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12 views3 pages

Os

Uploaded by

jiwetech1
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

Introduction to Operating Systems (OS)

● Definition: An Operating System (OS) is system software that acts as an intermediary


between users/applications and computer hardware, managing resources and tasks to
make the computer functional.
● Core Functions:
● Resource Allocation: Manages CPU, memory, and I/O resources.
● Task Scheduling: Allocates time to different processes for efficient operation.
● User Interface: Provides a user interface (GUI or CLI) for interaction.
● Types of Operating Systems:
● Batch Operating System: Processes batches of jobs without user interaction.
● Time-Sharing OS: Allows multiple users to share system resources simultaneously.
● Distributed OS: Manages multiple computers as a single system.
● Real-Time OS: Provides immediate processing for time-sensitive applications.
● Embedded OS: Operates devices with specific functions (e.g., IoT devices).

Here are the student-friendly notes covering each of the learning outcomes for the
**Introduction to Operating Systems** course:

---

Learning Outcome 1: Types of Operating System


- **Batch OS**: Processes a group (or "batch") of jobs without user interaction. Best for tasks
requiring repetitive processing (e.g., payroll).
- **Time-Sharing OS**: Allows multiple users to share system resources at the same time.
Examples include UNIX and Windows server environments.
- **Distributed OS**: Manages multiple computers as a single system, sharing resources and
workloads. Common in large-scale systems and cloud computing.
- **Real-Time OS (RTOS)**: Processes data immediately, ideal for time-sensitive applications
like medical devices and automotive systems.
- **Embedded OS**: Specialized OS found in devices like microwaves and smart thermostats,
where functions are limited and specific.

---

Learning Outcome 2: Functions and Facilities of Operating Systems


- **Process Management**: Manages the creation, execution, and termination of processes.
Key to multitasking and keeping multiple apps running smoothly.
- **Memory Management**: Allocates and manages primary memory (RAM) to ensure efficient
operation and multitasking capabilities.
- **File System Management**: Organizes and manages files on storage devices, keeping
data structured and accessible.
- **I/O Management**: Manages input and output devices (keyboard, printer) to ensure
smooth communication with the system.
- **User Interface (UI)**: Provides an environment (CLI or GUI) that enables users to interact
with the system.

---
Learning Outcome 3: Selecting an Operating System for Applications**
- **Evaluate Requirements**: Look at application and system requirements to choose the best
OS. Consider factors like:
- **Real-Time Needs**: If immediate responses are needed, choose an RTOS.
- **Task Handling**: For high multitasking, Time-Sharing OS or Distributed OS may be ideal.
- **Compatibility**: Consider hardware limitations or requirements, like memory and CPU
power.
- **Examples**:
- Use Linux or Windows for web servers.
- Use Android or iOS for mobile applications.
- Use an RTOS for embedded systems in devices like washing machines.
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---
apLearning Outcome 4: Process Management, Memory, and OS Prerequisites
- **Process Management**:
- Each running program is a "process."
- Processes go through stages: created (new), ready, running, waiting, and terminated.
- **Memory Management**:
- OS manages primary memory allocation.
- Shared memory allows different processes to access the same memory for communication.
- Techniques like **paging** (dividing memory into pages) and **segmentation** (dividing
logically) help optimize memory.
- **Prerequisites**:
- Hardware: Minimum RAM, CPU type, and storage requirements.
- Software: Compatibility with programming environments and required applications.

---

Learning Outcome 5: Key Challenges in Operating Systems


- **Deadlock**: Occurs when processes are stuck waiting on each other, creating a standstill.
- **Solution**: Deadlock can be avoided by implementing resource allocation strategies like
Banker's Algorithm.
- **Starvation**: A process is continuously overlooked for resources.
- **Solution**: Priority scheduling with limits can help ensure that all processes get resources
in time.
- **Scheduling**: Determines which process gets CPU time. Common scheduling methods
include:
- **First-Come, First-Serve (FCFS)**: Simple but can lead to delays.
- **Shortest Job First (SJF)**: Reduces wait time but may cause starvation.
- **Round Robin**: Allocates time slices to each process, promoting fairness.
- **Fragmentation**:
- **Internal Fragmentation**: Unused space within allocated memory.
- **External Fragmentation**: Unallocated memory gaps are scattered, preventing large
memory allocations.
- **Solution**: Compaction and paging.
- **Thrashing**: Excessive paging that reduces performance.
- **Solution**: Adjusting memory allocation using techniques like the Working Set Model.

---

Learning Outcome 6: Management of I/O Devices, Secondary Storage, and Network


Resources
- **I/O Device Management**:
- Manages hardware resources like printers, scanners, and storage.
- Device drivers facilitate communication between OS and hardware.
- **Secondary Storage Management**:
- Organizes and manages data storage, using methods like file allocation tables.
- Disk scheduling (e.g., First-Come, First-Serve or Shortest Seek Time First) optimizes data
retrieval times.
- **Network Resource Management**:
- Ensures that data is shared securely across networks.
- Manages network protocols and services to allow computers to share resources efficiently.

---

Learning Outcome 7: Writing Simple Shell, System, and Application Programs


- **Shell Programming**:
- Shell scripts automate tasks using commands (e.g., Bash).
- Examples: Automating file backups, managing user accounts.
- **System Programming**:
- Write low-level code to interact directly with the OS (using system calls for file handling,
memory management).
- Example: Creating a simple program that checks and manages system resources.
- **Application Programming with Threads**:
- Threads are small units of a process that run independently, enabling multitasking.
- Example: Building a program with a user interface that responds to clicks while processing
data in the background.

---

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