Name: ________________________

questions and answers on topics 9

10 and 11 Class: ________________________

Date: ________________________

Time: 136 minutes

Marks: 136 marks

Comments:

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 1 of 45

 Marble is a rock that contains mainly calcium carbonate. This reacts with hydrochloric acid.
1.
calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid → calcium chloride + water + carbon dioxide

The rate of this reaction was followed by measuring the mass of carbon dioxide formed.

Two 10 g samples of marble, A and B, were each reacted with 50 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid,
at different temperatures. The mass of carbon dioxide formed in each reaction was recorded and
plotted to produce the graph below.

Each reaction stopped when no more carbon dioxide was formed.

In both experiments some marble was left unreacted when the reaction stopped.

(a) Explain how you can tell which sample, A or B, reacted faster with the dilute hydrochloric
acid.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 2 of 45

 (b) The faster rate of reaction was caused by using a higher temperature. Explain, in terms of
particles, why a higher temperature causes a faster rate of reaction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

(a) This label has been taken from a packet of Andrews Antacid.
2.

(i) Write the simplest ionic equation which represents a neutralisation reaction.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 3 of 45

 (ii) Chewing the tablet cures indigestion faster than swallowing the tablet whole. Explain
why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The active ingredients in the Antacid react with hydrochloric acid in the stomach to give
salts, water and carbon dioxide.

A student investigated how quickly the tablets react with excess hydrochloric acid.

40 cm³ of dilute hydrochloric acid were placed in a conical flask. The flask was placed on a
direct reading balance. Two Antacid tablets were quickly added to the flask. The apparatus
was weighed immediately. At the same time, a stop clock was started. The mass was
recorded every half minute for 5 minutes.

The results are shown in the table below.

The main active ingredient in Andrews Antacid is calcium carbonate.

(i) Balance the equation which represents the reaction between calcium carbonate and
hydrochloric acid.

CaCO3(s) + _____ HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

(1)

(ii) State the meaning of the symbol “(aq)”.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Why does the mass of the flask and contents decrease?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 4 of 45

(c) (i) Plot the results on the graph below and draw a smooth curve to show how the mass
of the flask and its contents changes with time. Label this curve “A”.

(3)

(ii) One of the results does not appear to fit the pattern. Circle this result on the graph.
(1)

(d) The student did a second experiment. The only change was that the acid was twice as
concentrated.

On the graph, sketch a second curve to show a possible result for this experiment. Label
this curve “B”.
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 5 of 45

 A student does an experiment to examine the rate of reaction between magnesium and dilute
3. hydrochloric acid.
She adds 25 cm³ of the acid to a weighed amount of the metal.
The reaction produces hydrogen gas.

Magnesium + hydrochloric magnesium + hydrogen

acid chloride

She collects the gas and measures the volume collected at one minute intervals.
All the metal reacted but there was some acid left unreacted.
Her results are shown on the graph.

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 6 of 45

(a) The diagram shows part of the apparatus she used for the experiment.
Complete the diagram to show how the student could collect the hydrogen produced and
measure the volume after each minute.

(2)

(b) (i) When is the rate of reaction at its fastest?

_____________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) State one way in which she could increase the rate of reaction.

_____________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) (i) What is the total volume of hydrogen collected in the experiment?

__________________________________________________________ cm³
(1)

(ii) State one way in which she could increase the final volume of hydrogen collected.

_____________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 7 of 45

 Ammonia is manufactured from nitrogen and hydrogen in the Haber Process. The diagram
4. shows some details of the manufacturing process.

(a) Nitrogen is obtained from the air.

From where is the hydrogen obtained?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) What happens to the unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Ammonium nitrate is made from ammonia.

Farmers spread nitrates on to soil to make crops grow better.

The nitrates may get into people’s bodies even if they do not eat the crops.

Explain how this can happen.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) The equation for the Haber Process is this:

N2 + 3H2 2NH3
At equilibrium, nitrogen, hydrogen and ammonia are present in the reactor.

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 8 of 45

 (i) What is meant by ‘equilibrium’?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Explain, as fully as you can, why:

• the yield of ammonia decreases with increase in temperature,

• despite this fact, a comparatively high temperature of 4500C is used for the
industrial process,

• iron powder is added to the reactor.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 9 marks)

The apparatus shown in the diagram was used to investigate the rate of reaction of excess
5. marble chips with dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl. Marble is calcium carbonate, formula CaCO3.
The salt formed is calcium chloride, CaCl2.

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 9 of 45

(a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

The following results were obtained from the experiment.

Time in Reading on balance

minutes in g

0.5 269.6

1.0 269.3

2.0 269.0

3.0 268.8

5.0 268.7

9.0 268.6

(b) (i) Plot the results and draw a graph on the axes below.

(3)

(ii) Continue the graph you have drawn to show the expected reading after11 minutes.
(1)

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 10 of 45

 (iii) On the axes above, sketch a graph of the result which would be obtained if in a
similar experiment the same mass of powdered marble was used instead of marble
chips.
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Zinc powder normally reacts slowly with hydrochloric acid.

6.
(a) Balance the symbol equation for the reaction.

Zn + HCl → ZnC12 + H2
(1)

The graph shows the results from a reaction of 1.0 g of zinc powder with 20 cm3 of dilute
hydrochloric acid. It gives off a gas and forms zinc chloride, ZnCl2. Some unreacted zinc is
left at the end.

(b) Copper powder is a good catalyst for the reaction of zinc with hydrochloric acid.

(i) A mixture of 10 cm3 of the same dilute hydrochloric acid and 1.0 g of copper powder
was added to 1.0 g of zinc powder. What is the maximum volume of gas which could
be given off?

__________________________________________________________ cm3
(1)

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 11 of 45

 (ii) Draw a graph, on the axes above, for an experiment where 20 cm3 of the same dilute
hydrochloric acid was added to 1.0 g of copper powder mixed with 1.0 g of zinc
powder.
(2)
(iii) Give two other ways the reaction described in part (i) could be made to go faster.

1. ____________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Copper powder can be formed by adding copper sulphate solution to the mixture of zinc
powder and acid.

(i) Why does zinc react with copper sulphate solution to produce copper?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Write the word equation for the reaction.

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 12 of 45

 Magnesium reacts with dilute sulphuric acid.
7.
magnesium + sulphuric acid → magnesium sulphate + hydrogen

A student measured the volume of hydrogen given off every 10 seconds. The results are shown
on the graph.

(a) The average rate of hydrogen production in the first 10 seconds is

(60 cm3 ÷ 10 s) = 6 cm3/s.

(i) Calculate the average rate of production of hydrogen between 30 seconds and 50
seconds. Show clearly how you work out your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Rate ________________ cm3/s

(3)

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 13 of 45

 (ii) Explain, as fully as you can, why the average rate between 30 and 50 seconds is
different from the rate between 0 and 10 seconds.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) In industry, enzymes are used in both batch processes and continuous processes.

Give one reason why continuous processes are usually more profitable than batch
processes.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Hydrogen peroxide slowly decomposes into water and oxygen.

8.
hydrogen peroxide → water + oxygen

The reaction can be speeded up by adding manganese dioxide.

(a) (i) What do we call a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being
changed itself?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Give two other ways of increasing the rate of this reaction.

1. ____________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________
(2)

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 14 of 45

 (b) The diagram shows how the rate of this reaction can be measured.

As the hydrogen peroxide decomposes, the mass of the flask and its contents decreases.

Why does this decrease in mass take place?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 4 marks)

In the Haber process, nitrogen and hydrogen react to make ammonia.

9.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3 (g)

nitrogen + hydrogen ammonia

% ammonia present at equilibrium

Pressure in Temperature in ºC
atmospheres

100 200 300 400 500

10 88.2 50.7 14.7 3.9 1.2

25 91.7 63.6 27.4 8.7 2.9

50 94.5 74.0 39.5 15.3 5.6

100 96.7 81.7 52.5 25.2 10.6

200 98.4 89.0 66.7 38.8 18.3

400 99.4 94.6 79.7 55.4 31.9

1000 99.9 98.3 92.6 79.8 57.5

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 15 of 45

The actual conditions used in the Haber process are usually 450 °C and 200 atmospheres.

(a) What effect does increasing the pressure have on the percentage of ammonia made? Use
the balanced symbol equation to explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) A lower temperature of 100 °C gives high percentages of ammonia at most pressures. Why
is this temperature not used in the Haber process?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Describe and explain the effect of an increase in the temperature on the reaction between
nitrogen and hydrogen in the Haber process.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 16 of 45

 Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contains the same elements as water (H2O).
10.
(a) Name the hazard symbol shown by using the correct word from the box.

corrosive flammable oxidising toxic

(1)

(b) Hydrogen peroxide decomposes in the presence of a catalyst.

2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

(i) Complete the word equation for this chemical reaction.

hydrogen peroxide → water + ________________

(1)

(ii) What does a catalyst do to a chemical reaction?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 17 of 45

 Calcium carbonate reacts with nitric acid to produce carbon dioxide.
11.
CaCO3 + 2HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2

A 10 g lump of calcium carbonate was reacted with 20 cm3 of dilute nitric acid. When the
reaction was finished, some of the calcium carbonate was left unreacted. The graph shows the
volume of carbon dioxide made in each minute for sixteen minutes.

(a) The volume of carbon dioxide made in each minute decreases until it remains steady at
83 cm3.
Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Draw a graph line, on the axes above, for an experiment where 20 cm3 of the same dilute
nitric acid was reacted with 10 g of powdered calcium carbonate.
(2)

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 18 of 45

 (c) Give one way of changing the rate of this reaction (other than using powdered calcium
carbonate).

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

This question is about reactions of methane.

12.
Methane reacts with bromine when sunlight is present.

The equation for the reaction is:

CH4 + Br2 → CH3Br + HBr

(a) The reaction between methane and bromine is exothermic.

What is meant by an ‘exothermic reaction’?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Sunlight provides the activation energy for the reaction.

What is meant by ‘activation energy’?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 19 of 45

(c) Figure 1 shows part of an energy level diagram for the exothermic reaction between
methane and bromine.

Figure 1

Complete Figure 1.

You should:
• label the activation energy
• label the overall energy change
• include the formulae of the products.
(4)

(d) Figure 2 shows the displayed structures for the reaction between methane and bromine.

Figure 2

The table below shows the bond energies.

Bond C–H Br–Br C–Br H–Br

Bond energy in
412 193 290 366
kJ/mol

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 20 of 45

 Calculate the enthalpy change (∆H) of the reaction.

Use Figure 2 and the table above.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Enthalpy change (∆H) = _______________ kJ/mol

(4)

Methane reacts with steam to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

The reaction is endothermic.

The equation for the reaction is:

CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2

(e) Explain why the reaction is endothermic.

Refer to bonds broken and bonds formed in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 21 of 45

 (f) 1200 g of methane is completely reacted with steam.

Calculate the maximum volume of hydrogen gas produced.

The volume of one mole of a gas is 24.0 dm3.

Relative atomic masses (Ar): C = 12 H=1

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Maximum volume of hydrogen gas = _______________ dm3

(5)
(Total 18 marks)

This question is about chemical reactions.

13.
(a) A scientist produced ethanol by heating 1.0 kg of ethene with excess steam in a container.

The equation for the reaction is:

C2H4(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ C2H5OH(g)

The scientist calculated that 1.0 kg of ethene should produce 1.6 kg of ethanol.

At the end of the experiment the scientist collected 80 g of ethanol.

The scientist also noticed an unexpected white solid in the container.

Give three reasons why the scientist did not obtain the calculated mass of product.

1 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

3 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 22 of 45

 Hydrogen gas can be produced from methane.

The equation for the reaction is:

CH4(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO(g) + 3 H2(g)

(b) Explain the effect on the equilibrium position of increasing the pressure.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) The figure below shows the change in the yield of hydrogen as the temperature of the
equilibrium mixture is increased.

Explain the effect on the equilibrium position of increasing the temperature.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Sulfur trioxide is produced from the reversible reaction between sulfur dioxide and oxygen.
14.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 23 of 45

(a) The position of the equilibrium depends on the initial concentrations of the reactants.

Give two other conditions that can affect the position of the equilibrium.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________
(2)

The diagram shows the concentration of sulfur dioxide during the reversible reaction.

(b) How can you tell from the graph in the diagram above that the rate of the forward reaction
decreases with time?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Explain why the rate of the forward reaction decreases with time.
Refer to particles and collisions in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Draw a line on the graph in the diagram above to show the concentration of sulfur trioxide
during the reversible reaction.
(1)

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 24 of 45

(e) Compare the rates of the forward and backward reactions at equilibrium.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(f) Sulfur trioxide reacts with water to produce sulfuric acid.

SO3(g) + H2O2(l) → H2SO4(aq)

5.00 × 107 cm3 of sulfur trioxide gas is reacted completely with water.

125 dm3 of sulfuric acid is produced.

Calculate the concentration of the sulfuric acid in mol / dm3

The volume of one mole of any gas at room temperature and pressure is 24.0 dm3

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Concentration of sulfuric acid = _____________________ mol / dm3

(4)
(Total 11 marks)

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 25 of 45

 The Haber process produces ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.
15.
The equation for the reaction is:

N2 + 3 H2 ⇌ 2 NH3

The figure shows how the percentage yield of ammonia changes when the pressure increases at
different temperatures.

(a) Give one reason why the Haber process does not produce a 100% yield of ammonia.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The reaction to produce ammonia is exothermic.

How does the figure above show this reaction is exothermic?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 26 of 45

 (c) Explain the change in the percentage yield of ammonia when the pressure is increased.

Use the figure above and the equation for the reaction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) At 400 °C and 800 atmospheres the theoretical maximum mass of ammonia produced is
450 kg.

Determine the actual mass of ammonia produced at 400 °C and 800 atmospheres.

Use the figure above and the equation:

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Actual mass of ammonia produced = _______________ kg

(4)
(Total 9 marks)

This question is about producing ammonia in the Haber process.

16.
The equation for the reaction is:

N2 + 3 H2 ⇌ 2 NH3

This reaction is exothermic in the forward direction.

(a) Name the type of energy change in the backward direction.

___________________________________________
(1)

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 27 of 45

Figure 1 shows the energy level diagram for the reaction to produce ammonia.

Figure 1

(b) Which arrow in Figure 1 represents the activation energy?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

(1)

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 28 of 45

(c) Which arrow in Figure 1 represents the overall energy change?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

(1)

Figure 2 shows the effect of pressure and temperature on the percentage yield of ammonia.

Figure 2

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 29 of 45

(d) Explain the effect of pressure on the percentage yield of ammonia at 400 °C

Use Figure 2.

The equation for the reaction is repeated below.

N2 + 3 H2 ⇌ 2 NH3

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) Which temperature and pressure would produce a 30% yield of ammonia most quickly?

Use Figure 2.

Temperature _____________ °C

Pressure _____________ atmospheres

(2)

(f) Figure 3 shows an incomplete flow diagram for the production of ammonia in the Haber
process.

Figure 3

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 30 of 45

 Describe what happens to the mixture of nitrogen, hydrogen and ammonia after the mixture
leaves the reactor.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

This question is about hydrogen halides.

17.
(a) The equations for the decomposition of hydrogen chloride and of hydrogen iodide are:

2 HCl → H2 + Cl2

2 HI → H2 + I2

The decomposition of hydrogen chloride has a much larger activation energy than the
decomposition of hydrogen iodide.

Explain what effect the larger activation energy has on the rate of reaction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The reactions in part (a) are endothermic.

Explain endothermic reactions in terms of bond making and bond breaking.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 31 of 45

(c) Hydrogen chloride reacts with ethene.

The figure shows the displayed structures of the reactants and the product.

The table below shows the bond energies.

Bond energy in
Bond
kJ/mol

H−Cl 432

C=C 612

C−H 413

C−C 347

C−Cl 346

Calculate the overall energy change for the reaction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Overall energy change = _____________ kJ/mol

(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 32 of 45

Mark schemes
(a) A faster because: the graph line steeper / the reaction had stopped earlier
1.
accept sample B slower because: the graph line was less steep /
the reaction stopped later

A because CO2 given off faster / fizzes more for 1 mark

B because CO2 given off slower / fizzes less for 1 mark
2

(b) increases the speed / energy of the (hydrochloric acid) particles

1

collide more frequently

1

collide more energetically / successfully

accept more successful collisions = 2 marks
1
[5]

(a) (i) H+ + OH- → H2 O/H3O+ + OH- → 2H2 O

2.
for 1 mark
1

(ii) 1 point from e.g.

smaller bits
bigger surface area
faster reaction
dissolve faster
more particles open to attack by acid
any 1 for 1 mark
1

(iii) MgCO3 or MG2+CO32- or CO3 Mg

for 1 mark
1

(b) (i) 2 HCl

for 1 mark
1

(ii) aqueous/dissolved in water (not in solution)

for 1 mark
1

(iii) CO2/gas evolved/gas has mass

for 1 mark
1

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 33 of 45

 (c) (i) plotting points
scales
curve
labelling axes including units
for 1 mark each
4

(d) faster
same final mass
for 1 mark each
2
[12]

(a) (must be possible for the gas to enter and displace the water) or other suitable apparatus
3.
• apparatus to collect the gas correctly assembled
for 1 mark

• calibrated collection vessel (award even if diagram is wrong)

for 1 mark
2

(b) (i) at the start / in the first 1/2 minutes (or any time within this range)
for 1 mark
1

(ii) increase the temperature / use smaller pieces of metal /

use more metal / increase the surface area of the metal /
add a catalyst / shake the flask / increase the concentration /
strength of the acid
for 1 mark
1

(c) (i) 48
for 1 mark
1

(ii) increase the amount of magnesium used

for 1 mark
(do not allow increase the amount of acid used)
1
[6]

(a) from natural gas [allow from water/ steam / brine / river / lake / sea]
4.
for 1 mark
1

(b) idea that they are recycled / re-used

for 1 mark
1

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 34 of 45

 (c) ideas that

• nitrates may get into ground water / rivers

• so contaminate / get into our drinking water

• eating animals which have eaten crop/ or eating contaminated fish

[do not allow ‘eutrophication’]
any two for 1 mark each
2

(d) (i) idea that

when rate of forward = rate of reverse reaction
[not just ‘reversible’ or ‘can be reversed’]
[allow ammonia is breaking up into nitrogen and hydrogen
as fast as nitrogen and hydrogen are forming ammonia
or amounts of products and reactants stay constant]
for 1 mark
1

(ii) ideas that

• at higher temperatures, equilibrium moves to the left

or reverse / endothermic

• reaction / favoured or makes products → reactants

• but at lower temperatures the (rate of) reaction is (very) slow

• so a higher temperature is used for economic reasons/so ammonia is produced

at higher rate

• iron powder is a catalyst / speeds up the reaction

[not increases the yield]

• low yield not wasteful if reactants re-cycled

[credit iron powder has a greater surface area]

each for 1 mark
4
[9]

(a) CaCO3 + 2HC1 → CaC12 + CO2 + H2O

5.
one mark for CO2 and H2O or H2CO3
one mark for balancing the equation
2

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 35 of 45

 (b) (i) linear suitable scale for y axis
± one small square
1

accurate plots
deduct one mark for each error plot
1

smooth curve through the points or a line of best fit

this mark requires a neat smooth curve
1

(ii) curve becomes almost horizontal at or above 268.5

do not credit a straight line reaching 268.5 at 11 mins
accept a plot at 268.6
1

(iii) steeper initial part to curve

1

becoming nearly horizontal between 268.6 and 268.4 g

1
[8]

(a) Zn + 2HC 1 → ZnC12 + H2

6. 1

(b) (i) 12.5

1

(ii) steeper curve same volume of gas evolved

do not credit two intersects of straight lines
accept a sharp bend
2

(iii) any two from:

stir it
accept mix it better

heat it
accept warm it

use a more finely divided catalyst

accept use a better catalyst or more finely divided zinc
do not credit use acid of a higher
2

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 36 of 45

 (c) (i) any one from

zinc is more reactive than copper

accept zinc is above copper in the reactivity series

zinc displaces copper

accept it is higher than copper in the reactivity series
1

(ii) zinc + copper sulphate → copper + zinc sulphate

ignore the presence of acid or water
accept a balanced equation
1
[8]

(a) (i) 2.25

7.
correct answer gains three marks
if incorrect allow 1 mark for 2 correct
readings (130 and 175) and further mark for 45 ÷ 20
allow e.c.f.
3

(ii) concentration of reactant(s) lower

1

fewer collisions per second / time unit

1

(b) labour costs lower / enzymes costs lower

not stop and start
1
[6]

(a) (i) catalyst / enzyme

8. 1

(ii) any two from

do not accept increase volume of peroxide

• heat

• stir / shake

• increase concentration of peroxide / catalyst

2

(b) oxygen lost

do not allow incorrect gas
1
[4]

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 37 of 45

 (a) increases % / amount of ammonia
9. 1

favours the forward reaction

1

(b) reaction(s) would be too slow

1

(c) any three from:

• rate increased

• decreases % / amount of ammonia

• the forward reaction is exothermic

• the backward reaction is endothermic

• backward reaction favoured / forward reaction not favoured

• yield / amount of nitrogen and hydrogen increased

• the relative amount (yield) of ammonia decreases as the

equilibrium is changed

• the relative amount (yield) of nitrogen and hydrogen increases

as the equilibrium is changed
explanations in terms of particles are neutral
3
[6]

(a) oxidising
10. 1

(b) (i) oxygen

ignore any numbers
1

(ii) (catalyst) speeds up a (chemical reaction)

accept changes the rate (of reaction)
1
[3]

(a) the concentration of the (nitric) acid is decreasing

11.
accept the number of acid particles is
decreasing or there are fewer collisions
1

(the volume of carbon dioxide remains at 83 cm3)

when the concentration of the (nitric) acid is zero
accept no acid remains or all the acid
is used up or no acid particles
1

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 38 of 45

 (b) line starts at origin is steeper and remains to the left of the original line
1

graph line levels off at 83 cm3 and before 12 minutes

tolerance square
1

(c) change the temperature

accept increase or decrease the temperature
accept change (increase or decrease) the concentration (of the
nitric acid)
ignore amounts of reactants or changes in pressure or stirring or
use of catalyst
1
[5]

(a) (a reaction that) transfers energy to the surroundings

12.
allow (a reaction that) releases energy
1

(b) minimum amount of energy (that) particles must have to react

1

(c) correct shape for exothermic reaction

1

labelled products CH3Br + HBr

1

labelled activation energy

1

labelled (overall) energy change

1
an answer of:

scores 4 marks

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 39 of 45

(d) (bond breaking)
((412 × 4) + 193 =) 1841
1

(bond making)
((412 × 3) + 290 + 366 =) 1892
1

(1841 – 1892 =) (–)51

allow correct use of incorrectly calculated values in step 1 and / or
step 2
1

(enthalpy change) = –51 (kJ/mol)

1

Alternative approach
(bond breaking)
(412 + 193 =) 605 (1)

(bond making)
(290 + 366 =) 656 (1)

(605 – 656 =) (–)51 (1)

allow correct use of incorrectly calculated values in step 1 and / or
step 2

(enthalpy change)
= –51 (kJ/mol) (1)

(e) energy must be supplied to break bonds

1

(and) energy is released when bonds are formed

1

(so) the energy needed to break existing bonds is greater than the energy released
forming (new) bonds
1

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 40 of 45

 (f) (Mr CH4 = 12 + (4 × 1) =) 16
allow correct use of incorrectly calculated Mr
1

allow correct use of incorrectly determined number of moles of CH4

1

(number of moles of H2 = 75 × 3 =) 225

allow correct use of incorrectly determined number of moles of H2
1

(volume of H2 =) 225 × 24
1

= 5400 (dm3)
1
[18]

(a) the reaction is reversible

13. 1

(some of the ethanol / gas) may be lost (when it is separated from the reaction
mixture)
1

(some of the ethene) has reacted in a different way to expected (to produce a white
solid)
1

(b) (as pressure increases) the equilibrium position shifts to the left hand side
1

(because) there are fewer moles / molecules of gas on the left hand side
1

(c) the percentage yield of product / hydrogen / H2 increases (as temperature increases)
1

(because the forward) reaction is endothermic

or
(because) the backward reaction is exothermic
1

(so the) equilibrium position shifts to right hand side

1
[8]

(a) pressure
14.
ignore catalysts
1
temperature
1

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 41 of 45

 (b) gradient / slope decreases
1

(c) number of (reactant) particles in the same volume decreases

allow reactant particles are further apart
1
(so) frequency of collisions decreases
ignore fewer particles
ignore fewer collisions
1

(d) a line that starts at origin and mirrors sulfur dioxide line

(e) (rates of forward and backwards reactions are) the same

1

(f) (vol =) 5 × 104 or 50 000 dm3

an answer of 16.7 or 16.664 or 16.66 (mol / dm3) scores 4 marks
answer of 16700 or 16664 (mol / dm3) scores 3 marks
1
(mol = ) = 2083 (mol)
allow correct use of incorrect / no conversion of volume
1

allow correct use of incorrect calculation of moles

1
16.7 (mol / dm3)
allow 16.664 (mol / dm3) correctly rounded to at least 2 sig figs
1
alternative approach for mark points 1 and 2
24 dm3 = 24 000 cm3 (1)
(amount of SO3 = 5 × 107/ 24 000 =) 2083 (mol) (1)
[11]

(a) any one from:

15. • reaction is reversible
• reaction reaches equilibrium
• ammonia / product reacts to form hydrogen and nitrogen
allow reactants for nitrogen and hydrogen
1

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 42 of 45

 (b) as temperature increases the yield decreases
allow converse
1

(c) (as pressure increases) the yield increases

1

an increase in pressure favours the forward reaction

allow the equilibrium shifts to the right-hand side
1

(because) fewer moles on the right-hand side

or
(because) the forward reaction produces least number of molecules
1

(d) (% yield) = 58%

1

allow correct use of an incorrectly determined value for

percentage yield
1

= 261 (kg)
1
[9]

(a) endothermic
16. 1

(b) W
1

(c) Y
1

(d) the higher the pressure the higher the yield

1

(because) there are fewer moles / molecules (of gas) on the right (of the equation)
allow (because) four moles / molecules produce two
moles / molecules (of gas)
allow (because as pressure increases) equilibrium
position moves to the right
1

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 43 of 45

 (e) (temperature) 450 (°C)
1

(pressure) 220 (atm)

allow a tolerance of ± ½ a small square
allow 1 mark for an answer of 350 (°C) and 85 (atm)
allow 1 mark for an answer of 400 (°C) and 140 (atm)
1

(f) mixture is cooled

1

ammonia liquefies / condenses

1

(unreacted) nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled

1
[10]

(a) (hydrogen chloride decomposition) reaction would be slower

17.
allow (hydrogen chloride decomposition) reaction would
not happen
1

(because) few(er) molecules would have energy greater than the activation energy
allow (because) particles must have more energy to
react
1

(b) energy must be supplied to break bonds

1

(and) energy is released when bonds are formed

1

(so) the energy needed to break existing bonds is greater than the energy released forming
(new) bonds
1

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 44 of 45

(c) (for bonds broken)
(432 + 612 + (4 × 413) =) 2696
1

(for bonds made)

(347 + 346 + (5 × 413) =) 2758
1

(overall energy change =

2696 − 2758 =) (−)62 (kJ/mol)
allow correct calculation using incorrectly calculated
values from step 1 and / or step 2
1

alternative approach:
(for bonds broken)
(432 + 612 =) 1044 (1)

(for bonds made)

(347 + 346 + 413 =) 1106 (1)

(overall energy change =

1044 – 1106 =) (−)62 (kJ/mol) (1)
allow correct calculation using incorrectly calculated
values from step 1 and / or step 2
[8]

Amity International School, Ahu Dhabi Page 45 of 45