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Model Question Paper

Program Name: B.Tech. Electrical Engineering AY 2023-24

Course Code PC-EE 502: Power System I Class / Sem 3rd Year/ 5th Sem
&Name:
Regulation MAKAUT University L-T-P-C 3-0-0-3
Pre-Requisite / Basic Electrical Engineering, Network Theory
Exposure
Faculty Name: Dr. Nirmalya Mallick

Module 1/CO1
1.1 Basic Concepts: Evolution of Power System and Present-Day Scenario
Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark Each)
1. Define the term "Power System" and explain its evolution over time.
2. Briefly discuss the key components of the present-day power system.
3. Explain the significance of load forecasting in power system planning.
4. What is the role of smart grids in the modern power system?
5. Define "Load Shedding" and discuss its impact on the power system.
6. Explain the concept of Distributed Generation in the context of power systems.
7. Describe the main challenges faced by the power system operators today.
8. Discuss the importance of energy storage in the evolution of power systems.
9. What is the role of microgrids in enhancing the resilience of power systems?
10. Explain the concept of Demand Response in the context of power systems.
Short Answer Type Questions (5 Marks Each)
1. Compare and contrast centralized and decentralized power generation systems.
2. Discuss the factors influencing the reliability of a power system.
3. Explain the concept of voltage stability in the context of power systems.
4. Analyze the impact of renewable energy integration on the stability of the power grid.
5. Elaborate on the concept of power quality and its importance in the modern power
system.

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Long Answer Type Questions (10 Marks Each)

1. Trace the evolution of power systems from the early days to the present and highlight
the major milestones.
2. Compare and contrast the structure and operation of bulk power grids and microgrids.
3. Provide a detailed overview of a typical coal-fired power station, including its
components and working principles.
4. Analyze the working principles of hydroelectric and nuclear power stations,
highlighting their advantages and disadvantages.
5. Conduct a comprehensive comparison of different methods of power generation,
considering factors such as efficiency, environmental impact, and sustainability.

1.2 Generation of Electric Power: General Layout of Power Stations

Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark Each)
1. Define the term "Power Generation" and its importance in the energy sector.
2. Explain the basic layout of a coal-fired power station.
3. Discuss the working principle of a hydroelectric power station.
4. Outline the components of a nuclear power station.
5. Differentiate between base load and peak load power plants.
6. Briefly describe the role of a transformer in a power station.
7. What is the purpose of a condenser in a steam power plant?
8. Explain the concept of cogeneration in power generation.
9. Discuss the advantages of combined cycle power plants.
10. Define the term "Load Factor" and its significance in power generation.
Short Answer Type Questions (5 Marks Each)
1. Analyze the environmental impact of coal-fired power plants and suggest possible
mitigation measures.
2. Discuss the efficiency and challenges associated with the generation of power from
hydroelectric sources.
3. Explain the working principle of a pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR) in a nuclear
power station.
4. Compare and contrast the working principles of photovoltaic and concentrated solar
power systems.

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5. Evaluate the potential and challenges of integrating wind energy into the power grid.
Long Answer Type Questions (10 Marks Each)
1. Provide a detailed overview of a coal-fired power station, including its general layout,
working principles, and environmental considerations.
2. Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric and nuclear
power stations.
3. Conduct a comprehensive analysis of the components and working principles of a
combined cycle power plant.
4. Discuss the advancements in solar and wind energy technologies and their potential
impact on future power generation.
5. Evaluate the role of energy storage technologies in enhancing the reliability of power
generation from intermittent renewable sources.

1.3 Introduction to Solar & Wind Energy Systems

Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark Each)
1. Define solar energy and its various applications.
2. Briefly explain the working principle of a photovoltaic cell.
3. What is the significance of solar thermal power generation?
4. Define wind energy and its potential as a renewable resource.
5. Explain the basic components of a wind turbine.
6. Differentiate between onshore and offshore wind farms.
7. Discuss the concept of net metering in the context of solar energy.
8. Explain the role of inverters in solar power systems.
9. Define the term "Capacity Factor" in the context of renewable energy.
10. Discuss the challenges associated with the integration of solar and wind energy into the
power grid.
Short Answer Type Questions (5 Marks Each)
1. Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of solar photovoltaic and solar
thermal power generation.
2. Analyze the factors influencing the efficiency of a wind turbine.
3. Discuss the concept of energy storage in the context of solar and wind energy systems.
4. Evaluate the environmental impact of solar and wind energy technologies.

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5. Explain the concept of power forecasting and its importance in managing solar and
wind energy variability.
Long Answer Type Questions (10 Marks Each)
1. Provide a comprehensive overview of solar energy systems, covering photovoltaic and
solar thermal technologies, their working principles, and applications.
2. Discuss the design considerations and challenges associated with the installation of
utility-scale wind farms.
3. Evaluate the role of energy storage technologies in mitigating the intermittency of solar
and wind energy.
4. Analyze the economic and environmental factors influencing the adoption of solar and
wind energy systems.
5. Explore the potential for hybrid renewable energy systems and their benefits in
sustainable power generation.

1.4 Indian Electricity Rule-1956: General Introduction

Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark Each)
1. What is the significance of the Indian Electricity Rules (1956) in the power sector?
2. Briefly outline the objectives of the Indian Electricity Rules (1956).
3. Define the term "Authorized Officer" as per the rules.
4. Explain the concept of "Bulk Consumer" in the context of electricity consumption.
5. Discuss the provisions related to electrical installations in hazardous areas.
6. What is the role of the State Electricity Regulatory Commission under the rules?
7. Define the term "Generating Company" as per the Indian Electricity Rules.
8. Discuss the provisions for safety precautions during electrical work.
9. Explain the procedure for the grant of a license for the transmission of electricity.
10. Outline the penalties for non-compliance with the Indian Electricity Rules.
Short Answer Type Questions (5 Marks Each)
1. Analyze the key provisions of the Indian Electricity Rules related to the installation and
maintenance of electrical equipment.
2. Discuss the roles and responsibilities of the Chief Electrical Inspector under the Indian
Electricity Rules.

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3. Explain the licensing requirements for the operation of a generating company as per the
rules.
4. Discuss the provisions for the inspection of electrical installations and equipment under
the Indian Electricity Rules.
5. Evaluate the impact of the Indian Electricity Rules on ensuring safety and reliability in
the power sector.
Long Answer Type Questions (10 Marks Each)
1. Provide a comprehensive overview of the Indian Electricity Rules (1956), covering
their historical background, objectives, and key provisions.
2. Discuss the regulatory framework for the approval and installation of electrical
equipment in hazardous locations under the Indian Electricity Rules.
3. Analyze the role of the State Electricity Regulatory Commission in ensuring
compliance with the rules and regulations in the power sector.
4. Evaluate the procedures and criteria for obtaining a license for the transmission and
distribution of electricity under the Indian Electricity Rules.
5. Explore the challenges and opportunities in the enforcement of safety measures

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Module 2/CO2
Overhead Transmission Line
Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark Each)
1. Define the term "Choice of frequency" in the context of overhead transmission lines.
2. Why is the choice of voltage important in designing transmission lines?
3. Briefly explain the different types of conductors used in overhead transmission lines.
4. Define the terms "Inductance" and "Capacitance" in the context of a single-phase
transmission line.
5. Differentiate between symmetrical and unsymmetrical configurations in a three-phase
transmission line.
6. What is the significance of bundle conductors in transmission line design?
7. Explain the concept of transposition in overhead transmission lines.
8. Define the terms "GMD" (Geometric Mean Distance) and "GMR" (Geometric Mean
Radius).
9. How does the influence of earth affect conductor capacitance in transmission lines?
10. Briefly discuss the advantages and disadvantages of overhead transmission lines.
Short Answer Type Questions (5 Marks Each)
1. Discuss the factors influencing the choice of frequency in overhead transmission lines.
2. Explain the considerations involved in choosing the voltage for a transmission line.
3. Compare the characteristics of various types of conductors used in overhead
transmission lines.
4. Calculate the capacitance of a single-phase transmission line and discuss its
significance.
5. Analyze the impact of asymmetry in three-phase transmission lines and how
transposition addresses this issue.
Long Answer Type Questions (10 Marks Each)
1. Provide a detailed explanation of bundle conductors, including their advantages and
applications in overhead transmission lines.
2. Discuss the concept of GMD and GMR in the context of overhead transmission lines,
highlighting their importance in line design.
3. Evaluate the influence of earth on conductor capacitance, considering both symmetrical
and unsymmetrical configurations.

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4. Explain the significance of transposition in reducing the effects of line asymmetry in

three-phase transmission lines.
5. Conduct a comprehensive analysis of the various factors affecting the choice of voltage
in overhead transmission lines.

Overhead Line Construction

Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark Each)
1. Define "Line Supports" in the context of overhead line construction.
2. Explain the role of towers in supporting overhead transmission lines.
3. Briefly discuss the use of poles in overhead line construction.
4. Define the term "Sag" and its importance in transmission line design.
5. Explain the concept of tension in overhead transmission lines.
6. Discuss the clearance requirements in overhead line construction.
7. How does wind affect the sag of a transmission line?
8. What is the impact of ice on the sag of overhead transmission lines?
9. Explain the purpose of dampers in overhead line construction.
10. Briefly discuss the types of materials used for line supports in transmission lines.
Short Answer Type Questions (5 Marks Each)
1. Analyze the factors influencing the choice between towers and poles in overhead line
construction.
2. Discuss the impact of sag on the mechanical and electrical characteristics of overhead
transmission lines.
3. Evaluate the considerations involved in determining the tension in a transmission line.
4. Explain the clearance requirements for overhead transmission lines and their
importance.
5. Discuss the effects of wind and ice on the sag of transmission lines and the measures to
mitigate these effects.
Long Answer Type Questions (10 Marks Each)
1. Provide a comprehensive overview of the different types of line supports used in
overhead transmission line construction, discussing their advantages and
disadvantages.

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2. Discuss the design considerations for towers used in overhead transmission lines,
covering structural aspects and load-carrying capacity.
3. Evaluate the factors influencing the choice between overhead line poles and towers,
considering both technical and economic aspects.
4. Explain the various methods for determining the sag in overhead transmission lines and
their applications.
5. Discuss the impact of wind and ice on overhead transmission lines, considering both
operational and structural implications.

Corona
Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark Each)
1. Explain the principle of corona formation in overhead transmission lines.
2. Define "Critical Disruptive Voltage" in the context of corona.
3. What is the Visual Critical Corona Discharge Potential?
4. Define the term "Corona Loss" and its significance.
5. Discuss the advantages of corona in overhead transmission lines.
6. What are the disadvantages of corona in transmission line operation?
7. Explain the methods used for the reduction of corona in overhead lines.
Short Answer Type Questions (5 Marks Each)
1. Analyze the factors influencing the critical disruptive voltage in corona formation.
2. Discuss the impact of corona loss on the efficiency of overhead transmission lines.
3. Explain the significance of Visual Critical Corona Discharge Potential in corona
detection.
4. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of corona rings in overhead transmission
lines.
5. Evaluate the methods employed for the reduction of corona in high-voltage
transmission lines.
Long Answer Type Questions (10 Marks Each)
1. Provide a detailed explanation of the principle of corona formation, discussing the
factors affecting its occurrence.
2. Discuss the critical disruptive voltage and its importance in preventing corona in
overhead transmission lines.

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3. Evaluate the impact of corona loss on the overall efficiency of a transmission line,
considering both economic and operational aspects.
4. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of corona rings in high-voltage transmission
lines, considering their design and application.
5. Discuss in detail the methods used for the reduction of corona in overhead transmission
lines, highlighting their effectiveness and limitations.
Numerical Problems
1. A single-phase transmission line has a length of 100 km. Calculate the capacitance of
the line if the conductor radius is 1 cm, the conductor spacing is 30 cm, and the relative
permittivity of the medium is 4.
2. Determine the tension in a transmission line with a span of 300 meters, a weight of 0.5
kg/m, and a sag of 4 meters.
3. Calculate the Visual Critical Corona Discharge Potential for a transmission line with a
conductor diameter of 2 cm, operating at a voltage of 220 kV, and at standard
atmospheric conditions.
4. A transmission line has a corona loss of 10 kW/km. Calculate the total corona loss for
a line with a length of 150 km.

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Module 3/CO2

Insulators
Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark Each)
1. Define the term "Insulator" in the context of electrical power systems.
2. List three types of insulators commonly used in high-voltage transmission lines.
3. Explain the purpose of an arching shield in insulator design.
4. What is the significance of rings in suspension insulator strings?
5. Define "String Efficiency" in the context of insulator performance.
6. Briefly discuss the electrical function of an insulator in a power transmission system.
7. Differentiate between pin insulators and suspension insulators.
8. Explain the concept of corona formation on insulator surfaces.
9. What are the factors influencing the voltage distribution across an insulator string?
10. Discuss the importance of electrical tests on line insulators.
Short Answer Type Questions (5 Marks Each)
1. Compare the characteristics of porcelain and glass insulators, highlighting their
advantages and disadvantages.
2. Discuss the factors affecting the voltage distribution across a suspension insulator
string.
3. Evaluate the role of arching shields and rings in improving the performance of insulator
strings.
4. Explain the concept of string efficiency and its importance in practical applications.
5. Discuss different methods used to enhance the voltage distribution across insulator
strings.
Long Answer Type Questions (10 Marks Each)
1. Provide a comprehensive overview of the types of insulators used in high-voltage
transmission lines, discussing their construction and applications.
2. Explain the voltage distribution across a suspension insulator string, considering factors
such as leakage current and grading.
3. Evaluate the effectiveness of arching shields and rings in improving the performance
of insulator strings, considering their design principles.
4. Discuss the concept of string efficiency and its practical implications in the design of
transmission lines.

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5. Conduct a detailed analysis of methods employed to improve the voltage distribution

across insulator strings, considering both traditional and modern approaches.
Numerical Problems
1. Calculate the voltage distribution across a suspension insulator string consisting of
three insulators, each with a voltage rating of 33 kV. If the total voltage is 99 kV,
determine the voltage drop across each insulator in the string.
2. A transmission line has a string of four suspension insulators rated for 110 kV. If the
line voltage is 440 kV, calculate the string efficiency.
3. Determine the voltage distribution across a series of five insulators in a string, each
with a voltage rating of 22 kV. If the line voltage is 110 kV, calculate the voltage drop
across each insulator.
4. A transmission line has a suspension insulator string with six insulators, each rated for
66 kV. If the line voltage is 330 kV, calculate the voltage drop across the entire string
and the string efficiency.

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Module 4/CO3
Cables
Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark Each)
1. Define the term "Cable" in the context of electrical engineering.
2. List three types of cables commonly used in power systems.
3. Explain the purpose of insulation in a cable.
4. Define "Capacitance" in the context of single-core cables.
5. Differentiate between single-core and three-core cables.
6. What is dielectric stress in a cable?
7. Briefly discuss the significance of cable grading.
8. Define "Dielectric Loss" in the context of cables.
9. What is the optimum cable thickness, and why is it important?
10. Explain the concept of loss angle in cables.
Short Answer Type Questions (5 Marks Each)
1. Compare and contrast the characteristics of overhead lines and underground cables.
2. Discuss the components of a typical cable, emphasizing their roles in cable
performance.
3. Calculate the capacitance of a single-core cable with given dimensions and dielectric
properties.
4. Explain the concept of cable grading and its importance in minimizing electric field
stress.
5. Discuss the factors influencing dielectric loss in cables and measures to mitigate it.
Long Answer Type Questions (10 Marks Each)
1. Provide a comprehensive overview of the types of cables used in power systems,
including their applications and advantages.
2. Explain the capacitance of single-core and three-core cables, considering the geometry
and dielectric properties.
3. Discuss the concept of dielectric stress in cables, highlighting its impact on cable design
and performance.
4. Evaluate the factors influencing the optimum cable thickness and its significance in
cable design.

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5. Conduct a detailed analysis of cable grading techniques, emphasizing their role in

reducing electric field stress and enhancing cable reliability.
Numerical Problems
1. Calculate the capacitance of a single-core cable with a radius of 1 cm and a length of
500 m, given that the relative permittivity of the insulation material is 4π.
2. Determine the dielectric stress in a three-core cable with a voltage rating of 11 kV. The
outer diameter of the insulation is 3 cm, and the conductor diameter is 1 cm.
3. Given a single-core cable with a dielectric constant of 2 and a length of 300 m, calculate
the capacitance if the radius of the cable is 2 cm.
4. Calculate the optimum thickness of insulation for a cable operating at 33 kV. The
dielectric strength of the insulation material is 20 kV/mm, and the maximum
permissible stress is 15 kV/mm.

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Module 5/CO4
Performance of Lines
Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark Each)
1. Define the terms "short line," "medium line," and "long line" in the context of
transmission lines.
2. Explain the significance of A, B, C, and D constants in the representation of
transmission lines.
3. What is voltage regulation, and why is it important in power transmission?
4. Briefly discuss the Ferranti effect in power transmission.
5. Define nominal, T, and π representations of medium transmission lines.
6. Explain the concept of power circle diagrams.
7. What are the power equations for short, medium, and long transmission lines?
8. Define the surge impedance loading of a transmission line.
9. Discuss the factors influencing the performance of a transmission line.
10. Explain the need for line compensation in power systems.
Short Answer Type Questions (5 Marks Each)
1. Compare and contrast the representations of nominal, T, and π models for medium
transmission lines.
2. Discuss the significance of A, B, C, and D constants in the transmission line equations.
3. Explain the factors affecting voltage regulation in power transmission.
4. Analyze the Ferranti effect and its impact on long transmission lines.
5. Discuss the application of power circle diagrams in analyzing transmission line
performance.
Long Answer Type Questions (10 Marks Each)
1. Provide a detailed explanation of short, medium, and long transmission lines,
highlighting their characteristics and applications.
2. Discuss the derivation and significance of the A, B, C, and D constants in the
transmission line equations.
3. Explain the concept of voltage regulation in power transmission, considering both
steady-state and transient conditions.
4. Analyze the Ferranti effect in long transmission lines, discussing its causes and
consequences.

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5. Discuss the power equations for short, medium, and long transmission lines,
considering their applications and limitations.
Numerical Problems
1. For a medium transmission line with a length of 100 km, a voltage of 132 kV, and a
current of 200 A, calculate the A, B, C, and D constants.
2. Determine the surge impedance loading of a transmission line with a surge impedance
of 400 ohms and a voltage of 220 kV.
3. Calculate the voltage regulation of a transmission line with a sending-end voltage of
300 kV and a receiving-end voltage of 280 kV. The line has a resistance of 20 ohms
and a reactance of 40 ohms.
4. For a power transmission line with a length of 200 km, calculate the surge impedance
if the velocity of light is 300,000 km/s.

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Module 6/CO5
Tariff
Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark Each)
1. Define the term "Tariff" in the context of the energy sector.
2. What is the primary guiding principle behind tariff determination?
3. Differentiate between fixed and variable components of a tariff.
4. Explain the concept of time-of-day (TOD) tariff.
5. Define "Demand Charges" in the context of electricity tariffs.
6. Briefly discuss the importance of cross-subsidy in tariff structures.
7. What is meant by the term "Wheeling Charges" in electricity tariffs?
8. Explain the role of Regulatory Commissions in tariff setting.
9. Discuss the concept of 'Cost-Plus' tariff methodology.
10. Define the term "Bulk Power Tariff."
Short Answer Type Questions (5 Marks Each)
1. Compare and contrast flat-rate tariffs and time-of-use tariffs, highlighting their
advantages and disadvantages.
2. Explain the concept of "Cross-subsidy" in the context of electricity tariffs, and discuss
its implications.
3. Analyze the factors influencing the determination of demand charges in industrial
tariffs.
4. Discuss the role of Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) in influencing electricity
tariffs.
5. Evaluate the impact of regulatory mechanisms on ensuring fair and competitive tariffs.
Long Answer Type Questions (10 Marks Each)
1. Provide a comprehensive overview of the guiding principles of tariff determination in
the energy sector.
2. Discuss in detail the different types of tariffs used in the electricity industry, including
residential, commercial, industrial, and agricultural tariffs.
3. Analyze the factors influencing the choice between fixed and variable components in
tariff structures.
4. Evaluate the impact of time-of-use tariffs on consumer behavior and grid management.

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5. Discuss the challenges and benefits associated with implementing cost-plus tariff
methodologies in the energy sector.
Numerical Problems
1. Calculate the electricity bill for a household with a flat-rate tariff of $0.15 per kWh if
the monthly consumption is 500 kWh.
2. Determine the demand charges for an industrial consumer with a maximum demand of
150 kW and a demand charge rate of $10 per kW.
3. Calculate the total electricity cost for a commercial establishment with a time-of-use
tariff of $0.12 per kWh during off-peak hours, $0.20 per kWh during peak hours, and
$0.15 per kWh during standard hours. The monthly consumption is 800 kWh, with 40%
during peak hours, 30% during off-peak hours, and 30% during standard hours.
4. Evaluate the cross-subsidy percentage for a utility that charges residential consumers
$0.10 per kWh and industrial consumers $0.08 per kWh. The average cost of supply is
$0.12 per kWh.

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