Explam vamous method Cyinder a r angemen F mulh Cylinder

engine. in o i c h piston neupocatu

S an m ain body ef an engine
Ans Cy indar
to develsp power.

Thn t y pes e yinder aNTCLnqemens:

I n ine areungemen t
- c y l i n d e r

H - D C r o nk s h a t r

arranged a hne
i'n
In this type, a numben ot y linden are
his
pla ced
epla ced Sidi by sids vehcatly with a common Crun kshaltIn
ing forces ann
re üprota balan Ced
type neanty
Pposed Cyindn type:
r c n s h a t

-Cyin des

to each other
ppo
P po
to ea ch
h
hoo2 o
2on taluy
nta lluy
aranged
Two
T wo y i o ds a e
eaach
h o o1th
t h e r w1th
other
c
c8øn
rmnm
ONon
b

faung
at 180 apat penjeHy
Peecy
They a e plaud uprocatng p
as a
e re
n wiS +ype
cranhsha
balante¢
f1 V- Engine 60
placed wth t h e r axis aat
n his Ayre, too uyhndis Ct
lettr V th a
onms am au aranged to from
The ysndr
common
CruncesR & Cr Cun kshakt
henu runs moe Sm oDthy at igh s peed.
T is mo CoTmpatt 4 n oid
 b2-ylhndes
iuRadh al enaine
aranged in radialfayn o
nt typ num ber ot yinder Ore
ounch & plaud at a lantr
olth a common crankshatr
usid is 5,7,9 ek to obtaio
Tu nmbt o uylinds qennially
anifom mna imttvals
tis compatt in staa i t aiw ighs brtah podey tigt Jah
Mamy im aArcvaft engtrRs
usud
with Oneal shelch eyplom he conbhucHon tpupost day &wt ines
ens? ners ah o th mm oh baomelr ann u d to Ttdua 4h yhnd
oech & henu tu incuau Cylincu boat ik
Lneu c modeup ospeuad alloy Iron conlau n ing Si, Mn, Vi-2
Thaeana 4ypey o nes
 D2y-iner
xDyune au madi o the fom of bau G
ftange fcovided at tha top iCh beeps
Hu uner Toto îts posí Hon.
Dy unes are quik thin cand uws mehal
yhndur
Blot
olock to qie it ull lengh surport
x 1is neceuany to mauchi the inear
Surface aluatly boh from midekoudsid 4 - D r y liney

x Outt sUrfaa o the ne ma ku Contatt oith the yhndex

bloch.
t h e bner is tooloos4, in tthe yindtm block , neus in p hear
chssipa ho due to absen o qmd contatt. This rsuls in bigh
high
openahina emp 4 impopr 1ubricaHon Aeuls m ps ton Suling

x f tinen is too hght, this produces distontion e Cyhn du block,

iner cracking hot spots&rsuffing

iwetLiner
*ttioS O mesad oto yindør cylinder oock
bot 4 i suppoted ot the top8 ho torm
Oetliney
xwet ines maki dirtt contatt oith
Loat on the outside hene Cooling
COoung waler /achc
Emphy
dosno Tamr anate machining
dhSthong chirg
On the enhn outtr swaa Tings
Aflang s rovidtd at top olith i into the qo ove în he eylind
ololh.
t r A qorves ant rovtdkd at the bo tom, mídde one is empty 5
top 2 bo tom guove an inserted with rubber padkings
a t adn uakoge , caaDnaqe aYTaNgeme0 ae rovided F >om
mid du ohso«
to mate +h
Sowahmi3 ,
wetinev coate with AL on the utsidi
Suxfat (oolon reastaot.

the values Explam 5odium

ua i th oe essily o cooing
Coolsd ya)
valvu Puuns oth long s fern that o pen & close Hu pts
tn. Th an

in tu cylindin head
* Each engint uyhndin has valnes
- o l e t a l e : Tmough o i c h i Sue nix{uns s a ditkd into -th

ongfns Cylindur
Oatt vahe:/Exhaust vae: 2unt qates escapes ou ough eaha
vadue

Sodhum Vale
n some heavy duky enqtnes cnTafY enginU,
Sodium tooled valw a u3ed.
to1low
*Thex aves hoavta q no|loo head 4 Skm ohich is
pcaHy i 1led ( 4o1) oîth sdium g mix fum o,calts soluo
Socium is higb condutivty mealLich mel sat
T t ' im iquid Stak at optiathg om pazatau
A when value m opeiathon, down
the up
moveme0t of Soddum ransfess the heat t + c e m , Vau gmax &
cytinden lblock t o tooing oute úiauslah ng o oadkjackeks.
Ts cmanqemen t Cools -tha vale by ahout loc. The sodá um qoCR upa

abs crbs t huat from vala head, &k w hil coming down
tvansfoheat to stem.

Sketch E&explain vale iming dh aqnam for

4*Shok« pehol engine
Ske
indi cahng cleandy tha posi hondof values
EVC

1o
Sur
hibn(2

ComfrresSton(155)

Evroutt/226) tponsion)u5)

:1C qnhon
TVO 1 nle vatue op
I 1nlel vale closes
CVO Lhaust Vaue
open
Cv Ex haush value c
PDC logos
 vale thming e h to when the vames optn&closR in Relaton ho

to piston posiHon DYosition o (mank ohen both (1lL4o|lL) value

open
Cioses
Inle! vale
T h e inlet val showUd be open feo deqreR i to the amv al o

piston at 1DC duing exhausi shoke prRvous aycle into

Tis ensuves uu open othe v a l entry o trtsh-chauR
cyinder as sovn a3 piston hiqins to aSend
cyundux would euNA less
I the 1nltt vale close at BDe, the

Chaugt to avoid this thu imt stept open hr a

btud segne oh
otatoe oh Crank aflen suthon hvo ta
value cbeing îs delayed lonqer.
gTspeed n eaLes, mlet
Eyhaus valve
It s necessamy to open tht exhaust valu hef he pt Ston ea chts
F o o C A ohepansion,it 7emo vez3
end o ha e pansion shoke
loumt g0s3- n
readen Pant of od5 don< by
+ha piston
thenefor? 4t reduces ttha amount oh
aeum shoka / ahe ourolap
am hat both im let 8exhaust
hminy ciag
In v a e
13 Uranh anglo admsabe Sin air fual
Mo ovemapplngi hot
ln S1 engie cs. is nof econom+ca.
may pasu out wtth exhaust g
wixtur
drauon duina Sutnon shoka, hencR
l n G7 engine Only aAris
amse
Sulh r o blsro n o t
hup in Scovenging
1ntath outapping
ni> 1gni Hon
Thene is ahoays a im lag blw spans &gni Hon of tha thange.
busn afttr gfvng spah
Chasge taku some ime to dbt oin H
Then fore i t ic necSS aup h» produn s p k eaay
,

roper corm bus tion withoul l6sses.

D h
The angltmough Lomch 1 spcak fe qien eaalit isgn ha
advana ar
"ang& oh aduan t
 mati als Ued
U ed
e-he
ho.
4 tht
ist tha va engine Componenk
Cornponents. r Comi
(ast s kel, CI (cas ti?dn) NCtae
ins i piton: Madeup o A! alloy ,

ii Piston rinas.
sfucon &Mangant.
Cst i70n containing
Molybdenum , Atloy Skell
Piton pin
Louo Carbon cas har dened skel (C- 15 , Si-0-3/,Mn-o-51)
iv Connesing rod
- Then am mads from doop frging of skel dura lummp.
Cast o from maueabu (ast i von
VCramkshapt
2 t s m ade of alloystee or casFtvon
vi Valves 6.51, Mn-0.57,
5iucon Chnome Stte [c-o4 , Ni
Inet vclu Si 3-5/, ( 8TJ

to ir, Aus kni Hestuls also UMd

Molylbden um is added
txhaus tvawe -o

Erplain necessity ot engine cooting what is eptett o

Ovencooting aan d undtr Cavting.
Engine cooltng: Tt sroteA Convunting themal entagy into
mechanical wr% by combus tion. This heat trangfered to cylindn a
piston & values. this pas are not adequePy Coolud engine
wiu be damaged.
Need fr engtna coolkng
* To remoe x U heat from engine
he .

wk
To m amtai h a engins Opuathng tmpcsatuuu whune it
mbst egúenkr
To bing tha egint up toHha rigt apuang ttnpasatuun as qut a
Po ble
*To avoid seu hpiston» beazing &Other paaek
ail
To rtdutettu tmporatue o Lubitahng
Effct under cooing
msulls m th ina
o viscoty of a lubrcatng a
Ovew (oo ling
Loith asulls in mnta ob bicHon b/wte rnovîug paotr
 Unds cooing eeeps hu engiw io (0et poihon
inneau u uk hgha
aRedua engin poue & vedu
u inMaon ebtitten
A
Tendny o tanly conmlotushon & deloonatnon ntasés 3ealts in faaly ,

damag to pcus dus to ad ditnonal a palt loads

Fichion &oecun paats
Mechoam col propuses a pesks an educed
Eka o Ovencating
Engine sBartnug ti hiiul
Redus tha ovtral
eyhideny 4the tystom.
Btox 34nuatnon on lon deposits te ik t ubmathbh o
is als looered
Inata a Consumphion o1tul
TntneoL t Omng ak ylin di
tube.
Shetth ond explam Hotth hiss drive 2 alsocormpche otth torquu

en Hotth Kiss drive

Universa
yame
Join
hoc
Spnn
ue
stiding hopt 1er Peal rlu tosing
Transmission Shaft
Univea)
shal Toin L-Beucl p'imon Sh
x In cax o Holth ktss d i , the enh« load ot the veic is mcnaged
by h ea sping Also intide diving hrrust, Tarqu reathon 4
velic
tha side -Hut oer mancgrd by the Spmngs o h
The driviug ttnus is transmittd to-the frune by hu front hatt tha
Ytathón, the serivg dekteus. &tns forq
spn ng and dut to torquu
nAach on is taken up bytha Spm n
dieuhon to takeup t h
Spmngs uwoul d deleut in the oppos1k
on also changes its p0Sihio
b7a ting toqut Du to thîs bevel pioi
T o avoid t h
binchng oh t h propelles shal univsul join s are
wd at t both end th ropelu shaK t's ud
Dug movemtnto the veumd, the raY oru movesup dow0 On d
h a s tv moe fn a i h oith
honi spmng.Suppst atthuame
OS a cen bre

Dung Hhe movemant o ear axle he lengh o peller shott

hos n
tovay g this can lbe provicdud ernploying siding jnn t
opell shaty
Shding jowt is e d oin(neou deueast the Lengho fhe proell
Shat duing unning on uneen Oads
D(opaisen bJw Hotth Kis diw4 Teque tubi diu
Hotth hiss din Torqu tube dm

APhopt\ler shaft i's open in topetLen shatt s enclosed lby qa

Hotth iss dmve hollootorqu tuube
*
Two unívésa n t at used

Sup jont fs used n The is no s lip Jn 1o

Hoth Eis dmne Tqu ube dim

oad canmying (apabilBy *oad toanying Capabiuhy

iVeny hih veny lous
Used to Heavy vemclu Used im tigh vebitls u tasy
tSpmt thlity ve hitlus 4
pittup hucks
Explam 0etiuq amaska udindor a hrakq syskm oith helpg neal s k

ns Cap -Vent

Keseavon

Compensahng 1olct Rubbe boot

Brak
l u i d

-fush 1o d
NN iston
ylinder
vp
Chech 2edun imany se condony
valve Seal Seu
movs ins 1du to frt
Daing t h apphicaion of he braks, th pushod
moves fnOCad, hu
eP
piston against retum
sprng Inítially, as the piston
tha l d rsenvoiY tough thu
bakr tuid insidu tha cylindn entas

COmpensaing pt.
Duang turh movement ot tha iston, thr openinq of
u com
pensa hng
ît stops fhe return of u
poat gek CoVen d by tha mmay Seal. Thus
bTak luid in the oesenviY &siaak bülding re e inside tha
yundur
wwn he prtss WA nsido thi yin do exceeds the limithng
mes3un
be tome op en, f mesuai sed
o tha fuid theck vale the chetk ualm
brake fluid ftoos trough the brak« line3 to attuak the wheel
Cyinder.

Eplam oth a nea ske ICh sînglu plak clutth

friKon
inin Clutehpeda
Fywhu
lulch shaft

Eng iva
Krun plalc
shal
Cutth
p l a l e

Lspong9
 A plak ctutch cons IsH of cluBth plak whost both Sides as,
aud w(th fichona manal
t t s mounttd on the hub ohich is fre to mov aiatly
n PesSu plak mounkd insida ha clutth body wich is bolted to u
fyohu
whin +ha clutth pedal is leasud bythe oiven , th pressut plat
mow h
toOGAds tha lkttsidk dut to tu tapansion of comtued
spng henu hu Clutth
engaas.
I n runmng tondbhon o he vehiclu, pooen tontinuously transwats for
t ydhat t the cluth shaft betaun tu clukh pedal is demcd
hene clu th ir enqaq ed tonch Hon.
w h n th der î'n
stmpk geca then Hhe culeh s distngaqged condito
Lohat ae -tu cdesign rquiremenkk sha clutth?
bt able to ransmi
ns. >Torqu transmission: The clutth Showd
maxtmum q ua ohi engih
cutth should engage qddually
Grcdual Engcgement Tha
t avoid sud den Strks
bt ablu to dissipak laug
Heat dissipahion. Thecutth shold
tha cluteh opoanon
heat which ts generaled duing
amount
du to kscHon.
Dynamic balan tíng: T Clutth shoud d b
dynai(ally bolanud
Vibra Hon damping: Elimnínak not by switablu damplng meha0
tCuHeh si2e Cluteh s a shOuld besmau as possible , so that it
will ocuupy G Spaa
Vii> Free peda play tha cluleh shold haue free pedal pl ay
Yder to vedue ebhtuiw tlampïug load on -Hne -ust beeaung
w e a on i r
vi Easy m paahion: Easy to opeaale r q i r aa btHle ¬xen hon a

PoSsib on Hu pont t h u driver

The dven member of h e Clutch showd be sma

iightus
made as ught aS possible so that t oill not con inue to

rota fo any leng th of hme aftr hu clutth has becn

engased