7.

3 The Sampling Process

◊ The reconstruction
filt is
filter i low-pass
l with
ith
a passband extending
from –W to W.
◊ The reconstruction
filter has a transition
band extending from
W to fs-W.
◊ The fact that the
reconstruction filter
h a well
has ll defined
d fi d
transition band means
that it is physically
realizable.
 7.6 Pulse-
Pulse-Position Modulation
◊ In a pulse modulation system, we may use the increased bandwidth
consumed by pulses to obtain an improvement in noise performance
be representing the sample values of the message signal by some
property of the pulse other than amplitude.

◊ Pulse-Duration Modulation (PDM): the samples of the message

signal are used to vary the duration of the individual pulses.
pulses This
form of modulation is also referred to as Pulse-Width Modulation
((PWM)) or Pulse-Length
g Modulation ((PLM). )
◊ In PDM, long pulses expend considerable power during the pulse
while bearing no addition information.

◊ Pulse-Position Modulation (PPM): the position of a pulse relative to

it unmodulated
its d l t d time
ti off occurrence is
i varied
i d in
i accordance
d with
ith the
th
message signal.
7.6 Pulse-
Pulse-Position Modulation

Modulating
Wave

Pulse Carrier

PDM Signal

PPM Signal
 7.6 Pulse-
Pulse-Position Modulation

◊ Mathematical Representation of PPM Signal

◊ Using
U i theh sample l m(nT Ts) off a message signal
i l m(t) to modulate
d l theh
position of nth pulse, we obtain the PPM signal
∞
s (t ) = ∑ g ( t − nT
n =−∞
s − k p m ( nTs ) ) ( 7.20 )
where
h kp is i the
th sensitivity
iti it off the
th pulse-position
l iti modulator
d l t andd g(t)
denotes a standard pulse of interest.
◊ The different pulses constituting the PPM signal s(t) must be
strictly non-overlapping.
◊ A sufficient condition is given by: T /2
| (t)|max T /2
Kp|m(t)|
s s

Ts
g ( t ) = 0, t > − k p m ( t ) max ( 7.21)
2
Ts
which in turn requires k p m (t) max < ( 7.22 )
2
 7.6 Pulse-
Pulse-Position Modulation
◊ Generation of PPM waves

◊ The message signal m(t) is first converted in to a PAM signal

by means of a sample-and-hold circuit, generating a staircase
waveform u(t).

◊ Next, the signal u(t) is added to a sawtooth wave, yielding the

combined
bi d signal
i l v(t).)
 7.6 Pulse-
Pulse-Position Modulation
(a) Message signal
◊ The v(t) is applied
pp to a
(b) Staircase threshold detector that
approximation of
the message
g signal
g
produces a very narrow pulse
(approximating an impulse)
each time v(t) crosses zero in
(c) Sawtooth wave the negative-going
negative going direction.
direction

◊ Finally, the PPM signal s(t) is

Finally
generated by using this
(d) Composite sequence
q of impulses
p to
wave excite a filter whose impulse
signal
(e) Sequence of response is defined by the
Impulses used to standard pulse g(t).
generate the PPM
36
Principles of Communication Systems SVIT 20
18EC53

46-1 NOISE IN PULSE pasITIDN MODULA TION-* VTUMODELRP"|

DegcTibe the ePPect of NoIse on a pulge pos? han Modulahon
Hem 5 Mar
Ia a
5pkm, the-rasmi ted tmformaion 18 Cenlaine d
PPM
in the e
lotfve pORitenB P he modwakd pulses.
Tke presence op addve Noize affe cg Ihe peoformanca
uch a &skm

e 9utput ignal s noise Tato, agsuming a full-load

nusoidal modulation is gen by

(SNR) TBA
32 No
TRe
Average noise poder m a messa ge bndwidth enw° iz
ewal wN.
The chaanel Signal Noise Ratio (SNR), ts ;
3A
(SNR) 4T BN -(
IG

- BT BT SBT
Ff Ampli hude Kpecm oqa
Raised GRne pula
The
the Frgux Merft f a ppM Bptn i a ai'sed (osine
Puk as 8honn tn tig
Frgue ot MeoitSNR -AB A4 Ts BTWN
SNR) 3 No 3
(FoM)=(
PPM
)B tw END MoDULE-4
Dr. Venkatesha M, Associate Professor, Department of ECE, SVIT
[email protected]
 7.5 Time
Time--Division Multiplexing
◊ The sampling theorem provides the basis for transmitting the
information contained in a band-limited message
g signal
g m(t) as a
sequence of samples of m(t) taken uniformly at a rate that is slightly
higher than the Nyquist rate.

◊ An important feature of the sampling process is a conservation of

time. That is,, the transmission of the message
g samples
p engages
g g the
communication channel for only a fraction of the sampling interval
on a periodic basis, and in this way some of the time interval
between adjacent samples is cleared for use by other independent
message sources on a time-shared basis.
8
◊ We thereby obtain a time-division multiplex (TDM) system, which
a plurality of independent message sources without mutual
enables the joint utilization of a common communication channel by
interference among them.
 7.5 Time
Time--Division Multiplexing
Figure 7.9 Block diagram of TDM System

◊ Low-pass pre-alias filter:

◊ To remove the frequencies that are nonessential to an adequate signal
representation.
◊ Commutator:
◊ To take a narrow sample of each of the N input messages at a rate fs that is
slightly higher than 2W, where W is the cut-off frequency of the pre-alias filter.
◊ T sequentially
To i ll interleave
i l these
h N samples
l inside
i id the
h sampling
li interval
i l Ts.
 7.5 Time
Time--Division Multiplexing

◊ Pulse modulator:
◊ To transform
T t f the
th multiplexed
lti l d signal
i l into
i t a form
f suitable
it bl for
f transmission
t i i over
the common channel.
◊ The use of TDM introduces a bandwidth expansion factor N, because the
scheme must squeeze N samples derived from N independent message sources
into a time slot equal to one sampling interval.

◊ Pulse demodulator :
◊ Performs the reverse operation of the pulse modulator.
modulator

◊ Decommutator:
◊ The narrow samples produced at the pulse demodulator output are distributed
to the appropriate low-pass reconstruction filters.
◊ In synchronism with commutator in the transmitter.
 Principles of Communication Systems SVIT 18EC53 1o
o IMPP
Numeica) Prob lems on NyQUIST RATE &NyQUIST INTERVAL;-

Foulade
Nyyist da =a t ' samples per Second HZ
whest W= Max ( , n , . .)) present n given base band
8ignalxtt).
.Nyguist IokrVal= Secondg
NyUist Tdh W

VTu OLOp
1 Deksnine he Ny9uist rat acd Nyuist fkrval for: JynelJuly
2011
( m(t)=-Sin (50omt)(i) 2t) =Sioca00t)
Tt
Ai m(t):-[sinc5ont))J
a50 HZ =W
w 500N aTf500 >P
Nyuist Tah=QWe a fm500 HZ Sanples|sec

Nyuist Jokaval= setend3

Nyuist daa 500

i> 2(4) = Sinc (At)

HkT Sioc (*) = Sin (Ta)
ct) = Sin c loot=- sin (aont)

200x A7in -00 fm200W= loD Hz

W
' . Nyuis Tat= aw: a f ax10D =a50 H2

Nyuist Joerva| Secomdg

Nyuist Ta 0d

Dr. Venkatesha M, Associate Professor, Department of ECE, SVIT [email protected]

Principles of Communication Systems SVIT 18EC53

a A n ana log 6igna) 8 ex pse Ssed by e evuati on

= 3 cos(s0nt)+ 1osin (300nt) +Cos (1607t. calcula

e Nyuist raü and Nyuist Inkrval.
|L Given: R H)= 3Cos (50Tt)+ 10 Sin(3007t)cos((udA*)

Comparing equathion(1) 9 h stonclad equatim

xCt) 3 cos(w,t) +
=
10gig(,t)+cos t )
We 8e

w 507
W30D

5 150 5o
ms

W= Max G Tmn=Max (A5, 150, 5o)

2

= 150 HZ

Nyuist Kat aW= axi50 300 H Samplssa

3:333ms
NyUst Inkrval = .

NyoistTo(3)

Dr. Venkatesha M, Associate Professor, Department of ECE, SVIT [email protected]

Principles of Communication Systems SVIT 18EC53 12

KAn analeg gigna) is exp>eszed by the l a ion

)= cos (40Ont)-Cos (1o00ñ)
Calcula the Nyuist a l and Ne9ust Jokrva.
|L Ct)= cos (4000Rt). Cos
(1poont)
Wk-T CoSA CosB = cos(A-B)4 tos (A+E)

t)= COs (300o Tt)+coS(S o00Rt}|

A-B AtB

.rA)=-cos (3000 t) + cos (5oo0x t)

4T 4
D
-(2)
Com pesing iI5 standard euahon, e ge
w>3000T 500
2 5000

1500 m250o

W Mx(tm, n = M-x (50o, 2500)= 2500 Hz

Nyquist Ra 2W= K5u7 =5000o Hz O Sanplesse

Nyuist Ioterval= = 0-amS

Nyuist Ra 5000

Dr. Venkatesha M, Associate Professor, Department of ECE, SVIT [email protected]