Q 1:
i) The current flowing through a resistor is 0.8 A when a p.d. 20 V is applied. Determine the value of
the resistance.
ii) Write the definition of the law used to solve the above problem.
Ans:
i) To determine the value of the resistance, we can use Ohm's Law which states that the current
flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage applied across it, and inversely
proportional to the resistance of the conductor.
Using Ohm's Law:
Resistance (R) = Voltage (V) / Current (I)
Resistance (R) = 20 V / 0.8 A
Resistance (R) = 25 ohms
Therefore, the value of the resistance is 25 ohms.
ii) Ohm's Law states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the
voltage applied across it, and inversely proportional to the resistance of the conductor.
Mathematically, Ohm's Law is represented as V = I * R, where V is the voltage across the conductor,
I is the current flowing through the conductor, and R is the resistance of the conductor.
Q 2:
i) Determine the p.d. which must be applied to a 2KΩ resistor in order that a current of 10 mA
may flow.
ii) A coil has a current of 50 mA flowing through it when the applied voltage is 12 V. What is the
resistance of the coil?
Ans
i) Using Ohm's Law (V = IR), we can calculate the voltage required to produce a current of 10 mA through a
2KΩ resistor:
V = (10 mA)(2KΩ) = 20 V
Therefore, a potential difference of 20 V must be applied to the 2KΩ resistor in order for a current of 10 mA to
flow through it.
ii) Using Ohm's Law again, we can calculate the resistance of the coil when a current of 50 mA flows through
it with an applied voltage of 12 V:
R = V/I = 12 V / 50 mA = 240 Ω
Therefore, the resistance of the coil is 240 Ω.
Q:
i) A 100 V battery is connected across a resistor and causes a current of 5 mA to flow. Determine the resistance
of the resistor. If the voltage is now reduced to 25 V, what will be the new value of the
current flowing?
Ans
i) Using Ohm's Law (V = IR), we can calculate the resistance of the resistor:
V = 100 V
I = 5 mA = 0.005 A
R=V/I
R = 100 V / 0.005 A
R = 20,000 ohms
Therefore, the resistance of the resistor is 20,000 ohms.
ii) If the voltage is reduced to 25 V, we can calculate the new value of the current flowing using Ohm's Law:
V = 25 V
I=V/R
I = 25 V / 20,000 ohms
I = 0.00125 A or 1.25 mA
Therefore, the new value of the current flowing will be 1.25 mA.
Q:
Resistances of 10 Ω, 20 Ω and 30 Ω are connected with supply voltage of 240V
1. If connected in series calculate the supply current
2. If connected parallel calculate the supply current in each case.
Ans:
i) When resistances of 10 Ω, 20 Ω, and 30 Ω are connected in series, the total resistance is the sum of
individual resistances:
Total resistance = 10 Ω + 20 Ω + 30 Ω = 60 Ω
Using Ohm's Law (V = IR), we can calculate the supply current:
Supply voltage (V) = 240V
Total resistance (R) = 60 Ω
Supply current (I) = V / R
Supply current (I) = 240V / 60 Ω
Supply current (I) = 4 A
Therefore, the supply current when resistances of 10 Ω, 20 Ω, and 30 Ω are connected in series is 4 A.
ii) When resistances of 10 Ω, 20 Ω, and 30 Ω are connected in parallel, the total resistance can be calculated
using the formula:
1 / Total resistance = 1 / 10 Ω + 1 / 20 Ω + 1 / 30 Ω
Solving for total resistance:
1 / Total resistance = 1/10 + 1/20 + 1/30
1 / Total resistance = 6/60 + 3/60 + 2/60
1 / Total resistance = 11/60
Total resistance = 60 / 11 Ω
Using Ohm's Law (V = IR), we can calculate the supply current for each resistance:
Supply voltage (V) = 240V
Total resistance (R) = 60 / 11 Ω
For 10 Ω resistance:
Supply current (I) = V / R
Supply current (I) = 240V / 10 Ω
Supply current (I) = 24 A
For 20 Ω resistance:
Supply current (I) = V / R
Supply current (I) = 240V / 20 Ω
Supply current (I) = 12 A
For 30 Ω resistance:
Supply current (I) = V / R
Supply current (I) = 240V / 30 Ω
Supply current (I) = 8 A
Therefore, the supply current for each resistance when connected in parallel is 24 A, 12 A, and 8 A for 10 Ω,
20 Ω, and 30 Ω respectively.
Q:
Write the statement of Thevenin’s theorem
Ans:
Thevenin's theorem states that any linear electrical network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting
of a single voltage source in series with a single resistor. This equivalent circuit, known as the Thevenin
equivalent circuit, will produce the same voltage and current characteristics at the terminals of the original
network.
Q:
Write the statement of Superposition theorem
Ans:
The Superposition theorem states that in a linear circuit with multiple sources, the total current or voltage at
any point in the circuit is the algebraic sum of the currents or voltages produced by each individual source
acting alone, with all other sources turned off.
Q:
Write the statement of Norton’s theorem
Ans:
Norton's theorem states that any linear electrical network containing independent sources and resistances can
be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source in parallel with a single resistor. This
equivalent circuit is known as the Norton equivalent circuit.
Q:
Find the current through 3 Ω resistor using superposition theorem.
Show all the steps and Scan and upload your answer.
To find the current through the 3 Ω resistor using superposition theorem, we need to consider the effects of
each individual source separately and then combine the results.
1. Turn off all independent sources except the current source:
- Calculate the current through the 3 Ω resistor due to the current source alone. Since the current source is the
only active source, we can treat the voltage source as a short circuit.
- The current source provides a current of 2 A. Using Ohm's Law (V = IR), we can calculate the voltage across
the 3 Ω resistor: V = 2 A * 3 Ω = 6 V.
- Therefore, the current through the 3 Ω resistor due to the current source alone is I1 = V / R = 6 V / 3 Ω = 2 A.
2. Turn off all independent sources except the voltage source:
- Calculate the current through the 3 Ω resistor due to the voltage source alone. Since the voltage source is the
only active source, we can treat the current source as an open circuit.
- The voltage source provides a voltage of 12 V. Since the 3 Ω resistor is the only component in the circuit, the
current through it is simply I2 = V / R = 12 V / 3 Ω = 4 A.
3. Combine the results:
- The total current through the 3 Ω resistor is the sum of the currents calculated in steps 1 and 2: I_total = I1 +
I2 = 2 A + 4 A = 6 A.
Therefore, the current through the 3 Ω resistor using superposition theorem is 6 A.
Q.
For the circuit shown in Fig. determine the p.d. across resistor R3. If the total resistance of the
circuit is 100Ω, determine the current flowing through resistor R1. Find also the value of resistor
R2.
Ans:
To determine the potential difference (p.d.) across resistor R3, we need to consider the total
voltage provided by the power supply and the voltage drops across R1 and R2.
The total voltage provided by the power supply is 25V. The voltage drops across R1 and R2 are
given as 10V and 4V respectively. Therefore, the voltage drop across R3 can be found by
subtracting the voltage drops across R1 and R2 from the total voltage:
Voltage across R3 (V3) = Total voltage - Voltage across R1 - Voltage across R2
V3 = 25V - 10V - 4V
V3 = 11V
So, the potential difference across R3 is 11V.
Next, to determine the current flowing through resistor R1, we use Ohm's law, which states that
V = IR, where V is the voltage, I is the current, and R is the resistance. We are given that the
total resistance of the circuit is 100Ω. Since the resistors are in series, the same current flows
through each resistor. The total voltage is the sum of the individual voltage drops, so we can
write:
Total voltage = Current (I) * Total resistance (R_total)
25V = I * 100Ω
I = 25V / 100Ω
I = 0.25A
Therefore, the current flowing through resistor R1 is 0.25A.
Finally, to find the value of resistor R2, we again use Ohm's law. We know the voltage across R2
(4V) and the current flowing through it (0.25A), so:
Voltage across R2 (V2) = Current (I) * Resistance of R2 (R2)
4V = 0.25A * R2
R2 = 4V / 0.25A
R2 = 16Ω
Hence, the value of resistor R2 is 16Ω.
Q.
For the series-parallel arrangement shown in Fig. find
1. the supply current.
2. the current flowing through each resistor.
Ans
To solve this circuit, we need to find the equivalent resistance and then use Ohm's law to find
the supply current and the current flowing through each resistor.
(i) To find the supply current, we first need to calculate the total resistance of the circuit. The
resistors R2 and R3 are in parallel, and their combined resistance (R23) can be found using the
formula for parallel resistors:
1/R23 = 1/R2 + 1/R3
Given R2 = 6Ω and R3 = 2Ω, we can calculate R23 as follows:
1/R23 = 1/6 + 1/2
1/R23 = 1/6 + 3/6
1/R23 = 4/6
R23 = 6/4
R23 = 1.5Ω
Now, we have R1 in series with the combined resistance of R2 and R3, and R4 in series with
the whole combination. So the total resistance (Rt) is:
Rt = R1 + R23 + R4
Given R1 = 2.5Ω and R4 = 4Ω, we can calculate Rt as follows:
Rt = 2.5 + 1.5 + 4
Rt = 8Ω
Now, using Ohm's law (V = IR), we can find the supply current (Is):
Is = V / Rt
Is = 200V / 8Ω
Is = 25A
(ii) To find the current flowing through each resistor, we need to look at the circuit configuration:
- The current flowing through R1 (I1) is the same as the supply current because they are in
series with the whole circuit. So, I1 = Is = 25A.
- The current through R2 and R3 will be the same because they are in parallel and have the
same voltage across them. We can find the current through R23 (I23) using Ohm's law:
I23 = V / R23
I23 = 200V / 1.5Ω
I23 = 133.33A
However, this is the total current that splits between R2 and R3. To find the individual currents,
we use the current division rule:
I2 = I23 * (R3 / (R2 + R3))
I2 = 133.33A * (2Ω / (6Ω + 2Ω))
I2 = 133.33A * (2Ω / 8Ω)
I2 = 133.33A * 0.25
I2 = 33.33A
Similarly, for R3:
I3 = I23 * (R2 / (R2 + R3))
I3 = 133.33A * (6Ω / (6Ω + 2Ω))
I3 = 133.33A * (6Ω / 8Ω)
I3 = 133.33A * 0.75
I3 = 100A
- The current through R4 (I4) is the same as the supply current because it is in series with the
whole circuit. So, I4 = Is = 25A.
In summary:
- The supply current (Is) is 25A.
- The current through R1 (I1) is 25A.
- The current through R2 (I2) is 33.33A.
- The current through R3 (I3) is 100A.
- The current through R4 (I4) is 25A.
Q.
Determining Thevenin’s Resistance and Voltage for the circuit given. Show all the steps
Ans.
To determine Thevenin's equivalent resistance (R_th) and Thevenin's equivalent voltage (V_th)
for the given circuit, follow these steps:
1. **Remove the Load Resistor (R_L):** Disconnect the 2Ω load resistor from the circuit.
2. **Calculate Thevenin's Resistance (R_th):** With the load resistor removed, find the
equivalent resistance seen from the terminals A and B. Since R_1 and R_2 are in series, their
equivalent resistance is R_1 + R_2 = 3Ω + 6Ω = 9Ω. This is the Thevenin's resistance R_th.
3. **Calculate Thevenin's Voltage (V_th):** Reconnect the load resistor. To find V_th, calculate
the voltage across the open terminals A and B when the load resistor is removed. This can be
done by finding the voltage drop across R_2 using the voltage divider rule since R_1 and R_2
are in series and the total voltage is 36V. The formula for the voltage divider is V_th = (R_2 /
(R_1 + R_2)) * V_total. Plugging in the values gives V_th = (6Ω / (3Ω + 6Ω)) * 36V = (6Ω / 9Ω) *
36V = 4 * 36V / 9 = 16V.
So, Thevenin's equivalent resistance is 9Ω and Thevenin's equivalent voltage is 16V.
Q.
Calculate the current through 10Ω resistor using Norton's theorem.
Show all the steps
Ans.
To calculate the current through the \(10 \Omega\) resistor using Norton's theorem, we need to
follow these steps:
1. **Remove the Load Resistor \(R_L\)**: Remove the \(10 \Omega\) resistor from the circuit.
2. **Find Norton's Current (\(I_N\))**: This is the current through the open-circuit terminals where
\(R_L\) was connected. To find \(I_N\), short the voltage source and calculate the current
through the short circuit. In this case, the \(4 \Omega\) and \(2 \Omega\) resistors are in parallel
when the voltage source is shorted. The equivalent resistance \(R_{eq}\) is given by:
\[ \frac{1}{R_{eq}} = \frac{1}{4 \Omega} + \frac{1}{2 \Omega} \]
\[ R_{eq} = \frac{4 \Omega \cdot 2 \Omega}{4 \Omega + 2 \Omega} = \frac{8}{6} \Omega =
\frac{4}{3} \Omega \]
The current \(I_N\) is then the voltage source divided by the equivalent resistance:
\[ I_N = \frac{48 V}{\frac{4}{3} \Omega + 8 \Omega} \]
\[ I_N = \frac{48 V}{\frac{4}{3} \Omega + \frac{24}{3} \Omega} \]
\[ I_N = \frac{48 V}{\frac{28}{3} \Omega} \]
\[ I_N = \frac{48 \cdot 3}{28} A \]
\[ I_N = \frac{144}{28} A \]
\[ I_N = \frac{72}{14} A \]
\[ I_N = \frac{36}{7} A \]
\[ I_N \approx 5.14 A \]
3. **Find Norton's Resistance (\(R_N\))**: This is the equivalent resistance seen from the
open-circuit terminals. To find \(R_N\), deactivate all independent sources (replace voltage
sources with a short circuit) and calculate the equivalent resistance seen from the terminals.
The \(4 \Omega\) and \(2 \Omega\) resistors are in parallel, and their equivalent resistance is in
series with the \(8 \Omega\) resistor. So:
\[ R_N = R_{eq} + 8 \Omega \]
\[ R_N = \frac{4}{3} \Omega + 8 \Omega \]
\[ R_N = \frac{4}{3} \Omega + \frac{24}{3} \Omega \]
\[ R_N = \frac{28}{3} \Omega \]
4. **Reattach the Load Resistor (\(R_L\))**: Place the \(10 \Omega\) resistor back into the
circuit.
5. **Calculate the Current through \(R_L\)**: Now, treat the circuit as a parallel combination of
\(R_N\) and \(R_L\) with a current source of \(I_N\). The total current \(I_N\) will divide between
\(R_N\) and \(R_L\). The current through \(R_L\) (\(I_{R_L}\)) can be found using the current
division rule:
\[ I_{R_L} = I_N \cdot \frac{R_N}{R_N + R_L} \]
\[ I_{R_L} = \frac{36}{7} A \cdot \frac{\frac{28}{3} \Omega}{\frac{28}{3} \Omega + 10 \Omega} \]
\[ I_{R_L} = \frac{36}{7} A \cdot \frac{\frac{28}{3}}{\frac{28}{3} + \frac{30}{3}} \]
\[ I_{R_L} = \frac{36}{7} A \cdot \frac{\frac{28}{3}}{\frac{58}{3}} \]
\[ I_{R_L} = \frac{36}{7} A \cdot \frac{28}{58} \]
\[ I_{R_L} = \frac{36 \cdot 4}{7 \cdot 29} A \]
\[ I_{R_L} = \frac{144}{203} A \]
\[ I_{R_L} \approx 0.709 A \]
So, the current through the \(10 \Omega\) resistor using Norton's theorem is approximately
\(0.709 A\).
