing gas as the balls
Read the related sections from the book. had a lot of space.
Define matter, atoms, and molecules. Explain the arrangement of particles with
the help of pictures of steam coming out of
Explain atoms of different elements are
a steam engine (gas), water in a glass (liquid)
different and each atom has its own specific
and a tree or furniture at home (solid).
property.
Ask the students to answer the related
Explain the kinetic theory of matter.
questions from the Part II of the Exercisse.
Ask the students to answer the related
questions from the Part II of the Exercises.
5
Reinforce Use Part I of the Exercises to conduct a
To reinforce, read the Summary and Glossary quiz contest in the class.
sections from the book.
Explore
Ask the students to do Pause and Do
To explore, ask the students to do the
section from the book.
Learning Zone section from the book.

6
 Worksheet 1
1. Fill in the blanks.

a. All ________________ is made up of very small particles.

b. ________________ are the basic unit or building block of matter.

c. A ________________ has a definite shape, that is difficult to change.

d. ________________ cannot be compressed at all.

e. ________________ are always in a state of rapid, random motion.

2. State True or False.

a. Liquids can flow because their molecules have least _________

intermolecular space.

b. Liquids have a fixed shape but not a fixed volume. _________

c. Particles of a solid vibrate about their mean position. _________

3. Name the following.

a. The ability to be contained in a small volume ________________

b. The state of matter that has a fixed shape and volume ________________

c. The state(s) of matter that can flow ________________

d. The word that means indivisible in Greek ________________

4. Answer the following questions.

a. Give two points of differences between a solid and a gas.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

b. Explain the kinetic theory of matter in brief.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

7
 Worksheet 2
1. Choose the correct option.

a. The word atoms means,

i. Smallest particle ii. Building block iii. Indivisible iv. Similar

b. LPG is an example of:

i. Solid ii. Liquid iii. Gas iv. Both (ii) and (iii)

c. The state of matter that is highly compressible is

i. gas ii. solid iii. liquid iv. Both (a) and (c)

2. State True or False.

a. Both liquids and gases can flow. _________

b. Mercury is a solid. _________

c. Gases take the shape of the container in which they are kept. _________

3. Match the columns.

a. Ice i. Energy possessed by a molecule due to its motion.

b. Matter ii. Solid state of matter

c. Wood iii. Anything that occupies space and has weight

d. Kinetic energy iv. Cannot be compressed.

4. Answer the following questions.

a. What is the arrangement of particles in liquid?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

b. Give the difference between solids and liquids with respect to intermolecular
space.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

8
 Answers to Coursebook
PART 1 molecules. There is intermolecular
A 1 (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) space between molecules. The force of
attraction between molecules decreases
5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (a) with an increase in the distance between
B 1. wood 2. petrol molecules.
3. carbon dioxide 4. zig-zag 2. Solids:
5. gases 6. most • Have a definite shape and volume.
7. gas • Very little intermolecular space
between molecules.
C 1. True 2. False 3. True
• Force of attraction between molecules
4. True 5. True
of a solid is maximum.
D 1 (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (e)
Liquids:
5. (b)
• No definite shape, takes the shape of
PART 2 the container.
A 1. Iron and wood • There is space between molecules of
2. Petrol and water. a liquid, they move move past one
another, so a liquid can flow.
3. Oxygen and carbon dioxide
• There exists force of attraction between
4. Soft rubber molecules of a liquid much less than
5. Spring or elastic band solids but greater than gases.
6. LPG or Butane, propane. 3. • Liquids and gases do not have a definite
B. 1. Matter is anything that occupies space and shape.
has weight. • Liquids and gases can flow because
2. Solid, liquid and gas. Steel, petrol and molecules can move past one another.
Hydrogen. • A gas can be compressed easily, whereas
3. A gas has no definite shape. It can be a liquid can also be compressed with a
highly compressed. greater degree of effort.

4. The force of attraction that between 4. An atom is the smallest particle of an

molecules of a liquid is greater than in element which is indivisible.It is the basic
gases. building block of all matter. Atoms of the
same element combine to form molecules.
5. Particles of a solid are tightly packed with
very little intermolecular space between 5. A gas can be compressed because there is
them. large space between molecules of a gas.

6. Force of attraction between molecules of a D 1. Intermolecular space: The distance

substance is called intermolecular force. between the molecules of a particular state
of matter.
C. 1. Matter is composed of tiny particles called
molecules. Molecules are in a state of Intermolecular space is maximum between
random motion which depends upon the molecules of a gas and minimum between
kinetic energy possessed by individual molecules of a solid.

9
 2. Molecule: Two or more atoms combine Think and answer
to form a molecule. A molecule is the 1. Onions contain a liquid, which has lots of
smallest particle of an element which can sulphur in it. When we cut an onion, this
exist independently. liquid is released. It evaporates very fast.
3. Compression: When there is large When the liquid gases reach our eyes, it
intermolecular space between the causes irritation and sends signals to our tear
particles of matter such as gas, they can be gland to produce tears, so that the tears can
compressed easily. Whereas liquids which wash away the irritant from our eyes.
have comparatively less intermolecular 2. It happens because at high temperature, the
space cannot be compressed with ease. rate of diffusion increases. So, the particles
4. Atom: An atom is the smallest particle of the smell of the incence stick diffuse faster
of an element which is incapable of with air molecules and spread quickly in all
independent existence. the rooms of the house.
E. 1. An empty vessel contains hundreds and 3. It happens because of the phenomenon of
thousands of tiny molecules of gas which diffusion. The particles of food get mixed with
though invisible to us, are in a state of the air present in the room when we open up
constant, random motion. our lunch box in the classroom.
2. There is less intermolecular space between 4. Hydrogen → Water → Sand
molecules of a liquid, hence liquids cannot 5. We all know that air is a gas. The gas
be compressed easily. molecules are loosely packed and there are
3. There is large intermolecular space intermolecular spaces and the molecules
between molecules of a gas, hence they move around. So when we move our hand
can be compressed easily. For example, freely in air the molecules are disturbed and
filling air in a cycle tyre tube, blowing a and hence move and there is space for us to
balloon, etc. move our hands but in solids the molecules
LEARNING ZONE are packed tightly with no intermolecular
space for the movement of the molecuels of
Picture based questions the solid. Thus we can only break the wood to
1. (a) Solid (b) Liquid (c) Do it yourself. make space to move our hand as we cannot
push the molecules away, and for this we
2. (a) gas
need to be a karate expert.
(b) Solid: Rock, road, tree; Liquid: Water; Gas:
Air
3. Gas and liquid

Answers to Worksheets
WORKSHEET 1 c. Liquid and gas
1. a. Matter b. Atom c. Solid d. Atomos
d. Solid e. Molecules 4. A solid has a definite shape and volume.
2. a. False b. False c. True There is no intermolecular space between
3. a. Compression the molecules in solids.

b. Solid Gases have neither a definite shape nor a

definite volume.

10
 There is large intermolecular space 3. a. ii b. iii c. i
between molecules in gases. 4. a. Particles or molecules are close
b. Matter is composed of tiny particles called together with no regular arrangement.
molecules. Molecules are in a state of The molecules in a liquid move about
random motion which depends upon the freely in random, zig-zag motion
kinetic energy possessed by individual throughout the bulk of the liquid.
molecules. There is intermolecular b. Molecules in solids are closely packed
space between molecules. The force of whereas in liquids molecules are
attraction between molecules decreases loosely packed.
with an increase in the distance between
molecules. There is no intermolecular space
between molecules in solids. Liquids
WORKSHEET 2 molecules have enough intermolecular
space to move freely. They move past
1. a. iii b. iii c. ii d. i one another hence liquids flow.
2. a. True b. False c. True

11
 2 Measurement

Learning Objectives
Students will be able to:
 understand physical quantities such as length, mass, time and temperature and their
units of measurement.
 understand the need for accurate and precise measurement, SI system of units and
inter conversion of units that is followed all over the world.
 measure area by using formulae and by the use of graph paper, finding average and
estimation of physical quantities to be taught to the student.

Warm-up Thus whether it be length, mass, area, time

Ask the tallest student of the class to measure or temperature, an accurate measurement of
the length of the teacher’s table using his/her these physical quantities is necessary. Each
handspan. of these quantities needs units to measure.
Suppose he/she measures it as 6 Thus those units are used for measurement
handspans. which are accepted all over the world. They
are named as SI units.
Again call another student and ask him/
her to do the same. Read the Warm-up section from the book
and do the activity given in this section.
Suppose he/she measures it as 7
handspans. The students are confused. Concept Explanation
Next day, the teacher brings a measuring tape Measurement, Need for Standard Units of
and asks the students to measure the length Measurement, Convention while Writing SI
of the table. Let it be measured as 120 cm. units
Next, the teacher takes a glass full of In a cardboard box, the let the teacher kepp
water and asks the students, how much objects like a spring balance, small weights
water is there in the glass. The students may of 50 g, 10 g, 20 mg, 5 mg, a clinical
not give proper or same answers. thermometer, a laboratory thermometer,
So, the teacher pours the water in digital clock, analog clock, a ruler, a
a measuring jar and says that the water measuring tape and a graph paper.
measures 250 mL. She picks each object one by one and
The teacher now explains the need for asks the students the names of the objects,
accurate and precise measurement of objects the physical quantities and the units they
in daily life. measure.

12
 Thus whether it be length, mass, area, time • To reinforce ask the students to do the
or temperature, an accurate measurement of Pause and Do section from the textbook.
units is required. • Demonstrate how to measure mass of
These physical quantities are necessary. the objects using a beam balance and a
Each of these quantities needs units to physical balance.
measure them. Thus units were used which • Ask students to do Pause and Do section
were accepted all over the world. They were given on page 26.
named SI units. Read the related sections
Measurement of Time; Instruments Used to
from the book.
Measure Time, 12- hour and 24-hour format
Ask the students to answer the related in Time
questions from the Part II of the Exercises.
• Explain that time is defined as the interval
Measurement of Length; SI units of Length; between two events.
Instruments used to Measure Length
• Read the related section from the book.
• Explain to the students that length is a
• Explain the units of time to the class.
measure of the distance between two
points. • Demonstrate how to read and write time
using different clocks.
• Read the related section from the book.
• Conduct activities and experiment
• Explain the SI unit of length to the
given on the pages 28 and 29 for better
class. Use the tables given to explain
understanding of the concept.
the relation between different units of
lengths. • Ask students to do Pause and Do section
given on page 29.
• To reinforce ask the students to do the
Pause and Do section from the textbook. Measurement of Temperature
• Demonstrate how to measure length of • Define temperature is the measure of the
objects using ruler. degree of hotness or coldness of a body.
• Conduct activities and experiment given • Read the related section from the book.
on the page 23 for better understanding • Explain the units of temperature to the
of the concept. class.
• Now demonstrate how to measure length • Demonstrate how to read and calculate
of the objects using measuring tape. temperature using a clinical or a
• Ask students to do Pause and Do section laboratory thermometer.
given on page 24. • Conduct experiments given on page 31
Measurement of Mass; SI units of Mass; for better understanding of the concept.
Instruments used to Measure Mass • Ask students to do Pause and Do section
• Explain to the students that mass is given on page 32.
the amount of matter contained in a • Ask the students to answer the related
substance. questions from the Part II of the Exercise.
• Read the related section from the book. Measurement of Area; Approximation;
• Explain the SI unit of mass to the class. Average
• Explain the relation between different • Define the total surface occupied by an
units of mass. object is called its area or surface area.
13
• Read the related section from the book. questions from the Part II of the Exercises.
• Explain the units of the area to the class.
Reinforce
• Explain how to find area of regular shape
To reinforce, read the Summary and Glossary
using graph paper and by using formulae.
sections from the book.
• Ask students to do Pause and Do section
Use Part I of the Exercises to conduct a
given on page 33.
quiz contest in the class.
• Conduct activity given on the page 34 to
find the average height. Explore
• Use examples given in the related section To explore, ask the students to do the
for better understanding of the concept. Learning Zone section from the book.
• Ask the students to answer the related

14
 Worksheet 1
1. Fill in the blanks.

a. Units that have a fixed quantity and do not vary are called ________________.

b. To measure larger lengths, larger units such as ________________ are used.

c. The SI unit of temperature is ________________.

d. A laboratory thermometer has markings from ______________ to ______________.

e. The ________________ hour clock is used in railways and computers.

2. Name the following.

a. The ability to be contained in a small volume ________________

a. A thermometer to measure the temperature of the human body________________

b. Rounding off values to the nearest digit ________________

c. A watch which shows time in digits ________________

d. A flexible ruler that can measure large distances ________________

3. State True or False.

a. Standard units are more accurate than hand span, pace and footstep. _______

b. For precise and accurate measurement of mass, a beam balance is used. _______

c. A second is a fraction of the mean solar day. _______

d. The lowest temperature on the Kelvin scale is –273K. _______

4. Answer the following questions.

a. What is the normal temperature of the human body in °C?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

b. Why is there a need for accuracy in measurement? Give two points.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
15
 Worksheet 2
1. Choose the correct option:

a. 1 km = __________ m

b. 1 inch = __________ cm

c. 1 metric tonne = __________ kg

d. 1 hectare = __________ m2

2. Answer the following questions:

a. What is parallax error? How can it be removed?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

b. Give the difference between an analog and a digital watch.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

3. Solve the followings.

a. Calculate the area of a circle of radius 6 cm using a graph paper. Answer

approximately.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

b. The flight for Mumbai will depart at 20:05 hours. What is the time of flight in
12-hour clock.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
16
 Answers to Coursebook
PART 1 11. 320F
A 1 (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) B. 1. The total surface occupied by an object is
5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b) called its area.

B 1. Kelvin 2. Time 2. ½ x base x height

3. Simple pendulum 4. Beam balance 3. Accuracy in measurement of physical

quantities is required so that measurement
5. Measuring tape 6. Parallax error does not vary and remain the same
7. Compound units 8. Metre everywhere. Medicines, weight of
precious metals are measured accurately
9. Stopwatch
everywhere.
C 1. False 2. True 3. False
4. An average reading gives a general idea
4. True 5. True 6. True of the value of most of the numbers in a
7. True 8. False 9. False group.
10. True 5. Sugar will be placed on the left pan,
standard weights are placed on the right
D 1. Clinical thermometer pan. The balance is held such that the
2. Laboratory thermometer beam is horizontal. The total of all the
3. Physical balance standard weights gives the mass of sugar.

4. Beam balance 6. A thread is placed all along the length of

the curved line. A ruler is then used to
5. Electronic balance measure the length of the thread in cm.
6. 24 hour clock This is the length of the curved line.
7. Digital watch C. 1. A clinical thermometer is used to measure
the temperature of a patient’s body. It
PART 2
has markings from 35 °C to 42 °C in the
A 1. Physical quantities such as length, mass, Celsius scale and 95 °F to 108 °F on the
time and temperature have to be measured Fahrenheit scale.
with respect to some fixed quantities
2. The following precautions should be taken
which are known as units.
while using a ruler:
2. Units that have a fixed quantity and do not
(a) The 0 point of the ruler should coincide
vary are called standard units.
exactly with the starting point of the
3. Length is a measure of the distance object.
between two points.
(b) The ruler should be placed exactly
4. Centimetre and millimetre. along the length of the object to be
5. Micrometre and millimetre measured.
6. Inches, centimetres, millimetres (c) Rulers with broken edges and diffused
markings should not be used.
7. Kilogram
(d) The eyes of the person should be
8. A ruler and a thread placed exactly in front or vertically
9. Interval between two events is time above the reading.
10. Sand glasses and water clocks
17
 3. To measure the time between the start 5. Standard units: Units that have a fixed
and the stop of an event, stop watches are quantity and do not vary are called
used. These can be started and stopped as standard units.
per the need. Length, mass, time, temperature, etc. are
4. To find the area of a rectangle, keep the called standard units.
shape on the graph paper. Mark the E. (a) A clock or watch that has a numbered dial
outline. and moving hands is an analog clock.
Now, count the number of square shapes A watch that shows time in digits is called
that are within the outline. The number digital clock.
of complete squares and greater than half
squares gives the area of the rectangle (b) A clinical thermometer is used to measure
directly. the temperature of a patients body. It has
markings from 35 °C to 42 °C in the
5. Estimation means getting a value as good Celsius scale and 95 °F to 108 °F on the
as or nearly equal to a particular value. Fahrenheit scale.
Such values are rounded off to the nearest
digit. Laboratory thermometer: It is used to
measure temperature of ordinary objects,
6. The 24- hour clock is a type of time keeping also to find the boiling and freezing point
method, where the day is divided into 24 of water. The stem has markings from
hours from one midnight to the next. In –10 °C to 110 °C.
this system, the day begins at midnight
(00:00 hours). (c) Beam balance: It is used to measure the
mass of ordinary everyday articles like
12:00 is mid-day and 24:00 is used to vegetables, rice, sugar, etc.
signify the end of the day (midnight).
Physical balance: It is a highly sensitive
7. An electronic balance is used for precise balance used to measure chemicals in the
and accurate measurement of the mass of science laboratory, also to measure the
an object. It can measure a mass as small weight of precious metals like gold and
as 1 mg, as well as large masses of the silver.
order of quintals.
(d) Standard units: Units that have a fixed
D. 1. Submultiples are smaller units of a meter quantity and do not vary are called
to measure smaller lengths. standard units. For example, metre,
2. Metre is the SI unit of length. It is defined kilogram, second and Kelvin.
as the distance between two points on a Non-standard units: Non-standard units
rod made of an alloy of platinum-irridium do not give an accurate measurement, but
kept at 0 °C in the International Bureau vary from person to person and place to
of Weights and Measures at Sevres near place. For example, cubit, hand-span, foot-
Paris. span, pace, etc.
3. A physical balance is a highly sensitive (e) Ruler: A ruler is used to measure small
version of the beam balance. It is used lengths. It has markings in inches, cm and
in the science laboratories for accurate mm.
measurement of chemicals also to measure
precious metals like gold and silver. It measures straight objects or straight
lines.
4. The Fahrenheit scale invented by Gabriel
Daniel Fahrenheit shows the freezing point Measuring tape: A measuring tape is a
of water at 32 °F and the boiling point of flexible ruler. It consists of a ribbon of
water at 212 °F. It has 180 divisions. cloth, plastic, fibre-glass or metal strip
with markings in cm or mm on it. Tapes

18
 are available ranging from 1 m to 100 m in B → Electronic balance,
length. C → Beam balance
F. (a) Newton (b) Physical balance: It is used in science
(b) Ampere laboratories for the accurate measurement
(c) Beam balance of chemicals.

(d) Physical balance Electronic balance: It is used for precise

and accurate measurement of the mass of
(e) Hotness an object.
(f) Clinical thermometer Beam balance: It is used to measure the
G. 1. Area in SI unit = 2000/100 × 100 weight of an object.
= 0.2 m2 (c) No
2. (a) 2.5 metric tone (d) A
(b) 1.5 quintal (e) C
(c) 4.53 kg 2. (a) A → Stopwatch, B → Analog,
(d) 2.5 kg C → Digital
(e) 10 g (b) A
3. (a) 195s (c) B and C
(b) 18125 s (d) A
4. (a) 4:20 pm; 9:45 am 3. Do it yourself.
(b) 3:15 pm; 5:05 pm Think and Answer
(c) 12:35 pm 1. kilometre
(d) 8:10 am 2. No
(e) 11:02 am 3. No, because it can measure the temperature
from 35°C to 42°C.
5. (a) 1100 (b) 1200 (c) 2400
4. A clinical thermometer measures the
(d) 1820 (e) 0315 (f) 2147
maximum temperature of the human body
(g) 2305 (h) 0245 due to the expansion of the mercury in the
6. Area of the triangle = ½ × base × height bulb, which flows past a kink in the column
and rises in the graduated stem, to read the
= ½ × 10 × 5 highest body temperature. Once it is removed
= 25 cm2 from the body, the mercury stays at that level,
7. Weight of each piece = 7 g and does not fall because it cannot flow back
into the bulb as the kink prevents the back
flow. It has to be shaken vigorously, as you
LEARNING ZONE
know, for us to get the mercury back; then it
Picture based questions is ready to take the temperature again.
1. (a) A → Physical balance,

19
 Answers to Worksheets
WORKSHEET 1 Medicines, weight of precious metals are
1. a. standard units measured accurately everywhere.

b. kilometre WORKSHEET 2
c. Kelvin 1. a. 1000 m
d. –10 °C to 110 °C b. 2.54 cm
e. 24-hour clock c. 1000 kg
2. a. Clinical d. 10,000 m2
b. Approximation 2. a. An error caused due to improper
c. Digital clock positioning of eyes while taking a
d. Measuring tape reading is called parallax error. It can
be removed by positioning the eye
3. a. True vertically above the mark or keeping
b. False the eye exactly in front of the reading.
c. True b. An analog watch or clock is a normal
watch with a numbered dial and
d. False
moving hands. A digital watch shows
4. a. 37 °C the time in digits.
b. Accuracy in measurement of physical 3. a. Area of the circle = Number of squares
quantities is required so that measurement enclosed within the figure. = 113 cm2
is same all over the world.
b. 8:05 pm

20
 3 Force

Learning Objectives
Students will be able to:
 define force and its effects.
 understand advantages and disadvantages of friction.
 understand and define force of friction.

Warm-up (e) Pull a drawer

Take a spring balance and hang a 20 g (f) Push a loaded trolley
weight at one end. The spring stretches as the • Read the related sections from the book.
pointer moves on the scale.
• Define force and explain the effect of
Keep a plastic ball on the table and push force on objects.
it. It moves. Try to move a football with the
• Use activity given on page 43 to make
same force as applied earlier. It does not
students understand the concept in a
move.
better way.
Force of friction is stopping the heavier
• Read the section force of friction from
ball from moving.
the book.
Take a toy car. Push it on a glass surface.
• Try to cycle first using a new tyre and
It moves a longer distance.
then using an old tyre.
The above activities help students to
• Compare the motion of the cycle in both
understand the definition of force and effects
the cases.
of force in everyday life.
• Cycle on a wet road and then on a dry
Read the Warm-up section from the
road. What is the difference? Is cycling
book.
on a wet road easier?
Concept Explanation • The students understand the concept of
Force; Effects of force; Force of friction friction and its role in everyday life.
• Ask students to do the following activities: • Define friction acts in a direction opposite
to the direction in which an object tends
(a Stretch a rubber band. to move.
(b) Push a stationary car. • To reinforce ask the students to do the
(c) Squeeze a toothpaste tube related Pause and Do section and activity
(d) Kick a football given on page 45 from the book.

21
Types of Friction; Advantages and quiz contest in the class.
disadvantages of friction; Methods of
reducing friction Explore
• Read the related sections from the book. • To explore, ask the students to do the
Learning Zone section from the book.
• Define types of friction.
• To explore more, ask the students to do
• Explain types of friction such as static,
the following activities.
sliding and rolling with the help of
activities using rollers and wooden (a) Take a toy car and push it on a glass
blocks. surface and then push it on a wooden
• Give example of an old sewing machine surface. Observe on which surface
that makes noise and does not run the car covers a longer distance.
smoothly and a well oiled, greased (b) Take a wooden block weighing
machine that runs smoothly. 100 g. Push it on a cemented floor.
• Explain the advantages and disadvantages Next fix rollers below the block and
of friction to the students. push it. Draw your conclusion.
• To reinforce, ask the students to do the (c) Release a blunt and a pointed arrow
related Pause and Do section from the from the bow. Which arrow moves a
textbook. longer distance?
• Read the section Methods of reducing (d) Make a toy aeroplane with paper and
fraction from the book. release it from the top steps of your
house. Observe how it moves in air
Reinforce resisting air friction.
To reinforce, read the Summary and Glossary (e) Spill some water on the floor. Can
section, from the book. you walk on this floor without
Use Part I of the Exercises to conduct a slipping? Why?

22
 Worksheet 1
1. Fill in the blanks.

a. ________________ can make a stationary object move.

b. ________________ produces heat.

c. Smoother the surface ________________ will be the friction.

d. ________________ and ________________ remain on the wall due to friction.

e. On a carrom board talcum powder is sprinkled to ________________ friction.

2. Name the following.

a. Friction due to air and water. ________________

b. SI unit of force. ________________

c. Another name given to sliding friction. ________________

d. Special shape of birds and fishes. ________________

e. The maximum value of frictional force between two surfaces. ________________

3. State True or False.

a. Sliding friction is less than rolling friction. ________

b. Friction acts in a direction opposite to the direction of motion. ________

c. Friction increases speed. ________

d. When a football stops its speed becomes zero. ________

4. Answer the following questions.

a. Name two effects of force, with an example for each.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

b. State two ways in which you can reduce friction.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
23
 Worksheet 2
1. Fill in the blanks.

a. Friction is the force that ______________ motion.

b. The surface of a table has many irregularities in the form of ______________ and
______________.

c. Materials that break easily when force is applied are termed as ______________.

d. ______________ and ______________ have naturally streamlined bodies.

2. State True or False.

a. Vehicles move on roads due to the friction between the brake _________
and the tyre.

b. Polishing rough surfaces can increase friction. _________

c. Use of ball bearings can make a machine work smoothly. _________

d. Kicking a stationary ball can change the direction of motion _________

of the ball.

3. Match the columns.

a. Least area in contact i. Reduces friction

b. Self adjusting friction ii. Change in shape of the body

c. Use of lubricants iii. Static friction

d. Using a spring balance iv. Rolling friction

4. Answer the following questions.

a. Give two points of difference between rolling and sliding friction.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

b. Explain static friction.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

24
 Answers to Coursebook
PART 1 5. If the object moves towards the right,
A 1 (d) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) friction acts toward the left. If you roll a
ball on the ground it comes to a stop after
5. (c) some time because of friction.
B 1. Force 2. Faster 3. Friction 6. When an object rolls over a surface, the
4. Newton 5. Rolling force which opposes rolling motion of the
object is called rolling friction.
C 1. True 2. False 3. True
C. 1. Static Friction: The maximum opposing
4. False 5. False
force between the object and the surface
D 1. Friction 2. Rolling friction in contact with it, so long as the object
3. Static friction 4. Friction remains stationary even on applying an
external force, is called static friction.
5. Fluid friction
If we push an object and it does not move.
PART 2 Even on increasing the force the object
A 1. A push or a pull acting on an object is does not move. When the force increases,
called force. the friction between two surfaces becomes
2. A horse pulling a cart. maximum, and the object still remains
stationary. A slight increase in force can
3. Push a table to change its position, Pushing now overcomes static friction and the
a loaded cart. object begins to move.
4. Kicking a stationary football. 2. Advantages of friction:
5. A wooden box being pushed against a (a) Vehicles like cars and buses can
cemented floor is an example of sliding move on the road due to the force of
friction. friction between the tyres and the road,
6. It can change the speed and direction of a otherwise they would skid.
moving object. (b) Brakes in cycles, cars and buses work
B. 1. The force that opposes the motion between due to friction.
two objects moving over each other is (c) It is possible to light a matchstick due
called friction. to friction.
2. Force can make a stationary object move. 3. Force as a pull: Bullocks pulling a cart.
It can change the speed and direction of
motion. Force as a push: A vegetable vendor
pushing his cart full of vegetables
Force can stop a moving object, and also
change the shape of an object. Force used to change direction: Kicking
already moving football in a different
3. A soft rubber ball can be pressed. An direction
elastic rubber band can be stretched.
Force to change shape: Stretching an
4. Rough surfaces have small grooves which elastic rubber band.
are microscopic. When two such rough
surfaces move, the grooves and ridges 4. Rubbing our palms against each other
interlock against each other making produces heat.
movement difficult. Friction between the moving parts of a
machine produces heat.
25
 5. If there was no friction in life, we would because rolling friction is less than sliding
not be able to walk, we would slip. friction. The luggage can be moved easily
We would not be able to write anywhere. with minimum of effort.

We would not be able to drive. LEARNING ZONE

D. 1. Force: A push or a pull acting on an object Picture based questions
is called force. Force can change direction
1. Force can change the speed, shape and
of motion and shape or dimensions of an direction of an object.
object.
2. (a) Since sliding friction is greater than rolling
2. Friction: The force that opposes motion friction.
between two objects moving over each
other is called friction. (b) Yes. Because rolling friction is less than as
compare to sliding friction.
3. Sliding friction: When an object slides
over another object, such as pushing a Think and Answer
big wooden crate against the floor, sliding 1. Old tyres of vehicles wear out due to friction.
friction is produced. Friction between the wheels and the road
E. 1. Our palms become warm on rubbing helps a vehicle to move steadily on the road.
against each other because friction Thus, old tyres are more likely to skid on a wet
produces heat. road than new tyres.
2. The movement of the cycle becomes 2. There is very less friction on a wet floor. Thus
smooth because rolling friction reduces it is difficult to walk on a wet floor.
friction. 3. There is very less friction on ice. Thus, it is
3. The bodies of birds and fishes are difficult to walk on snow but easy to skate on
streamlined to minimize air friction while it.
flying. 4. Because oil is a lubricant which reduces
4. Rollers are used in luggage trolleys friction between our hands and glass.

Answers to Assessment 1
A. 1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) slide on a surface, the force exerted by
4. (c) 5. (a) the surface on the object is called sliding
friction. Sliding friction is less than static
B. 1. Matter: Matter is anything that occupies friction.
space and has weight.
5. Laboratory thermometer: It consists of a
2. Parallax error: An error caused due to the glass capillary tube called stem, with a
improper positioning of eyes while taking bulb at one end. The bulb is filled with
a reading is called parallax error. The eye mercury. The stem has markings from
should be positioned vertically above the –10 °C to 110 °C.
mark on the ruler.
C. 1. (c) 2. (e) 3. (d) 4. (a)
3. Physical quantity: The various quantities,
such as length, mass, volume, time and 5. (b)
temperature which we can measure are D. 1. Petrol, water, etc.
known as physical quantities. 2. Temperature
4. Sliding friction: When a body begins to
26
 3. Thermometer It can measure a mass as small as 1 mg,
4. Kinetic friction as well as large masses of the order of
quintals.
5. Force
Physical balance: It is a highly sensitive
E. 1. Sliding friction: When a body begins to version of the beam balance. It is used
slide on a surface, the force exerted by in science laboratory for accurate
the surface on the object is called sliding measurement of chemicals.
friction. Sliding friction is less than static
friction. F. 1. F 2 F 3. T 4. T 5. F

Rolling friction: When an object roll over G. 1. Physical quantities such as length, mass
a surface, the force which opposes the and time have to be measured with respect
rolling motion of the object is called rolling to some fixed quantity, which is known as
friction. It is less than sliding friction. units. If we say capacity of a jug is 2 litres,
it means 2 is the magnitude and litre is the
2. Clinical thermometer: Doctor’s use a unit of volume.
special thermometer called the clinical
thermometer to measure the temperature 2. Ball bearings reduce friction. They change
of a patient’s body. This thermometer sliding friction into rolling friction which is
has markings from 35 °C to 42 °C. The much less and helps in smooth running of
temperature of a healthy person is marked the cycle.
on it as 37 °C . 3. Liquids cannot be compressed because
Laboratory thermometer: It consists of there is not much free space between the
a glass capillary tube called stem, with a particles of a liquid.
bulb at one end. The bulb is filled with 4. Accuracy is needed to measure physical
mercury. The stem has markings from quantities so that a particular measurement
–10 °C to 110 °C. It is mainly used to remained the same in different parts of the
measure the melting point of ice (0 °C) world. Variation in results would occur if
and boiling point of water (100 °C ). people in different places used different
3. Analog clock: A clock or watch that has units for measurement of same physical
a numbered dial and moving hands is an quantity. For example length can be
analog clock. measured in inches, meters and miles and
mass in kilograms, pounds and quintals.
Digital clock: A watch that shows time Hence the need for a standard unit.
in digits is called a digital clock.
5. Time is defined as the interval between two
4. Solids: Solids have a definite shape and events. Clocks, watches and stopwatches
volume.Very little intermolecular space are used to measure time.
between molecules. Force of attraction
between molecules of a solid is maximum. 6. Force can make a stationary object move,
stop a moving object and change the
Liquids: Liquids have definite shape, takes direction of a moving object. A ball can be
the shape and volume of the container. kicked to make it move, a moving ball can
There is space between molecules of a be stopped.A football player can change
liquid, they move past one another, so the direction of motion of a moving ball.
a liquid can flow.There exists force of 7. Friction slows down motion. Friction
attraction between molecules of a liquid causes wear and tear of the moving parts
much less than solids. of a machine.
5. Electronic balance: An electronic H. 1. Matter is composed of tiny particles called
balance is used for precise and accurate molecules. Molecules are in a state of
measurement of the mass of an object. random motion which depends upon the
27
 kinetic energy possessed by individual 3. If there is no friction,
molecules. There is intermolecular (a) we would not be able to write, walk or
space between molecules. The force of sit on a chair.
attraction between molecules decreases
with an increase in the distance between (b) vehicles would not stop on application
molecules. of brakes if there is no friction.
Solids: Have a definite shape and volume. 4. The 24- hour clock is a type of time keeping
Very little intermolecular space between method, where the day is divided into 24
molecules. Force of attraction between hours from one midnight to the next. In this
molecules of a solid is maximum. system, the day begins at midnight (00:00
hours). 12:00 is mid-day and 24:00 is used
Liquids: No definite shape, takes the shape to signify the end of the day (midnight).
and volume of the container.There is
space between molecules of a liquid, they 5. Liquids and gases do not have a definite
move move past one another, so a liquid shape and volume.
can flow. There exists force of attraction Liquids and gases can flow because
between molecules of a liquid much less molecules can flow, move past one
than solids but greater than gases. another.
Gases: There is very little intermolecular A gas can be compressed easily, whereas
force of attraction between molecules of a liquid can also be compressed but with
a gas, molecules are far apart, therefore greater degree of effort.
cannot be compressed.
I. 1. Thickness of 10 coins: 7 cm, 70 mm
2. To take the temperature of a patient’s body,
2. Thickness of one coin: 0.7 cm or 7 mm
the bulb of a clinical thermometer is kept
under the tongue or in the armpit of the 3. Thickness of 100 coins: 70 cm , 700 mm
patient for a minute. The reading is then
noted. If the temperature shows above
37 °C, the patient has fever.

Answers to Worksheets
WORKSHEET 1 3. a. False b. True
1. a. Force c. False d. True
b. Friction 4. a. Force can change the state of rest and
c. Lesser state of motion of a body. For example,
a stationary ball is kicked. A moving
d. Nails and screws cycle comes to a stop on application of
e. Reduce brakes.
2. a. Fluid friction b. Friction can be reduced by the use
of lubricants and by the use of ball
b. Newton
bearings.
c. Kinetic friction
WORKSHEET 2
d. Streamlining
1. a. opposes
e. Static friction
b. grooves, ridges

28
 c. brittle called rolling friction. Rolling friction is
d. Fishes, birds less than sliding friction.

2. a. False b. False b. Static Friction: The maximum opposing

force between the object and the
c. True d. False surface in contact with it, so long as
3. a. iv b. iii c. i d. ii the object remains stationary even on
applying an external force, is called
4. a. Sliding friction: When a body begins to
static friction.
slide over a surface, the force exerted
by the surface on the object is called If we push an object and it does not
sliding friction. It is equal to the force move. Even on increasing the force the
required to keep the object in motion. object does not move. When the force
increases, the friction between two
Sliding friction is less than static
surfaces becomes maximum, and the
friction.
object still remains stationary. A slight
Rolling friction: When an object rolls increase in force can now overcome
over a surface, the force which opposes static friction and the object begins to
the rolling motion of the object is move.

29
 Model Test Paper 1
Time: 3 hours Total marks: 50

Section A
A. Fill in the blanks: [5]
1. The molecules of a substance are in a state of ________________ motion.
2. A ________________ has a definite shape that is not easy to change.
3. ________________ is a measure of the distance between two points.
4. For precise and accurate measurement of mass of an object, an ________________ is used.
5. Friction opposes ________________ of an abject.

B. Multiple choice questions: [5]

1. The smallest particle of an element which is indivisible, is
a. molecule b. element c. atom d. nucleus
2. SI unit of mass is
a. gram b. quintal c. newton d. kg
3. The stem of a laboratory thermometer has markings from
a. 0 °C to 100 °C b. –10 °C to 100 °C
c. –10 °C to 110 °C d. 0 °C to 110 °C
4. Wet roads become slippery due to
a. decreasing friction b. increasing friction c. slippery shoes d. None of these
5. Sweeping the floor using a broom is an example of a
a. Push b. Pull c. change in direction d. None of these

C. State True or False: [5]

1. A balloon rising up in air does not experience friction.
2. The Fahrenheit scale has 180 divisions.
3. The time 10:15 in a 24-hour clock would mean quarter to ten in the morning.
4. A metre rule is used to measure the length of a curved line.
5. SI unit of force is Newton.

D. Name the following: [4]

1. Highly compressible state of matter.
2. A gas used in the kitchen.
3. A balance used in the science laboratory.
4. A push or a pull acting on an object.

30
 Section B
A. Define the following: [3]
1. A molecule
2. Physical quantities
3. Time
B. Short answer questions: [12]
1. What is area? Write its formulae.
2. Why are lubricants needed in machines?
3. Give the difference between:
a. Static friction and rolling friction
b. Beam balance and physical balance
C. Long answer questions: [12]
1. Explain with examples how you can use force as a push, pull and change of direction.
2. From among the given pictures, state which among them have maximum friction, and which
has the least friction.

3. Observe the given picture and answer the following questions:

a. What state of matter is inside the tyre?

b. State the specific property of this state of matter due to which it can be contained in a small
space. Why?
c. Can you explain any other property of this state?
D. Numerical: [4]
a. The area of a square plot of land is 900 m2. Find the length of its side.
b. Convert into the given units:
i. 1500 gm = ___________ kg ii. 1 hectare = ___________ m2
31
 4 Energy

Learning Objectives
Students will be able to:
 define simple machines and its types.
 understand types of levers
 calculate and understand mechanical advantage
 define and understand inclined plane, screw, wedge, wheel and axle, and pulley
 learn about the maintenance of machines

Warm-up • Machines and their functions are

Ask students about objects in use at home explained to the students.
which make their work easy. • Make the students understand about the
They will come up with answers such types of simple machines.
as scissors, nails, knives, hammer, sewing • To reinforce ask the students to do the
machine, fire tong, hand pump to draw out related Pause and Do section from the
water, a pulley to lift a bucket full of water book.
from a well and a whole lot of appliances • Ask the students to answer the related
they use at home. questions from the Part II of the Exercises.
Read the Warm Up section from the Lever, Mechanical advantage
book.
• Ask them to tell the difference between a
Use it to explain the topic simple knife and a hammer, a scissor and a shear
machines. for cutting metal.
Concept Explanation • Read the related section from the book.
Simple machines, Types of simple machines • Define the terms fulcrum, load and effort.
Use these to explain to them about class-
• Discuss with the students that the objects one, class-two and class-three levers.
mentioned above are simple machines.
Such machines help us to perform tasks • Explain to them the mechanical
with ease and efficiency. advantage of three types of levers.
• Emphasise the fact that a sewing machine • Use examples given in the textbook
and a cycle are not simple machines but to make the students understand how
complex machines. to calculate mechanical advantage of
different levers.
• Read the related sections from the book.

32
• To reinforce, ask the students to do the • Ask the students to answer the related
related Pause and Do section from the questions from the Part II of the Exercises.
book. Wheel and axle, Pulley, Maintenance of
• Ask the students to answer the related machines
questions from the Part II of the Exercises. • Read the related sections from the book.
Inclined plane, Screw, Wedge, • Define wheel and axle and explain to
• Read the related sections from the book. them that a steering wheel, a screw driver
• Define a slide is called an inclined plane. and a drilling machine are all examples
of the wheel and axle arrangement.
• Discuss with the students about the
advantage of inclined planes in real life. • Define pulley to the students.
• Ask students to tell the difference • Ask them to tell the difference between a
between a screw and a nail. single fixed pulley and a movable pulley.
• Define that a screw is a simple machine • Discuss the points on the maintenance of
with grooves cut around it. The grooves machines.
are called the threads of the screw. It can • Ask the students to answer the related
be driven into a rigid object more easily questions from the Part II of the Exercises.
than a nail.
• To prove that a screw is an inclined plane Reinforce
ask them to do the activity given in the • To reinforce, read the Summary and
related section. Glossary sections from the book.
• Explain to them that one or two inclined • Use Part I of the Exercises to conduct a
planes join together form a wedge. quiz contest in the class.
Wedges are used as separating or holding
devices. Explore
• To reinforce, ask students to do the • To explore, ask the students to do the
related Pause and Do section from the Learning Zone section from the book.
book.

33
 Worksheet 1
1. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.

a. A plier is an example of Class

________________
1 lever (class I, class III) lever.

b. The efficiency of any machine is determined by its ________________

Mechanical and vantage

(velocity ratio, mechanical advantage).

c. Class II levers are used as ________________ (speed multipliers, force multipliers).

d. Nut and bolt is an example of a ________________ (wedge, screw).

2. State True or False.

a. A screw jack is a simple machine used to raise heavy objects off ________
the ground.

b. In a single fixed pulley, the effort required to lift a load is half the load. ________

c. In class III levers, the effort arm is longer than the load arm. ________

d. A sewing machine is a simple machine. ________

3. Match the following.

a. Pulley i. Class II lever

b. Wheel barrow ii. Class I lever

c. Knife iii. Simple machine

d. Claw hammer iv Class III leve

4. Answer the following questions.

a. What is a wedge? Give two examples.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

b. The mechanical advantage of a machine is 3.5. How much effort is required to lift
a load of 28 N?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
34
 Worksheet 2
1 Fill in the blanks.

a. A steering wheel is an example of _____________ arrangement.

b. A _____________ is a device that makes our work easy.

c. When a machine is being used, _____________ is being transferred from one

point to another.

d. _____________ for cutting metals have long handles and short blades.

2. Name the following:

a. Type of lever which has the effort arm shorter than the ________________
load arm.
b. In this type of pulley, the axle is free to move. ________________
c. A flat sloping surface, with one end higher than the other. ________________
d. A type of lever in which the load is located between the ________________
effort and the fulcrum.

3. Answer the following questions.

a. How can you increase the mechanical advantage of a lever?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
b. Give reason. Machines should be regularly oiled.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
c. A fire tongs has a length of 12 cm and the distance of the effort from the fulcrum
is 3 cm. Calculate its mechanical advantage.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

35
 Answers to Coursebook
PART 1 3. A machine makes our work easier by
A. 1. (a) a lever 2. (a) a lever changing the direction of the force applied.
A bucket full of water is heavy when lifted
3. (a) split a log 4. (b) fulcrum up, but using a pulley it can be easily
5. (b) two 6. (c) screw driver lifted.
7. (a) pulley 4.
B. Choose the correct option and fill in the blanks.
1. effort 2. screw 3. pulley
4. nut cracker 5. inclined plane
6. fulcrum 7. class two levers
C. Write T for true and F for false.
1. False 2. True 3. False
4. False 5. True 6. True
7. False 8. True 9. False Screw
10. False 5. A lever helps us to lift and move something
with less effort.
D. Name the simple machine.
6. Load x Load Arm = Effort x Effort Arm.
1. pulley 2. scissors 3. pulley
7. The axis around which a pulley rotates is
4. inclined plane 5. Class III lever fixed. In this pulley, the force required to
PART 2 lift a body is equal to its weight.
A. 1. A pulley, inclined plane, screw. C. Long answer questions.
2. It makes our work easier by applying less 1. A lever is a rigid rod that can move freely
effort more work can be done. around a fixed point of support.
3. The object that has to be moved, lifted or
cut. L
4. Scissors, pliers.
5. Nut and bolt, cork screw.
6. Inclined plane
E F
7. Splitting wood, carving and chiseling.
Nut cracker (Class-two lever)
8. Screw driver.
2. An inclined plane is a simple machine
9. Inclined plane or pulley. because it can lift up heavy objects with
B. Short answer questions. ease by using a gradual sloping surface.
1. It is a simple device with a few or no For example, It is used to carry luggage at
moving parts. It makes our work easier. railway stations.
2. It is the ratio of load to effort. More the It is used in hospitals to wheel up patients.
mechanical advantage, more efficient is
the machine.
36
 3. Mechanical advantage of a lever can be 4. MA = Effort arm/ Load arm
increased by increasing the length of the Ans. = 0.5
effort arm.
5. MA = Effort arm/ Load arm
4. Machine should be kept clean and free
from dust. Ans. = 3
If a machine is made of iron, it should be E. Explain the following terms:
painted. 1. Simple machines: It is a simple device
To reduce friction, a machine should be with a few or no moving parts, it makes
regularly oiled. our work easier. We can overcome a large
force by applying less effort.
5. A wedge is a modification of an inclined
plane. One or two inclined planes, join 2. Complex machines: Complex machines
together to form a wedge. are made of two or more simple machines.
Some examples are a sewing machine, a
They are used as separating or holding car, a scooter.
devices.
3. Inclined plane: An inclined plane is a
For example, nut and bolt and screw jack. simple machine that can lift up heavy
6. objects with ease by the use of a gradually
sloping surface.
B Fixed
For example, it is used to carry luggage
pulley and cross a bridge at railway stations.
It is used in hospitals to wheel up patients.
Movable
pulley A 4. Wedge: A wedge is a modification of
an inclined plane. One or two inclined
planes, join together to form a wedge.They
Load
are used as separating or holding devices.
For example, nut and bolt and screw jack.
A combination of movable and 5. Class one lever: The fulcrum is in
fixed pulleys between the load and effort. It can have
Fixed pulley: The axis around which a a mechanical advantage equal to, less
pulley rotates is fixed. In this pulley, the than or greater than one. Class one levers
force required to lift a body is equal to its always changes the direction of force. For
weight. The distance moved by the effort is example, scissors, pliers, see-saw, etc.
equal to the distance moved by the load. F. Give reasons:
Movable pulley:The effort required to lift a 1. To lift a heavy load directly upwards is
load is half the load, as the load is shared difficult, but using an inclined plane it
equally by two parts of the rope supporting can be pushed up quite easily. Sloping
the pulley. A movable pulley is used along surfaces are quite useful in hospitals to
with a fixed pulley to change the direction wheel up patients or railway stations to
of effort in a convenient direction. carry luggage by passengers and coolies.
D. Numericals: 2. Oiling of machines increases their life.
1. MA= L/E Ans. = 10 N. There will be no wear and tear of machines
due to friction.
2. MA =L/E Ans. = 10
3. If parts of machines are made of iron,
3. MA = Effort arm/ Load arm
exposure to moisture can cause rusting.
Ans. = 2.5 This will decrease the efficiency of a
37
 machine. Hence machines should be LEARNING ZONE
varnished or painted. Picture based questions
4. Class three levers have the effort in 1. Do it yourself.
between the load and fulcrum. Hence
their MA is less than 1.But the advantage 2. a. Third class lever
of such levers is that the distance moved b. less than 1
by the load is greater than the distance
c. simple machine
moved by the effort. Hence it is a speed
multiplier. d. No
G. Differentiate between the following: e.
1. Class II lever: The load being in the middle,
effort arm of a class II lever is longer than
the load arm. Hence class II levers are
used as force multipliers. They are more
efficient machines.
Class III levers have the effort in between
the load and fulcrum. Hence their MA
is less than 1. But the advantage of such W
levers is that the distance moved by the E L
load is greater than the distance moved by F F E
3. L
the effort. Hence it is a speed multiplier. L
2. Simple machines: It is a simple device (a) (b) F (c)
with a few or no moving parts, it makes
our work easier. We can overcome a large 4. A→load; B→fulcrum;
force by applying less effort. C→effort; D→load arm;
Complex machines: Complex machines E→effort arm
are made of two or more simple machines.
Think and Answer
Some examples are a sewing machine, a
car, a scooter. 1. A seesaw is a simple machine. This machine
has balancing loads on either end with a
3. Wedge: A wedge is a modification of
fulcrum in the middle. Therefore, the other
an inclined plane. One or two inclined
end will immediately fall down and touch the
planes, join together to form a wedge.They
ground and the effort becomes zero.
are used as separating or holding devices.
2. While we are going down the hill, speed of
For example, axe, chisel, nail, etc.
the cycle increases due to gravity so we must
Inclined plane: An inclined plane is a be very careful.
simple machine that can lift up heavy
3. We can use simple machine as crow bar to
objects with ease by the use of a gradually
move the rock from the road.
sloping surface.
4. It is easy to lift a bucket of water from a
For example, It is used to carry luggage or
well using a pulley because pulley changes
to cross the bridge at a railway station.
the direction of the effort in a convenient
It is also used in hospitals to wheel up direction.
patients.

38
 Answers to Worksheets
WORKSHEET 1 WORKSHEET 2
1. a. Class I 1. a. wheel and axle
b. Mechanical advantage b. machine
c. Force multiplier c. effort
d. Screw d. Shears or pliers
2. a. True b. False 2. a. Class III
c. False d. False b. Movable
3. a. iii b. i c. iv d. ii c. Inclined plane
4. a. Wedge: A wedge is a modification of d. Class II
an inclined plane. One or two inclined 3. a. Mechanical advantage can be increased
planes, join together to form a wedge. by keeping the load between the effort
They are used as separating or holding and the fulcrum, so that the effort arm
devices. For example, an axe and a is always longer than the load arm.
nail.
b. To prevent wear and tear of machines
b. MA = L / E [2] and reduce friction between the
3.5 = 28 / E moving parts of a machine, it should
E = 28 / 3.5 be oiled regularly.

E = 8N c. MA = Effort arm / load arm

MA = 3 / 12 = 0.25

39
 5 Light

Learning Objectives
Students will be able to:
 define light and sources of light
 differentiate between luminous and non-luminous objects
 recognise bio-luminescence in objects
 differentiate and recognise transparent, opaque and translucent objects
 understand about rectilinear propagation of light and speed of light
 define shadow, its characteristics and shadows formed by a point source of light and
extended source of light
 explain the working of a pinhole camera
 define eclipse, solar eclipse, lunar eclipse, and their types

Warm-up To reinforce, ask them to do the related

Read the Warm-up section from the book. activity given in this section.
Ask students to give answer to the Ask the students to answer the related
questions given in this section. Use this to questions from the Part II of the Exercises.
explain the term light and is sources. Transparent, Translucent and Opaque
objects
Concept Explanation Read the related sections from the book.
Light, Sources of light (luminous, non- Ask students to tell examples of some
luminous and bio-luminescence objects transparent, translucent and opaque objects.
Define that light is a form of energy To reinforce ask them to do the related
which excites the sensation of vision. activity and Pause and Do section.
Ask students to tell examples of some Ask the students to answer the related
natural and artificial sources of light. questions from the Part II of the Exercises.
Ask students to tell examples of some Rectilinear propagation of light, Shadow
natural and artificial sources of light.
Read the related sections from the book.
Read the related sections from the book.
Define that the light travels in a straight
Ask students to tell examples of some line in a medium which is called the
luminous, non-luminous, bio-luminescence rectilinear propagation of light.
objects.

40
 To reinforce, demonstrate the related moves into the shadow of another heavenly
experiment given in this section. body.
Ask the students to do the related activity To reinforce demonstrate the related
given in this section. experiment given in this section.
Define shadow and do the related activity Use the blackboard to explain the
to explain how to form shadow. position of earth, moon and sun when lunar
Discuss characteristics of shadow with and solar eclipses occur.
the class. Also, explain how shadow is cast Explain the various types of solar eclipses
by a point source of light and extended to the class.
source of light. Ask the students to answer the related
Explain the working of a pinhole camera questions from the Part II of the Exercises.
to the class and also demonstrate the related
experiment to the students. Reinforce
To reinforce, ask the students to do the To reinforce, read the Summary and Glossary
related Pause and Do section from the book. sections from the book.
Ask the students to answer the related Use Part I of the Exercises to conduct a quiz
questions from the Part II of the Exercise. contest in the class.
Eclipse, Lunar eclipse, Solar eclipse
Explore
Read the related sections from the book.
To explore, ask the students to do the
Define an eclipse takes place when one Learning Zone section from the book.
heavenly body, such as the moon or a planet,

41
 Worksheet 1
1 Fill in the blanks.

a. Light does not pass through ________________ objects.

b. Light travels in a straight line with a speed of ________________m/s.

c. A ________________ eclipse occurs when the moon blocks the sun completely.

d. Butter paper is a ________________ medium.

2. State true or false.

a. Candle is a luminous object. _________

b. Light takes a path that takes the longest time. _________

c. A penumbra is a region of complete darkness. _________

d. It is safe to look at a lunar eclipse. _________

3. Name the following.

a. An illuminating object. _______________

b. The property of light to travel in a straight line. _______________

c. A collection of several rays moving in an organised manner. _______________

d. An image that can be obtained on a screen. _______________

4. Answer the following questions.

a. What is a solar eclipse? Name any two types of solar eclipses.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

b. What are the characteristics of an image formed by a pinhole camera?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

42
 Worksheet 2
1. Choose the correct option.

a. A firefly is a

i. luminous organism ii. illuminating organism

iii. bio-luminescent organism iv. All of these

b. When the rays of light start from a point and travel in various directions, then it is
called a

i. convergent beam ii. parallel beam

iii. divergent beam iv. None of these

c. A penumbra is formed by a

i. overhead street lights ii. extended source of light

iii. an electric bulb. iv. All of these

d. The image formed by a pinhole camera is

i. inverted ii. virtual

iii. erect iv. on the same side as the object

2. Answer the questions:

a. Give the difference between a convergent and divergent beam with the help of a
diagram.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

b. What is bioluminescence? Name two bioluminescent organisms.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

43
 Answers to Coursebook
PART 1 (c) such as the size of the image can be
A. 1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) diminished or enlarged.

5. (b) 6. (d) 6. A solar eclipse can occur only when the

moon passes between the earth and the
B. 1. luminous 2. transparent sun. If the moon’s shadow happens to fall
3. rectilinear propagation of light on the earth’s surface, people living in that
area are not able to see the sun.
4. energy 5. rectilinear propagation
C. 1. Take three rectangular pieces of cardboard
6. luminous, illuminating
of the same size. Make tiny holes in each
C. 1. False 2. True 3. True cardboard at the same height from the
4. True 5. False 6. True base. Place them on a table in such a way
that each cardboard is exactly behind the
7. True other with the holes in a straight line. Place
D. a. iv b. ii c. v a candle in front of the first cardboard in
d. iii e. i such a way that the flame is exactly in
line with the candle flame. You can see
PART 2 the candle flame from the last hole. Now
A. 1. Most objects around us are non- luminous. displace the cardboard in the middle
slightly.
2. Luminous 3. No.
You will notice that the flame is not visible.
4. A solar eclipse occurs on a new moon day.
Thus, as long as the holes in the cardboard
5. Yes 6. Light cannot bend.
are aligned in a straight line with the
7. Sun 8. The object is translucent. candle flame, you can see the light.
9. No. 10. Yes. This proves light travels in a straight line or
B. 1. Natural sources: Sun and stars rectilinear propagation of light.
Artificial sources: Candles and electric 2. Properties of a shadow:
bulbs It is always black in colour regardless of
2. Most objects around us do not give out the colour of the object.
light themselves, but become visible when It only gives the shape of the object.
light from a luminous body falls on them
Shadows are always formed on the
and then enters into our eyes.
opposite side of the source of flight.
3. Rectilinear propagation of light means
3. A simple pinhole camera is based on
light travels in a straight line.
rectilinear propagation of light. It consists
4. Certain objects through which we cannot of a light proof box with a tiny hole on one
see clearly because they scatter or diffuse side. As the light falls on the pinhole, it
the refracted light. For example, butter forms an inverted image of the object on
paper, frosted glass, etc. the opposite side of the box. The smaller
5. Image formed by a pinhole camera is the size of the pinhole the sharper the
image formed.
(a) inverted
4. Solar eclipse: When the moon orbits the
(b) real image, since it can be formed on a earth, it moves between the sun and the
screen.
44
 earth. At a certain position, the moon obstructing light is called a shadow.
blocks the light of the sun reaching the 4. Umbra: The shadow cast by a point source
earth. This causes a solar eclipse. The is sharp and dark. This region of complete
moon casts a shadow on the earth. darkness is called Umbra.
5. Penumbra: When an electric bulb is
placed in front of an opaque object, a
shadow is formed, the inner circular
SUN MOON EARTH
portion of which is dark and well defined.
This is called Umbra. There is a circular
Umbra
ring around the umbra which is a a faint
Penumbra
shadow. This region of partial darkness is
called penumbra.
Solar eclipse
E. Differentiate between the following:
Lunar eclipse: When the earth orbits the
sun, there comes a time when the earth 1. Luminous objects: Bodies that give out
comes between the sun and the moon. light of their own are called luminous
The shadow of the earth falls on the moon, bodies. For example, the sun and the stars.
due to which people living on that side of Non luminous objects: Most of the objects
the earth are not able to see the moon for around us do not give light themselves
some time. This is an eclipse of the moon, but become visible when light from a
i.e., lunar eclipse. luminous body falls on them and then
Umbra enters into our eyes. Such bodies are
called non-luminous.
For example, table, trees, books, etc.
2. Ray and beam: A ray of light is a single path
SUN EARTH MOON

along which light travels. It is represented

by a line with an arrowhead drawn to
Penumbra show the direction of propagation of light.
Lunar eclipse Beam: A beam of light is broader and a
D. Explain the following: collection of several parallel rays moving
in an organised manner. A torch gives a
1. Total solar eclipse: A total solar eclipse beam of light.
takes place when the view of the sun is
completely blocked by the moon. The 3. Solar eclipse: When the moon orbits the
part of the earth that falls under the umbra earth, it moves between the sun and the
region has a total solar eclipse. The sky earth. At a certain position, the moon
becomes very dark. blocks the light of the sun from reaching
the earth. This causes a solar eclipse. The
2. Partial lunar eclipse: A partial lunar eclipse moon casts a shadow on the earth.
occurs when the moon is in the penumbra
region of the earth. The moon receives Lunar eclipse: When the earth orbits the
some light of the sun that it reflects to the sun, there comes a time when the earth
earth. Hence the moon is partially visible comes between the sun and the moon.
to people living on that side of the earth. The shadow of the ear falls on the moon,
due to which people living on that side
3. Shadow: When light falls on an opaque of the earth are not able to see moon for
object it forms a shadow on the opposite some time. This is an eclipse of the moon
side away from the source of light. The or lunar eclipse.
area of darkness formed by an object

45
 4. Translucent objects: There are certain 3. (a) A → lunar eclipse; B → solar eclipse
objects through which we cannot see (b) (i) moon (ii) earth
clearly. The light that passes through
these objects is diffused or scattered. Such (c) When sun, moon and earth are in a same
objects are called translucent objects. For line and earth is in between the sun and
example, tracing paper, ground glass. the moon.
Opaque objects: Objects such as wood, (d) When sun, moon and earth are in a same
stone, metals sheets, paper, etc. do not line and moon is in between the earth and
allow light to pass through them so they the sun.
form shadows. Such objects are called 4. Do it yourself.
opaque objects.
Think and Answer
Learning Zone 1. Since light falls from the different sources
Picture Based Questions and directions on the players. Thus, there
1. Do it yourself. forms multiple shadows of the players on the
ground.
2.
2. Do it yourself.
3. Take an opaque sheet of paper. Put some oil
on it. After some time you will observe that
the opaque sheet of paper has been converted
into a translucent sheet.
4. At noon the sun is at the top of our head while
in the morning and in the evening the sun is
low in the horizon. Thus, the shadow at noon
is the shortest and in the morning and in the
evening the shadows are longest.

Answers to Worksheets
WORKSHEET 1 to reach the earth. This causes a solar
1 a. opaque b. 3 x 10 m/s
8 eclipse. The moon casts a shadow on
the earth.
c. solar d. translucent
Partial solar eclipse and Annular solar
2. a. True b. False eclipse.
c. False d. True b. Characteristic of image formed by a
3. a. Moon pinhole camera is as follows:
b. Rectilinear propagation of light i. Inverted
c. Beam d. Real ii. Real image, since it can be formed
on a screen.
4. a. Solar eclipse: When the moon orbits
the earth, it moves between the sun iii. The size of the image can be
and the earth. At a certain position, diminished or enlarged.
the moon blocks the light of the sun

46
WORKSHEET 2 When the rays of light start from a point
1. a. iii. Bioluminescent and travel in various directions, then the
collection of such rays is called a divergent
b. iii. Divergent beam of light.
c. iv. All of these When the rays of light coming from different
d. i Inverted directions meet at a point, then a collection
of such rays is called a convergent beam
2. a.
of light.
b. A bioluminescent organism produces
Parallel beam light which is the energy released from
[2] chemical reactions occurring inside
the organism.The chemical energy gets
converted into light energy. For example,
a firefly, some kinds of bacteria and even
Divergent beam sharks.

Convergent beam
Beams of light

47
 6 Magnetism

Learning Objectives
Students will be able to:
 explain magnets, discovery of magnets, shapes of magnets
 differentiate between magnetic and non-magnetic materials
 learn about the properties of magnets
 learn the concept of magnetic field and magnetic filed of the Earth
 learn different methods to make a magnet
 differentiate between permanent and temporary magnets
 understand about the storage and handling of magnets and their uses

Warm-up To reinforce ask the students to do the

Read the warm up section from the book. related Pause and Do section from the book.
Ask students about objects in use at home Ask the students to answer the related
or outside which carry magnets. questions from the Part II of the Exercises.

Concept Explanation Properties of magnets

Magnets, Discovery of magnets, Shapes Read the related section from the book.
of magnets, Magnetic and non-magnetic Use the experiments given in this section
materials to make them understand the properties in a
Discuss with the students that the an object better way
which attracts or repulses another object is To reinforce, ask the students to do the
called magnet. related Pause and Do section from the book.
Read the related sections from the book. Ask the students to answer the related
Discuss about the magnetic force and questions from the Part II of the Exercises.
magnetic materials. Magnetic field, Magnetic field of the
Ask some questions based on the topic earth, Making of a magnet, Permanent and
discovery of magnets to the students. Temporary magnets
Ask them to observe the shapes of some Read the related sections from the book.
artificial magnets. Explain that the the space around a
Ask them to do the activity given in this magnet where magnetic force is experienced
section to differentiate between magnetic is called magnetic field.
and non-magnetic materials
48
 Use the experiments and activities given Ask the questions based on the uses of
in these sections to make them understand magnets in real life to the students.
these concepts in a better way. To reinforce ask the students to do the
To reinforce ask the students to do the related Pause and Do section from the book.
related Pause and Do section from the book. Ask the students to answer the related
Ask the students to answer the related questions from the Part II of the Exercises.
questions from the Part II of the Exercises.
Storage and handling of magnets, Uses of
Reinforce
magnets To reinforce, read the Summary and Glossary
sections from the book.
Read the related sections from the book.
Use Part I of the Exercises to conduct a quiz
Discuss the terms magnetisation,
contest in the class.
demagnetisation and self-demagnetisation.
Make them understand how to store and Explore
handle magnets to prevent demagnetisation
To explore, ask the students to do the
and self-demagnetisation.
Learning Zone section from the book.

49
 Worksheet 1
1. Choose the correct option.

a. It is a naturally occurring magnet.

i. Magnetite ii. Horseshoe magnet

iii. Lodestone iv. Alnico magnet

b. Magnetism is maximum at the

i. centre of a magnet ii. poles

iii. outside a magnet iii. None of these

c. It is a sure test of magnetism.

i. Attraction ii. Repulsion iii. Induction iv All of these

2. State true or false.

a. A magnet can lose its magnetism by rough handling. _________

b. Magnets can be stored for a long time without any loss in _________
magnetism.

c. Lodestone is an ore of iron called magnetite. _________

d. The south pole of the earth’s magnet points towards the _________
earth’s geographic south pole.

3. Answer the questions:

a. What are magnetic lines of force? Illustrate with a diagram.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

b. Give the difference between temporary and permanent magnets.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

50
 Worksheet 2
1. Name the following.

a. A ferromagnetic substance ________________

b. Sailors use it to find direction. ________________

c. Magnets that retain their magnetism for a short period of time. ________________

d. A U-shaped magnet used in an electric bell. ________________

2. State true or false.

a. Magnetic poles can exist single. _________

b. Magnetism is permanent whe the method of induction is used. _________

c. Magnets can be stored at room temperature. _________

d. A freely suspended magnet rests in the North-South direction _________

3. Match the following.

a. Natural magnet i. Magnet made of soft iron

b. Artificial magnet ii. Electromagnet

c. Very powerful magnet iii. Ring and disc shaped magnets

d. Temporary magnet iv. Lodestone

4. Answer the questions:

a. How are magnets used in Maglev trains?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

b. Why does a freely suspended magnet point in the north south direction?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

51
 Answers to Coursebook
PART 1 6. Yes, magnetic poles exist in pairs.
A. 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b) 7. Opposite poles of a magnet attract each
5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (c) other.

9. (a) B. 1. Magnets were discovered when a shepherd

living in Greece, Magnesia noticed that
B. 1. magnetic 2. north-south 3. poles the ferrule of his stick and the nails in his
4. repel, attract 5. compass 6. pairs sandals got stuck to a magnetic rock. The
stone was named magnetite also known as
7. earth
lodestone.
C. Write T for true and F for false:
2. Naturally occurring magnets such as
1. False 2. False 3. True lodestone are weak and are not available
4. True 5. False 6. True in any particular shape.
7. False 8. True Artificial magnets are strong and can be
made into any shape.
D. Name the following:
3. Magnets should be kept at room
1. Lodestone temperature using a magnetic keeper.
2. Iron and nickel 4. A freely suspended magnet comes to rest
3. Magnetic compass in the north south direction.
4. Magnetic lines of force 5. By using a magnet, iron filings can be
5. Repulsion separated from sand.

6. Electromagnet 6. Define:

7. Electromagnet (a) Magnet: A material that has the

property of attracting objects made of
8. Demagnetisation. certain substances like iron, cobalt and
PART 2 nickel is called a magnet.
A. 1. A material that has the property of attracting (b) Magnetism: The property of a magnet
objects made of certain substances like to attract iron and nickel is called
iron, cobalt and nickel is called a magnet. magnetism.
2. Iron and nickel (c) Poles of a magnet: The magnetic force
is concentrated at two regions on either
3. The magnetic force is concentrated at two
side of a magnet, called the poles of a
regions, called the poles of a magnet.
magnet.
4. Magnets which do not lose their magnetic
(d) Self-demagnetization: When a magnet
property even when the cause producing
is left unused for a long period of time,
the magnetism is removed are called
it gradually loses its magnetism.
permanent magnets.
7. Write two examples for each:
Magnets which lose their magnetic property
when the cause producing the magnetism (a) Magnetic material: Iron and Cobalt
is removed are called temporary magnets. (b) Non-magnetic material: Plastic and
5. No, because attraction is maximum at the aluminium
poles of a magnet.
52
 8. Give reasons for the following: magnetism. Thus the regular arrangement
(a) The opposite poles of a pair of magnets of molecular magnets is disturbed and the
are placed beside each other separated magnet is demagnetised.
by a bar of ferromagnetic material . This 5. Uses of magnets:
ensures that the magnetic alignment is (i) They are used to construct motors and
not disturbed. generators.
(b) When magnets are rubbed against (ii) They are used in electric bells.
each other, the regular arrangement
of molecular magnets is disturbed and (iii) They are used to sort out magnetic and
they lose their magnetism. non-magnetic substances from scrap.
9. Properties of a magnet: (iv) They are used in cranes.
(a) Magnets attract magnetic material 6. An iron bar can be made into a magnet by
rubbing it continuously with a bar magnet
(b) Magnetic poles exist in pairs. from one end to the other end at least 30
(c) A freely suspended bar magnet comes to 40 times. The magnet produced by this
to rest in North- South direction. method is temporary magnet.
(d) Like poles repel and unlike poles 7. Care of magnets:
attract. Magnets should always be kept at room
C. 1. To prove like poles of a magnet repel temperature away from moisture. The best
and unlike poles of a magnet attract each way of storing a magnet is by the use of
other: Freely suspend a bar magnet. It will a magnetic keeper. This ensures magnetic
come to rest in North- South direction. alignment is not disturbed. A bar magnet
Bring the north pole of another bar magnet makes use of two magnetic keepers
close to the north pole of the hanging whereas a horseshoe magnet uses only
magnet. There will occur repulsion one keeper.
between them. D. 1. A horse shoe magnet: A horse shoe
Next turn the side and bring the south pole magnet is a U- shaped permanent magnet
of a bar magnet close to the north pole of that produces a strong magnetic field. Both
the hanging bar magnet. There will occur its poles point in the same direction.
attraction between them. 2. Magnetic poles: The magnetic force is
2. Hang a bar magnet freely and rotate it. It concentrated at two regions on either side
will come to rest in a particular direction. of a magnet called the poles of a magnet.

Rotate it again, it will again point in the 3. Electromagnet: An electromagnet is a

same direction. Use a magnetic compass temporary magnet that works as long as
to prove that the magnet rests in the North- electric current passes through it. When
South direction. the current is switched off the magnetism
is lost.
3. A magnetic compass consists of a
magnetised steel needle horizontally 4. Magnetic field: The space around a magnet
mounted on a pivot, which is able to till where magnetic force is experienced is
move freely. The north pole of a magnetic called magnetic field.
compass will always point towards the E. Differentiate between:
geographic north. 1. Magnets which do not lose their magnetic
4. If a magnet is repeatedly hammered, property even when the cause producing
dropped from a height, heated or left the magnetism is removed are called
unused for a long period of time it loses its permanent magnets.

53
 Magnets which lose their magnetic property pole. That is why the north pole of our
when the cause producing the magnetism bar magnet always points towards the
is removed are called temporary magnets. geographic north pole of the earth.
2. Naturally occurring magnets such as F. Separate magnetic and non-magnetic
lodestone are weak and are not available materials:
in any particular shape. Magnetic: nail, safety pin, hair clip
Artificial magnets are strong and can be Non-magnetic: Tooth pick, coin, gold bangle,
made into any shape. plastic cap, elastic band, pencil, crayons,
3. The materials that are attracted towards paper, matchstick.
a magnet are called magnetic materials
or ferromagnetic materials. For example, Learning Zone
iron, nickel, cobalt and steel. Picture Based Questions
Materials that are not attracted by a magnet 1. (b)
are called non-magnetic materials.
2. Magnet A > Magnet B > Magnet C
For example, zinc, copper, plastic, wood,
etc. 3. Do it yourself.
4. There is attraction between unlike poles of
Think and Answer
a magnet. There is repulsion between like
poles of a magnet. The metal will not be magnetised properly while
rubbing is done haphazardly in nature.
5. In single touch method, an iron bar is
rubbed with a magnet repeatedly from one 1. It might lead to discontinuities in the material.
end to the other end without lifting it. 2. Yes, the poles of horse shoe magnets attract
In double touch method two bar magnets each other.
of equal strength are rubbed from the 3. Although a pencil sharpener’s body is made
centre of the iron bar towards either end up of plastic but the blade used to sharpen
with their opposite poles moving away the pencil is made up of iron or some other
from each other. magnetic material, so the sharpener gets
6. The earth’s geographic north pole is attracted to the magnet.
actually the south pole of the earth’s 4. Drop the magnet from heights or hit the ground
magnet. by the magnet number of times. We will
The north pole of a bar magnet is always observe after some time that the magnet will
attracted to the earth’s magnetic south be demagnetize partially or permanently.

Answers to Assessment 2
A. 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (d) 2. Mechanical Advantage: It is the ratio of
5. (c) the load to the effort. MA will determine
how efficient a machine will be.
B. 1. Movable Pulley:The effort required to lift a
load is half the load, as the load is shared 3. Solar eclipse: A solar eclipse can occur
equally by two parts of the rope supporting only when the moon passes between the
the pulley. A movable pulley is used along Earth and the Sun. If the moons shadow
with a fixed pulley to change the direction happens to fall on the Earth’s surface,
of effort in a convenient direction. people living in that area are not able to
see the Sun.

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 4. Electromagnet: An electromagnet is Magnetic North Pole: The magnetic north
a temporary magnet whose magnetic pole of the earth lies towards its geographic
property is due to the flow of electric south pole.
current around a soft iron bar. 4. Temporary magnet: An electromagnet
5. Magnetic field: The space around a magnet is a temporary magnet which is made by
till where magnetic effect is felt is called a passing electric current through a soft iron
magnetic field. bar. The poles of a temporary magnet can
C. 1. (d) 2. (e) 3. (b) be reversed. The strength of temporary
magnets can be increased considerably.
4. (a) 5. (c)
Permanent magnet: It is made of steel.
D. 1. Mechanical advantage The poles of permanent magnets are fixed.
2. Machine Its strength cannot be increased.
3. Hybrid solar eclipse F. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. F
4. Partial solar eclipse G. 1. MA has no unit because it is a ratio of two
physical quantities that have the same unit
5. Lodestone
which canceled to each other.
E. 1. Class II lever: The load being in the
2. Levers, pulleys, wedge, inclined plane,
middle, effort arm of a class II lever is
screw, wheel and axle.
longer than the load arm. Hence, class II
levers are used as force multipliers. They 3. Some objects do not produce light, but
are more efficient machines. they shine by reflecting the light from
other objects. Such objects are called
Class III levers: They have the effort in
illuminated objects.
between the load and fulcrum. Hence
their MA is less than 1.But the advantage 4. An electromagnet is a temporary magnet
of such levers is that the distance moved because it works as a magnet only when
by the load is greater than the distance electric current is passed through it. The
moved by the effort. Hence it is a speed poles of such a magnet can be reversed. It
multiplier. can be switched on and off at will.
2. Solar eclipse: When the moon orbits the 5. Magnets are used in cranes. They are used
Earth, it moves between the Sun and the to construct electric motors and generators.
Earth. At a certain position, the moon H. 1. An electromagnet is a temporary magnet
blocks the light of the sun from reaching which is made by passing electric current
the Earth. This causes a solar eclipse. The through it. A coil of wire is wound around
moon casts a shadow on the Earth. a soft iron bar and an electric current is
Lunar eclipse: When the Earth orbits the passed through it.
Sun, there comes a time when the earth 2. A simple pinhole camera is based on
comes between the Sun and the moon. rectilinear propagation of light. It consists
The shadow of the Earth falls on the moon, of a light proof box with a tiny hole on one
due to which people living on that side side. As the light falls on the pinhole, it
of the Earth are not able to see moon for forms an inverted image of the object on
some time. This is an eclipse of the moon the opposite side of the box. The smaller
called Lunar eclipse. the size of the pinhole the sharper the
3. Geographic North Pole: The south pole image formed.
of the earth’s magnet points towards the Image formed by a pinhole camera is,
geographic north pole of the earth. It is
actually the north pole of the earth. a. is inverted

55
 b. is real image, since it can be formed on Effort arm = 60 cm
a screen. Effort arm 60
M.A = = = 0.6
c. and the size of the image can be Load arm 100
diminished or enlarged. 5. Solar eclipse: When the moon orbits the
Earth, it moves between the Sun and the
3. Inclined plane: An inclined plane is a Earth. At a certain position, the moon
simple machine that can lift up heavy blocks the light of the Sun from reaching
objects with ease by the use of a gradually the Earth. This causes a solar eclipse. The
sloping surface. moon casts a shadow on the Earth. Solar
For example, It is used to carry luggage or eclipse can be Total, Annular and Partial.
to cross the bridge at a railway station. Lunar eclipse: When the Earth orbits the
Also, it is used in hospitals to wheel up Sun, there comes a time when the earth
patients. comes between the Sun and the moon.
The shadow of the Earth falls on the moon,
Screw: A screw is a modification of an
due to which people living on that side
inclined plane. It has grooves cut around
of the Earth are not able to see moon for
it. The grooves are called threads of the
some time. This is an eclipse of the moon
screw. It can be driven into a rigid object
called Lunar eclipse.
more easily than a nail.
I. 1. Picture C has all three magnetic materials.
Screw is used to join pieces of wood,
metal sheets, handles of pans, etc. 2. Picture A has no magnetic material.
4. Load arm = 100cm 3. Picture B has only 1 magnetic material.

Answers to Worksheets
WORKSHEET 1 WORKSHEET 2
1. a. iii b. ii c. i 1. a. Nickel or iron
2. a. True b. False b. Magnetic compass
c. True d. False c. Temporary magnet
3. a. The space around a magnet where d. Horseshoe magnet
magnetism is felt is called magnetic lines 2. a. False b. False c. True d. True
of force. They run from North to South and
are closed , continuous curves. They never 3. a. iv. b. iii. c. ii. d. i.
intersect each other. 4. a. Maglev trains are the fastest in the world.
b. Magnets which do not lose their magnetic Superconducting magnets are used at the
property even when the cause producing bottom of the train and on the tracks on
the magnetism is removed are called which the train floats. These trains move
permanent magnets. Magnets made of due to the repulsion between magnets.
steel and alnico magnets are permanent b. A freely suspended magnet points in the
magnets. North-South direction, because the earth
Magnets which lose their magnetic property has its magnetic south pole towards the
when the cause producing the magnetism geographic north pole. That is why our
is removed are called temporary magnets. magnet is attracted to the earth’s magnetic
south pole which is actually the geographic
Magnets made of soft iron and north pole.
electromagnets are temporary magnets
56
 Model Test Paper 2
Time: 3 hours Total marks: 50

Section A
A. Fill in the blanks: [5]
1. ______________ were invented to perform activities with ease and efficiently.
2. A ______________ is a modification of an inclined plane.
3. The ______________ is the main source of light on the Earth.
4. ______________ travels in a straight line.
5. ______________ ______________ always occur in pairs.
B. Multiple choice questions: [5]
1. A pair of scissors is an example of a/an
a. wheel and axle b. lever c. pulley e. inclined plane
2. They are used as force multipliers
a. Class I levers b. Class II levers c. Class III levers d. All of these
3. Objects which do not allow light to pass through them are called
a. Transparent b. Translucent c. Opaque d. None of these
4. A freely suspended magnet always rests in the
a. South – North direction b. North – South direction
c. East – West direction d. No particular direction
5. A very powerful magnet used in cranes is a/an
a. permanent magnet b. horse shoe magnet
c. electromagnet d. natural magnet
C. State True or False: [5]
1. Egyptian sailors used the magnetic compass.
2. Steel can be magnetised
3. The image formed by a pinhole camera is always virtual.
4. Shadows are always formed on the opposite side of the source of light.
5. Tracing paper and frosted glass are transparent objects.
D. Circle the odd one out: [5]
1. Copper, silver, nickel, bronze, aluminium
2. Water, air, glass, butter paper
3. Scissors, mango cutter, pliers, beam balance, see-saw
4. Sun, stars, moon, candles, electric lamp
5. Heating, hammering, magnetic keeper, high temperature

57
 Section B
A. Define the following: [2]
1. Class I lever
2. Umbra
B. Short answer questions: [12]
1. Write the characteristics of the image formed by a pinhole camera.
2. How should we store bar magnets?
3. Give the difference between:
a. Inclined plane, and wheel and axle
b. Temporary and permanent magnets
C. Long answer questions: [16]
1. Draw diagrams of a fixed pulley and a movable pulley. What is the advantage of using a fixed
pulley?
2. How can you convert an iron bar into a magnet? Explain this method through an activity. Will
this magnet be temporary or permanent?
3. Picture based question.

Figure-1 Figure-2

Look at the picture and answer the following questions:

a. What type of shadow is formed by the first picture?
b. How does the shadow change in the second picture?
c. At what position of the football from the screen two shadows are formed?
d. Name the shadows.
4. In each of the pictures shown above mark the position of the Load, Effort and Fulcrum and state
the class of lever.

58
 Answers to Model Test Paper 1
Section A about 50 cm. The beam has a support
A 1. random 2. solid 3. Length just at its middle, having a pointer. Two
identical pans are suspended at the two
4. electronic balance 5. speed ends of the beam by means of strings of
B 1. c 2. d 3. c 4. a 5. a equal length. Each pan is at the same
horizontal distance from the support,
C 1. False 2. True 3. False
i.e., the length of the beam of each pan
4. False 5. True from the support is equal. The balance
D 1. gas 2. LPG 3. physical balance can be held up by the support.
4. Force Physical Balance: A physical balance
is a modified and highly sensitive
Section B version of the beam balance. It is used
A 1. Matter is composed of very tiny particles in science laboratories for the accurate
called molecules. measurement of chemicals.
2. Something that can be measured. C. 1. Pushing a door to close it and pulling a rope
3. Interval between two events is time. by two teams during a tug of war game.
The direction in which an object is pulled
B 1. The amount of surface covered by a closed or pushed is called the direction of force.
shape. A player kicks a moving football to make
Area of a square = side × side; it move in another direction while playing.
The kick is the force he applies to change
Area of a rectangle = length × breadth ×
the direction of the motion of the football.
height;
2. Maximum friction: Pushing box without
Area of a triangle = (1/2) × base × height;
wheel by a man
Area of a circle = r²
Minimum friction: Ball bearings
2. To reduce friction in machines.
3. a. gas
3. a. Static friction: The maximum value of
b. A gas can be easily compressed. Its
frictional force between two surfaces
volume can be compressed to several
which can prevent one surface from
times its original volume. This is
sliding over the other.
because the distance between the
Rolling friction: The friction that occurs molecules of a gas is very large.
when one object rolls across the other.
c. A gas can fl ow because its molecules
b. Beam Balance: It consists of a straight can move past one another.
beam of wood (or metal) of length
D a. 30 m b. i. 1.5 kg ii. 10,000 m²

Answers to Model Test Paper 2

Section A 3. Sun
A 1. Machines 4. Light
2. screw 5. Magnetic poles

59
B 1. b 2. b 3. c 4. b. 5. c C. 1.
C 1. False 2. True 3. False
Fixed pulley
4. True 5. False
D 1. nickel
2. butter paper
3. beam balance
4. magnetic keeper
Load
Section B
A 1. If the fulcrum is anywhere between the
load and the eff ort, the lever is a class-one Fixed pulley
lever. Examples of such levers are a pair of
scissors, pliers, see-saw, crowbar, handle
of a water pump, claw-hammer, etc. B Fixed
2. The region of total darkness is called pulley
umbra.
B 1. The real and inverted image is formed on Movable
the screen. pulley A
If the hole is made quite wide, each point
on the object will produce a large patch Load
on the screen. These patches will overlap
and the final image will get blurred. The
smaller the hole, the sharper will be the A combination of movable and fixed
image. However, if the hole is made very pulleys
narrow (less than 0.1 mm), very little light
In case of a movable pulley, we find that
will pass through it and the image formed
the eff ort required to lift a load is half the
will be faint. The image remains sharp
load, as the load is shared equally by the
when the distance between the screen
two parts of the rope supporting the pulley.
and the pinhole is increased. If the pinhole
camera is moved nearer the object, the 2. Rub an iron bar with a magnet repeatedly.
image on the screen will become large. To magnetise an iron bar AB using a bar
magnet, place one of the poles of a bar
2. It can be stored at room temperature using
magnet, say the north pole, over one end
magnetic keepers.
of the iron bar, say end A. Without lifting
3. a. Inclined plane: A flat sloping surface, the bar magnet, move it along the length
with one end higher than the other. of the iron bar, stroking it till you reach
Wheel and axle: An arrangement in the other end, B, of the bar. On reaching
which a larger wheel rotates around a end B of the iron bar, lift the bar magnet
smaller rod called an axle. and bring the same north pole to point A
of the iron bar, and then move the magnet
b. Permanent magnets: those magnets from point A to point B again. The process
that retain magnetism for a very long needs to be repeated about 30 to 40 times.
period of time. This process is called magnetisation of the
Temporary magnets: magnets that iron bar by the single-touch method.
retain magnetism only for a short 3. Do it yorself.
period of time.
4. Do it yourself.
60