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Logic Assignment

Logic assignment

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19 views3 pages

Logic Assignment

Logic assignment

Uploaded by

ktesfaneh2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Critical thinking

LoCT 1011
Instructor : Ahmed Kelifa
General Instruction:
Here under, you have given different activities to be done under groups.. hence, students
are required to give detail and clear explanations for the given activities. Take the
following points into consideration while doing the task.
Copying from other individuals or groups may result in zero mark.
Clarity, legibility and neatness are very important.
Page size should not be more than 6 pages including cover page.

Logic Assignment 1: Argument


Identification

For each of the following passages do the following:

1. Underline all premise and conclusion indicators and mark them


with ‘P’ for premise, and ‘C’ for conclusion.
2. Determine whether the passage contains an argument.
3. If it does contain an argument, then determine what the
conclusion is, and whether the argument is inductive or
deductive.
4. If the argument does not contain an argument, then determine
if the passage is an explanation, illustration, description,
report, or non-sense.

Passages:
1. p1: Either the cook or the butler committed the crime.
P2:The butler did not commit the crime.
C: So, the cook committed the crime.(deductive-disjunctive
syllogism)
2.p: Because light is refracted when passing through water,
C: objects that are submerged in water appear bent.(deductive)
3.illustration: All even numbers are divisible by 2. For example, 4 is
divisible by 2.

5. C:“It is very likely that a republican will take office next


election,
P:since in the past four years we have seen a democrat lead this
country to ruin.” Reported the Washington Post.(inductive-
authority)
5.
P1:Some vegetarians are nice people.
P2:Some vegetarians are good people.
C:So, some nice people are good people.(inductive-generalization)

6. P1:Since taxes are heavy,


P2:jobs are disappearing, and the
p3:cost of living is increasing for the middle class in California,
c:it is likely that the middle class will shrink in size.(inductive)
7. P1:Killing animals is morally wrong.
P2:Non-human meat comes from killing animals.
C:So, it is morally wrong to eat meat.(deductive)
8. P1:Either the mind is identical to the brain or it is not identical
to the brain.
P2:If it is identical to the brain, then we should not be able to
think of the mind as separate from the brain.
P3:However, we are able to think of the mind as separate from
the brain.
C:So, the mind must not be identical to the brain. (deductive)
9. C:Snakebites can kill ( inductive )
P1:because snakes release poisonous venom when they bite.
P2:The poison, if strong enough, can kill.
10. P1:Democrats support invading Syria.
P2:Republicans do not support invading Syria.
C:So, it is likely that there is a specific reason why democrats
fall on one side, and republicans fall on the other. (inductive)
11. Arguments generally have premise and conclusion indicators, but
not always. Explanations generally have indicators also, but in the
context of an explanation an indicator is severing a different
function. It is important to pay attention to what the role of a
passage is in determining whether an argument is present. (not
argument)

12. String instruments produce sounds through the vibration of


strings. Thus, by plucking the strings of a guitar one creates a
vibration that is then amplified through the resonating areas of the
body of the guitar.(explanation)

13.p1: If it is wrong to lie, it is wrong to get your little brother to lie.


P2:It is wrong to lie.
C:So, it is wrong to get your little brother to lie.(deductive
hypothtical)

14.c: It is highly likely that in the next decade both Europe and
America will fall behind China and India in terms of economic
progress. (inductive prediction)
P:For the educational system in Asia and the growth in middle class
jobs is on a fast paced increase.

15. Everyone at least understands the idea of God. Some go on to


deny that God exists even though they understand the idea of God.
But this is impossible. To understand the idea of God is to
understand God as a thing that is the greatest conceivable being. The
greatest conceivable being must exist, since if it did not exist,
another being more greater than it would be conceivable –but then it
would not be the greatest conceivable being.
16. Causation requires a necessary connection. Event A genuinely
causes event B only if B must happen if A happens. However, when
ever we see what we think to be an instance of causation, all that we
see are two events that are spatially close, and such that one event
follows the other event in time. Based on this information, how can
we come to the conclusion that there are genuine causal relations?
We never see them? So, it is likely that our belief that there are
genuine causes is false.

17.p1: An action is morally obligated if it is the action that increases


happiness for all individuals involved relative to the class of available
actions.
P2:Torturing a terrorist in order to get information that will save
100,000 innocent people will make 1 person miserable while saving
100,000.
C:So, we are morally obligated to torture terrorists when the
information we would get would save a large number of people.
(inductive )

18.
A person knows something only if they can rule out all doubts. For
example, I know that there is a cat in the other room only if I can
rule out all doubts, such as that I am dreaming. However, we can
never rule out all doubts. In every situation there is always some
doubts that we cannot rule out. So, it must be that we do not know
anything. (not argument-illustration)

19. The last 14 people that entered this building were lawyers. So, it
is likely that this is a building in which lawyers work. (not argument-
inductive generalization)

20.
If the driver killed the cook, then driver must have been in Paris.
However, the driver was not in Paris, since the doctor saw him in
London. So, it could not be that the driver killed the cook. That only
leaves the Maid. (inductive)
Focus Area - Chapter Three 10%
1.BRIEFLY DISCUSS ON THE FIVE DIFFERENT TYPES OF DEFINITIONS AND GIVE YOUR OWN
EXAMPLES ?
2.MENTION ON PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE INCLUDING THE THREE BASIC LINGUISTIC
FUNCTIONS ?
3.IDENTIFY INTENTION AND EXTENSION OF TERMS AND GIVE THREE EXAMPLES FOR EACH
OF THEM ?
4.DIFFERENTIATE THE BASIC RULES OR PRINCIPLES OF LEXICAL DEFINITIONS AND
CLARIFY WITH EXAMPLES ?

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