DatY.

Poga
THotialSheets -1
?
Nhat is
biosing
asing is Piocess to paoicle apptapiate amourt
Ho he ckt. tor its pnoper
Fororc Bidse 9) Reverse Biase.fnchanig

Sbat is he minaiky casoiex injccian CuYYet

and spae
chageigjan.
Caie injec tionin elecxonies a
Laking plate a he boundary hebscen
and n-type semiconductoy deials,
sed ot tensisBoys
Cazniey creat curret in Cg semlcarductosy
hen he deple liom 1egian woiden This curzen
i called Hhe minaaty cutent
Jaace ’A egion in semiconductax
Hhat farms Lshen SEm) on
dedtay is in contactoith anather sCmicancuctor
elech seyte 1Jhe SCR.is clsaknon as
edepletion segion,deplelion laye deplein
juncion ottonOR spnce change

Trsulaieng usithim onducte

itandsctamateria uhere the mohile chage
daoped
 DoY Date
Poga Poo

faxced aus h
SinctionCapacitence
baye diffused
aLt he
This is the
damina nt capacita
elecie fielda NA negebiw chasgea is s1everSe biased
.Ts Capacitance
caused uchena diace k
stared in the deplalicn e
deplelien layer, e thteksel
N
Hhe depletiom ayes Vaies in pztapatian to he
xalBageAs the HeveYSe
increoses
he cupaciBanc deceases
dece
chosy Ryin
E-fied Que4.hat ane Salid State Devices ?
DFFUSToTr Pott pIAPUsGN
Salid state Devices CssD:) electani Campontnts
haes that use salid- sate to cantal elechuiaal
uKent andstore data:
E-ficld Losus
devices taat use
ue 3e Explain diode Capacitamce.
integated cieal sBate datupezsistat
Ans Diode Capacitanee is the abihty of a diacde ta ae tastey more duxoble and kss ike
stoye electzieal chrge. Diades can hane tda. them adi lianal had disk
at capacitan. Cdmaged
daives
iyaialy
CHADs) because have

pazrts
Drffusion Capacitance 4n solid
Thís is the damionart capacitance uabena dioole Enction Salid-state deviacs and susiteh curyet
is Sousasd bicsed .Tts caused by the chanye Campounds cnplly
hat phenomena
sBosced in the diode
diade when sa forta e explai! eleeticalphena Ahet
semjcond uckas metols
biased The difusion capaciBance uncians betuseen
eupancnkiall ith he fatusasd hias yotaye. insulatoars
 Ans.
-ized
lectronie
ixcuitAvalanche
aelectaie-hale the Am COTNm
doUnicaHons i_SSDUse
athe Tmpac LJhatentextain
xompes.CKeates mentpeformmee
small boumd
cosaiie electxon amd
poiY
ieldselecanat ionisaion
aptical ionizatam
inpcut o othey
diodesse
or
and his
canducdang mnutacaxing
1ndadling
acivilies and ae
sinal hale undershend electromíc
pYOeSS lasses
stier
can is medicine,
poxtution
rans used
cand uaih
aeliabiliy
af caTN<As.
HexeC patocess
a
beforeimpact itkvaence in
Jead
Tanisetion
Zmpactby deyices
camputens.
ianizaion
it to that Papa

entexs avalomche GCCUY

Bey
hand accas to
have laptaps
anto Som and
nd Lshen etalutizmpove
sevslia
extema aoplbyeakde
inte
an

andElectsons and
Tn Topact
N2 pazteles. Tn
i6nize
the analye cosmic
ianizatian
Lojth
hemosphexe
Hhexmaspherie dust
the
emexaies
compasiiamdetectorYs
is
ased
i
consii t to
Ou5 identity PogeDate
lukeV at
ets Moet
Ka
casoic
or4ale
ike dud
dust
ipade
O,
as
 Dota,
Poge Dote.
Tutoia Sheet -2

Explain tn. detai the V-I chasgcteistic af alaul Cmd

ncepoten tial
CuYVe
abtaimed is non- neas
p-Nahicle bassiex is crossed hy the diace
Ahe iode hehaves nscmally and Hhe curye vises_
Cndthe
Ans Cunn
Ragim
shaply
gnd CurVe
CS
funHhexexteal
is ineat. valBage Inczeases
Inc
Bekdaun T Revexse Bias This esalds is
vattag im potential bcstizy
cnd sesistcmce also inczcases Minori CazleYS anO
Valtag prcsent In junction Lohich cycotes YVYSe
saturation curxent flauss in the
T Hhe applied vatyge nccaSes
Ru incYe ased kinelie cue to minit cha
In Hhis Hhe aliacle beks douon ay the
is called breakaan
pe is cannected to paitie the diode,
salaye
texgaimal_f and the
tesminal ot the bate there
e Explain the sorking af PIN and avalanche pe
the padenial bawie in the candi tion Foy
Ans A PTN (Pasiiye Inbinstc Ngutive) phatadiade
Aemanium diodes is 0.3V nd fo silicon of Phatodetectay that comers liaht
patenial hanniey decrease
an elecbical simal
Cnd there flausof cuxenB
tlomiA heauil daped pyne smaleuial
hen diode is in faxisaead blas: Canode)
s the Yaltage applied ta he diade is avercami Alghty daped
Hhe patential hannieyHhe curYert incYe QseS Tntrinsic thick.
 Dota Daie,
Page
Poga

Avalanche Phatodiode:

heavly daped N=typemalezio!

A
N- Region i (oalthade phatadetedoy hol ises avolahche
maiplicakicn to ampliy the pbdacurct

TA apexates uncler YeeTSe bie xegian i- A. heauily oped P lype Canale)

Reveorse bias
1I
Catating a depletion Yezian. NE aisn heavly doped N
p-tye
ahsorbe
gian
eleatren hale poirs
3 Daif amd diffusion he electons nc boles L.ReveYse APD Esis apeated tmoalex high.
Bicse i
YeveYse bias Coo - 400v),
duift and diffuse thu;h otes elahzan
he intinsic egicn driven electric feld 2. Photon Abssrpion Tncidend Ight
bde paixs i n A !
4.
ollected at p and Nt he high
Sa Avalanche Maliplicalian iaccelezabes he elechxans
e phato current
|nGdunt hhaton
Causing impch ionization ehich cycates ada:konal
+
electanhole pais
4 Maltalicahian This 2Yocess xepeals asplitying
photecuxxend.
4
 Doka
Poga
Date
Poga

time making them suitable fox

applicahans,
Methods af Gperatian i
FaXL1 1c bias 3- Lshen netal is pasitive xlatve
Phoatoney to thesemiconductor cuxzent
flauss due to electons, The lao baraiey hejgh
JIeduces. lass.
(Oue3Houg is a schatkey diade dilferen yam athes
LShet ce its Vaniaus aperaion.
mades ot olRevese bias * When melal ts nggakive srelative tat
Ans Matertal ame Junctian A Schott key diode is sg semicond uctog d
metol semicondluctoy juncjonu mast aurent
ahers hoNe a p-n /umetian due to Thex mionic emissian cnd tumnelihe eLece

2.|
Suaitdhing pecd Thay have faster susitcbi za Break daam made AL high
cliache
YeVeYSe

enter bckdasn
the
spee duc to absehce af
impact 1onlzcatian.

toxitandValtage dopi Schatkey diodes haye s Explain 3-D Dingsam

the coorking ot LED waith emts
Ans LED 3emicanductag device that
it The cleetsons
silicon diodes). on electrit curent fleves tanogh in the
YeComlajme woih the holes emitting
processLEDs alloua the cuend
Reverse Recaueyg hey exhibit negliaile xcYeverse YeveYSe dixecian
 Doke
Poga
Data
Poga

lorking biased tshen Psida t )But in

he dlade is fonutate terina anc nsid!
n- side to
anm ected to positive
Conn Socm af phatans.
teminal of the paueY SupP
yelase YeCOmbim atian is
2 electzans mANe from p-qian to called le ctraluminescence

hoth aptical and Eledical PhenahaeDa

hales mmove fom he n-gin to
inczcases he ight iadensiy
4)
At the junclian baundla the anccnbatian of
COYr0eYS ineasesdue do njeclion. 1) he liaht eaches maximum at a cevtain favuan

Srnittad light
P-t
+ N-TyPE Racombntion
Bunes
Band ise

Post

Flt SPOT
5) Exxcess
oinanity Carriegs at the jincion xecombine
Cuuy
Enerqy is weleased as cirs Yeoomb ine,which
is xeased as heat in standand dË Anede
odes.
 Dota
Poga
Thotia Shee -3. Date.
Paga

ih the belp ot eproper diaggm , cxploin

of
01 Sh Gnate Yoldage Contzal Angutive valtge is applicd
to the
heJoncion Frld Etect ensistor %a three fox mchannel
gate
JFET (Posiive far o p- chennel JEE)
Ans
Jerminal Seniconctctox device cansis ting afa go This biases Hae PN junetan betezen gote
YeverSe
abaain and a These can operate and channel.
he pmináple
mincigle f an electic field which a
the faus current trom S0UTCE to dains Depletion Regian he reverse bias sidlens the
deplatian xgion, Lehich nawtatouos
LGnate This temainal alay signiticmt re sn he conducling chanel.
Cartrallinathefla of cussent tha As the deplion xegian gtaucs. he ctfechive uoidth
Semiconductor deices of thechannel deeveases. seduc ing the
he cucaent
flous tom ds1cin SAUYCe

Saurce dtoin Souxce ie teymiahere i

he
CurYent Andexs and he dstajn is nch - off valtage i Ti the altage Isggate Is
termina ucheye Current exit. mode sauicient ngaielot pailse
in case ot a p- channe the depletian qions
Aaking t TEET: bath aieles of Hhe channel t completely utting
off the cuxtent Tais valkage af

the dsion Co)and

movement Hhe puch aff sallaye the
a Sataxatian Region Beyandsot uyades
In curret cnd becanes oast
onN- channel EET
Caies. ,elecrons Constant, tndepe ndenB ot this drain to Sxce
his is he canstant cunent xc¡ionluchee he IEEL
P-channel TFET.halecart majarita acts caxacnt xegulatet
 Doka
Poga
Dote
Poga

Fealuxe Depletin MasEEI Enhaxement MaSEEL

sMode at Gpexaien an aperate in bath Opexcer only in
Smodes. Lenhoncement mode.i
4
Raquixcm~at cuKent and pasibive n-chamel ar ngative
SoUTCe
Vys to ncrear curYent V¡s for p- channel
to canduct

G Thyeshald Paint ahere deplehon Mininm

Oue 2 List aut the diffexence betseen Depleion MasFEL Vallge CVa) mode apexation ends to fom
and Enhoncement MasEET. channel
Featue Depletian MasEEIEnhemcement MaL taus pouee appicakiora Dqltal Cixcuit C(Ma)
cand pousey applicaliaus
asic Dpexatian
the chamel of change,channel ot dha
Casies Caiers. 03. Explain he sonking. s1el ax etion oscillator'
The Uni Junction ansistox cgn be used CS
99efau! state Canducts cuxTent No cunent flos Yelaxatian 95cillatox to
even uohen Vyiso tohen Vys ypically a saustoatl
SAustooth oy puke ueave forma
3Chenmmel PesenceExists
natuxally La sufficient gsis a
Compon ents
Aclive Camponent is UTT.
 Dote
Poga
Dote
Poge

Resistoy CA)-Connected to emitte terminal tshich depends on the intsinsic tand

chiegingheapaciters. c) nd supply veltage cVaa)
off xatia

CapaciBar Cot Comected in pazalle ath esistor

and chasgcd thaough ta As the capacitox yaltuge VeNe vises and Yeaches Vos
Supplvatge Ghd laadiPovides the aperting he UgI Suoitehes ONCendess the
canductian oodel
waliye
COn be Output
copucitor
Aaken acass xesistox
R
Capaci for Dischorge
AAAAAA

Once he 0JT is CoN steBe, theemittey

Lbecemes highly canducHve pxoviding a
AAAAAAA hath toa Base CBI)
The cupacitox dischasygcs xapidly thstongh UgT
Binciple t his sudden drop h capaciBor exegtes
uoavetorm
shap pulse
Capacitar haging Ahen cireuit is patusercd the
the esistoycapacitor
R. G_starts changit
The valbag aCYOSS eapa citox (Ve) Aflex the capacitay dischayges , the UgI neluns e
stete Chon- conduce
Yises
expancutial theoEE
nepcats
Capacitax ataots chaging
2.Thcshale voltage eahed=DJT kas apupert Aave formt a smaoot
culled peak point voe The wallage acTass capacitox VJ exhilbits
 Dota
Poga Date,
POge

oOyetom. Feauce

hu
hegscncy at ascilalion is detemned Thexmal Better thexml less pxane to ther mal:
Hhe kneoe canstant CRC) emd fsgiven hy shabily atabily
Noise xtomanad Lausey Noise Suitoble tar ae naise
apalicaBios ke auda
Towo ds Vgs and RE amphfexs
Pulse aererakion.
Iming
Tmit Cincuil. ampliatly af Easíex hiasing eith Stmplties clycuit desip
Otye 4
biasing teuser camponents Campeed to BIk
Nhat axo the of JEET ayex BII
Ans
chich need prccise
Feakuce TEET
altage Conksla Cortaled gade Easier ta bate xfae
hah minimal inpul curc
ideal fox h_h impedat analot aixcuit
Pauaer cizcuik..
CanssmptionLouÁ, g5 the Iayencgj chicid Stze and Easiex to Tadegrae siaples
\cursentis Tnkgalian. a fabaicate wncking
espeilly in Jae them tdleal fo
applicaions. VISI cicuits.
 Poga Date.
Poga
lutoyia Shect -4
umdersBand ty the erms Hea LAhat is a tank cixcuit 9 Explain the
taxkigg of
0.5 Junction a tyensomex caupled ampltfiex wsith a heat
Juncton and Ohmic bedoce t
Ans is a junction tormed 99 dtemials
Helea jinction =differentsemitanductax
skeBch
Ans A Tamk ciouit is an electzonje
circuit consisting
dieing band fofs. Cesg Grals and DIC,L incductox (L) Cnd
andla CupaciBoxco conneced

Elecyon and bales enperience discantinuitics in fens, and tuning applic atians due to tts ahilty
eney levelk at the juncion.Used to entincey tostae and
tynsfex
sfex ener betuscen the
Calamat Cag-dnddling epstaggacd mggne ic fiele at the inductarand the electric
fieldat the capacitot
he sIesonant hequency ia alven h
SemiConductor the
allouss cu°ent to flous cqually usell in acth
dixecliona oithaut significoastesistanceT
has
27J1C
behayioux Cunlilse o dibk A thanstormer Coupled ampliiey is a
junchon) The voltage (I-y) yelatit mplihiex uohere tronstormey is uEed to Cauple
ahms Loushene theautut at cne to the input ot the
calledhmic Juncian necl This method enhances impedemce matehing
pauseT txgns fex, and evicles is aladiay
npraves
cen he gtages
betscem
of Bastatnme - Couplcd Amgliiex
Tsput sima is applied ta the hese o
 Poga
Date.
Poge

he transistor in tist ampliie stage,he S Oatpat Stage The 3econdlay ueindig 3upplcs
Jersistey nplities input signal producing Hhe siqnal toa he inp af he
and curre at its colle ctox, next amplikex stage. Ihe process
meulliple stages unil conlbnaes hragh
nilhe desired amplibcatian is
Caupling Va- hanstaxmex A tronsferme achievec
Camnccted to colltoy Cauhdin
tsursysman
ds q laad The
the tastorme pimag
ntexa cts. woith ampfíed

cunen Hseugh the callectox

Thdaccd sallae in the seonda he g

induces ield in primt
arpanding velgSoit
Seconday t the tramstoymey
in ar atep douh the
in the
cem step
Qs nceded Bundien
an thetuns.
Yaio.
RE
4|Tnpedante Mabeaing i Tansteymey malches iMp
sBage this ot fist stage to the second
he sges maximizes he pouwcx loss.honsfex btu
minialaing ee
 Dota
Poga
Date.
Poge

Dalfine Cascading, Explain g =stage =stage RC coupled Amplifiec.

mpltier.
Ans Castadling in eleconics xefcxs to the AEnst Stage F Tapud simal is opplied todo Hhe baseaf
ecing tuso ox mare ompltfiex stages in Jhe trans lsBay infist
sequente so hat he oulput ot ane stoc honsistoT cmplitics the signal anel steThe
pxaduces
becmes he input soz he mext This teniy ue k inyeted output at ids calletox
ucd ta ahiee highex avexall auinbete
hopezlance mating Impxovedpertormance s Canglingto Secand Saye =Couplimg capaci
Hhe anplltied Ac passes
Qvevl rain. Atatd =A1XA XAs he base a the sianal fo
tcansigtyin the secanc
A -stage R caupled Cimplifiex is an clechenic
The capacitax blacks any c campancnt and
Ccut ahexe Ato amplifiex pxeventing i fon alecing the hiacing af
secandVyensistot.
in sequence using stages (R( Cosplis
esistoyCapacikox
Comm0n 3. Secand
Aegucn F Secand stage funthes amphfics the

ion
enato.
Castel ectiveness amlidicakan
ond due ta its sipliet
taken from
The amplihied outp!
the callectar af secand
Cinbe

4 Cvezall Amplihica fion The tatal Ain

Ri Gmpli siex is the praduct of the
RL
Ec
dains of bath stages
Akolal A: XAs XAz
 Dola
Poge Date,
Poge
Applicaicns.i
Advantsgcs Used in audio amplitiexs to compl:f small audia
Gosd FExequen Respanse FR netoark anaia signaa.
tahle amplificaBien aOVeY Sianal Poiocessing cixcuiBs
a coide Cam unicatian a4sdems.

Simple Jesign i Eaçy to canstuct and aost Che A sinusaidal si¡nal uith amplyde and tezguc
effechve. SOHz is jiven to stage amplifiex usith ggin.
d out the amalitude and
3ll Isalaian Copaciive caupling Isalates the D
bics of ech stae
day riNen data
input amplitude (Vm) tuY- txóy
Hrequen af he input sima (tim)i 5OHz
Reduced Gaain ot high Etequen Due to the
capgeitance and GHain ot he second sBage CG1a)i codB.
saag induttunces, Aaim decxeas es at hjh Tatal Gain. in dB
40460 00dB
Ghtatal
as

begd he in lineart scale is give h

mtodaee phase and Cmplifcate A l0 Gotal

distaxtian to5=00,c00
 DatY
Poga. DakY
Paga

autput amplitude CWoutit Lile tollausex Cixcuit r AlsoknoLon as g comman

collectorArobfiey is a tignsistos
Vout AX Vin. cincuit candiguraientohexe he input sianal is.
applied to the base and the output is taken from
the emitex 2provieleso hiah tmpud hnpcdance lae
I nezer ampliiex the trequcny of the outol aukpud impedance and unty sata Ain his
sipal aemins unchangcdi A
makes it ideal tox
for impcelance malzhinng dnd hufleing
applic ations The cixeuit dees not
tout = tin but delive hjhex cunert.
50HZ
a) Cos code Amplitiey I o tuea stage ammplifez ht
Combines_a Camnan-ttey (or Commen

S&uXce)
4, Liiteo short ml,
mate tage bis
This ponsiguxaton enhamces baneusidltzeoses
l Botsthagpin Rostshapping is a cixeuit dechsg ad sreduceS miley etfect cgpacitance
ged to enhance input impedanse The high ißud impederee and laa oulput ianpedanc
elechonit eiacuits u feedina a poion a nake Suitable tax
hgh teguny applcatans and
Gatput signal back ta e inpuvia n copacike RE cinc uits.
is

amgltieyixcuita to Ye duccThis is ammon

toe emitleY of fist torsiskon ik Camected ta
landing maintci the bose aef he seiand This arzsiangemo paovidea
md eticienc as the galns
i Ji is aidldg iscd in pocer anphticatc Asuchuky
appli caens and cizeu! xeairing high input and lae auo!
 Dota,
Poga Met Kaal
Jutorial Sheets-5 Date.
Poga

Define the terms. th

Loith temperahne tåpically measuncd fn nA/e
le cks he stabilty aa input affset aurKCnt
Resistance i he yesisl
Ove

- Mode Ingut tempeate Vaziations

a) Common seen by a siynd agl
to both inpud ota di!ferential Amplkfre Gulpat Yallage Suaing The af autaud walage
nga eied ade signalk. hot amplitiex can pre duce
tohile weoaining sitin its hinean
bil CMRR CCommon Meede Rejec tion Ratie) Theai Aypially onit24 by te supply vllage and inzal
of the eiaci design.
dtllexantialL4aim to com mon mode gam ot en amplic
usually expressed indecibels CdB). I4 ncusuxes dhe )LSleus Rate i The maximOum Tate at ohich Gmplifies
abili the amglif iey to geiect QuBpud salaye
vllae caCOn
TH_deter mines H amplifiers to aespond
(MRR CJB) = to ropid changes
PSRR CPausex Supply Rejecien Ratia)i The mmeasuxe af
(O Loput ctset Curment The diffece behoeen Cn amplitexs
to suppsress Mari atians in iks autput couscd ky chonge
he tao paiet Input he bios of curYents enteg
an -aperakional
amplitiex I
terminals im pooeY Ts expressed indecibes.
indicaes the inbglamce in ingut
CuTTents dåe to mon ideliiee }he amp PSRR dA)
desin.
(nput ottset aurrent duift he ote atuhich
nput affset cuTet cha
 Dole
Poge
Date
Poge

MueGiye vanious advonacs AMe aVeY 03. LWhat is a ditfexemce Aaplifiex ? Hous is it able
Coven tsnm ampliter. to
DC sinals
Ans A ditteYence aoplihier is an electron'e cizcyit thet
Minimized Lagcln4 Hhe Caplihes the dilfexence hetseen toa ibput sinals
Ans, Migh Tapud Jmpedmce S0UTCe
Lehile xjecing m comman to bath inpuds
TA i Common\ implemented n qpezaticmal
Hiah Gain Aaljustable using feedbock, amplifier Cop amp) aith apeciic Tesis ter canfiguzahs
ciuzation
CMRR Excellent noise siejecion tor dtfievcuial Haxa t anplifies
Simah. LA diffexenee ampli-fie aiamas cmplitylbath Ac and X
Vesatl Can perfam mliple funetiens Cej becauseit aperetes bused an the
amphhicden Silexing salbag
dit texence betuseen ts to inputs,iespective ot the
aCampat and Coat effechve: Tndegzated desja
)
reduces size _cnd cost
Shab:l aith tzedhack= Ensutes Keiable apcsalin YolHage Ditfexence Tf the ten input sigmala have
Tempevature Stabily Reliable aveY Lemp state
1 volHage diference he amplifiex pxocess Es kts dilerene
Reduced NaiseF TmptAVeS gnal clait amd autputs amplified vension at it tor example
input is 5Y and ather is 3Y the ditterece
usith is V, Lohich the amplihex can amplity based an the
These tznes contiguredain
macke op amps-
fox medem anglcatons veNsalile_nel
feedl buck Mechaniam i The feclback netYk of
reststoxs in a diterence amplifiex
ensutes. stable aaim amd precise amphica tien af Hhe
 even for
signal, maintaimg
ax canstan aignas
Hiah CMRREhe high CommoN osde nejcctian taa
CCMRR)_ofthe amplitier ensures hat an
he difesential camponent af the input gmpliied
Lohile i DC affses prescntn
beth inputs.

igna Aaaplhhication
Measuxement autpuk
stain
Ceg Thexmacoupks
Dfeenial watuge
Si¡nal con ditanin4- in data acuisiBion sgstns