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Solutions Manual to Accompany Beginning Partial
Differential Equations 3rd Edition Peter V. O'Neil Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Peter V. O'Neil
ISBN(s): 9781118630099, 1118630092
Edition: 3
File Details: PDF, 1.17 MB
Year: 2014
Language: english
Solutions Manual for
Beginning Partial
Differential Equations
PURE AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS
A Wiley Series of Texts, Monographs, and Tracts
Founded by RICHARD COURANT
Editors Emeriti: MYRON B. ALLEN III, PETER HILTON, HARRY
HOCHSTADT, ERWIN KREYSZIG, PETER LAX, JOHN TOLAND
A complete list of the titles in this series appears at the end of this volume.
Solutions Manual for
Beginning Partial
Differential Equations

Third Edition

Peter V. O’Neil
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Copyright 
c 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents

Preface vii

1 First Ideas 1
1.1 Two Partial Differential Equations 1
1.2 Fourier Series 4
1.3 Two Eigenvalue Problems 12
1.4 A Proof of the Convergence Theorem 14

2 Solutions of the Heat Equation 15

2.1 Solutions on an Interval [0, L] 15
2.2 A Nonhomogeneous Problem 19

3 Solutions of the Wave Equation 25

3.1 Solutions on Bounded Intervals 25
3.2 The Cauchy Problem 32
3.2.1 d’Alembert’s Solution 32
3.2.2 The Cauchy Problem on a Half Line 36
3.2.3 Characteristic Triangles and Quadrilaterals 41
3.2.4 A Cauchy Problem with a Forcing Term 41
3.2.5 String with Moving Ends 42
3.3 The Wave Equation in Higher Dimensions 46
3.3.1 Vibrations in a Membrane with Fixed Frame 46
3.3.2 The Poisson Integral Solution 47
3.3.3 Hadamard’s Method of Descent 47

4 Dirichlet and Neumann Problems 49

4.1 Laplace’s Equation and Harmonic Functions 49
4.2 The Dirichlet Problem for a Rectangle 50
4.3 The Dirichlet Problem for a Disk 52
4.4 Properties of Harmonic Functions 57
4.4.1 Topology of Rn 57
4.4.2 Representation Theorems 58
4.4.3 The Mean Value Theorem and the Maximum Principle 60

v
vi CONTENTS

4.5 The Neumann Problem 61

4.5.1 Uniqueness and Existence 61
4.5.2 Neumann Problem for a Rectangle 62
4.5.3 Neumann Problem for a Disk 63
4.6 Poisson’s Equation 64
4.7 An Existence Theorem for the Dirichlet Problem 65

5 Fourier Integral Methods of Solution 67

5.1 The Fourier Integral of a Function 67
5.2 The Heat Equation on the Real Line 70
5.3 The Debate Over the Age of the Earth 73
5.4 Burgers’ Equation 73
5.5 The Cauchy Problem for the Wave Equation 74
5.6 Laplace’s Equation on Unbounded Domains 76

6 Solutions Using Eigenfunction Expansions 79

6.1 A Theory of Eigenfunction Expansions 79
6.2 Bessel Functions 83
6.3 Applications of Bessel Functions 87
6.3.1 Temperature Distribution in a Solid Cylinder 87
6.3.2 Vibrations of a Circular Drum 87
6.4 Legendre Polynomials and Applications 90

7 Integral Transform Methods of Solution 97

7.1 The Fourier Transform 97
7.2 Heat and Wave Equations 101
7.3 The Telegraph Equation 104
7.4 The Laplace Transform 106

8 First-Order Equations 109

8.1 Linear First-Order Equations 109
8.2 The Significance of Characteristics 111
8.3 The Quasi-Linear Equation 114

Series List 117

Preface

This manual contains solutions for many of the problems in Beginning Partial
Differential Equations, third edition.
Because solutions for many odd-numbered problems are included in Chapter
Nine of the book, most of the problems included here are even-numbered.
However, particularly in the case of problems exploring ideas beyond the text
discussion, some odd-numbered solutions are also included.

vii
Chapter 1

First Ideas

1.1 Two Partial Differential Equations

2. Verifying that the function is a solution of the heat equation is a straight-
forward exercise in differentiation. One way √ to show that u(x, t) is un-
bounded is to observe that if t > 0 and x = 2 kt, then

1 −3/2
u(x, t) = t
e
and this can be made as large as we like by choosing t sufficiently close to
zero.

4. By the chain rule,

1 
ux = (f (x − ct) + f (x + ct)),
2
1
uxx = (f (x − ct) + f (x + ct)),
2
1 
ut = (f (x − ct)(−c) + f (x + ct)(c)), and
2
1 
utt = (f (x − ct)(−c)2 + f (x + ct)(c)2 ).
2

It is routine to verify that utt = c2 uxx .

7. One way to show that the transformation is one to one is to evaluate the
Jacobian    
ξx ξt  1 a
 = 
ηx ηt  1 b  = b − a = 0.

Solutions Manual to Accompany Beginning Partial Differential Equations,

Third Edition. Peter V. O’Neil.

c 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

1
2 CHAPTER 1. FIRST IDEAS

Finally, solve ξ = a + at, η = x + bt for x and t to obtain the inverse

transformation
1 1
x= (bξ − aη), t = (η − ξ).
b−a b−a

8. With V(ξ, η) = u(x(ξ, η), t(ξ, η)), chain rule differentiations yield:

ux = Vξ ξx + Vη ηx = Vξ + Vη ,
ut = Vξ ξt + Vη ηt = aVξ + bVη ,

and, by continuing these chain rule differentiations and using the product
rule,

uxx = Vξξ + 2Vξη + Vηη ,

utt = a2 Vξξ + 2abVξη + b2 Vηη , and
uxt = aVξξ + (a + b)Vξη + bVηη .

Now collect terms to obtain

Auxx + Buxt + Cutt =

(A + aB + a2 C)Vξξ + (2A + (a + b)B + 2abC)Vξη + (A + bB + b2 C)Vηη .

This, coupled with the fact that H(x, t, u, ux , ut ) transforms to some func-
tion K(ξ, η, V, Vξ , Vη ), yields the conclusion.

9. From the solution of problem 8, the transformed equation is hyperbolic if

C = 0 because in that case we can choose a and b to make the coefficients
of Vξξ and Vηη vanish. This is done by choosing a and b to be the distinct
roots of
A + Ba + Ca2 = 0 and A + Bb + Cb2
which are the same quadratic equation. For example, we could choose
√ √
−B + B2 − 4AC −B − B2 − 4AC
a= and b = .
2C 2C

If C = 0, use the transformation

B
ξ = t, η = − x + t.
A
Now chain rule differentiations yield

B
ux = − Vη , ut = Vξ + Vη ,
A
B2 B B
uxx = 2 Vηη , uxt = − Vξη − Vηη .
A A A
1.1. TWO PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 3

We do not need utt , because C = 0 in this case. Now we obtain

B2
Auxx + Buxt + Cutt = − Vξη ,
A
yielding a hyperbolic canonical form

Vξη + K(ξ, η, V, Vξ , Vη ) = 0

of the given partial differential equation.

10. In this case suppose B2 − 4AC = 0. Now let
B
ξ = x, η = x − t.
2C
Now
B
ux = Vξ + Vη , ut = − Vη ,
2C
B2
uxx = Vξξ + 2Vξη + Vηη , utt = Vηη , and
4C2
B B
uxt = − Vξη − Vηη .
2C 2C
Then

Auxx + Buxt + Cutt

B2 B2
= A(Vξξ + 2Vξη + Vηη ) − (Vξη + Vηη ) + Vηη
2C 4C
   
B2 B2 B2
= AVξξ + Vξη 2A − + Vηη A − +
2C 2C 4C
= AVξξ ,

with two terms on the next to last line vanishing because B2 − 4AC = 0.
This gives the canonical form

Vξξ + K(ξ, η, V, Vξ , Vη ) = 0

for the original partial differential equation when B2 − 4AC = 0.

11. Suppose now that B2 − 4AC < 0. Let the roots of Ca2 + Ba + A = 0 be
p ± iq. Let
ξ = x + pt, η = qt.
Proceeding as in the preceding two problems, we find that

Auxx + Buxt + Cutt

= (A + Bp + Cp2 )Vξξ + (qB + 2pqC)Vξη + q2 Vηη .
4 CHAPTER 1. FIRST IDEAS

Now we need some information about p and q. Because of the way p + iq

was chosen,
C(p + iq)2 + B(p + iq) + A = 0.
This gives us
Cp2 − Cq2 + Bp + A + (2Cpq + Bq)i = 0.
Then
Cp2 − Cq2 + Bp = 0 and 2Cpq + Bq = 0.
In this case,
Auxx + Buxt + Cutt = q2 (Vξξ + Vηη )
and we obtain the canonical form
Vξξ + Vηη + K(ξ, η, V, Vξ , Vη ) = 0
for this case.
12. The diffusion equation is parabolic and the wave equation is hyperbolic.
14. B2 − 4AC = 33 > 0, so the equation is hyperbolic. With
√ √
1 + 33 1 − 33
a= and b =
8 8
the canonical form is
 √ √ 
16 −7 − 33 7 − 33
Vξη − √ ξ+ η .
49 33 8 8

16. With A = 1, B = 0, and C = 0, B2 − 4AC = −36 < 9, so the equation is

elliptic. Solve 9a2 + 1 = 0 to get a = ±i/3. Thus use the transformation
1
ξ = x, η = t
3
to obtain the canonical form
Vξξ + Vηη + ξ2 − 3ηV = 0.

1.2 Fourier Series

2. cos(3x) is the Fourier series of cos(3x) on [−π, π]. This converges to cos(3x)
for −π ≤ x ≤ π.
4. The Fourier series of f(x) on [−2, 2] is
∞
4(1 − (−1)n )
cos(nπx/2),
n=1
n2 π2

converging to 1 − |x| for −2 ≤ x ≤ 2. Figure 1.1 compares a graph of f(x)

with the fifth partial sum of the series.
1.2. FOURIER SERIES 5

Figure 1.1: f(x) and the 5th partial sum of the Fourier series in Problem 4.

6. The Fourier series is

2 4
+ cos(x) − sin(x)
π 3π
∞
4(−1)n+1
+ cos(nx).
n=2
π(4n2 − 1)

Figure 1.2 compares a graph of the function with the fifth partial sum of
the series.

8. The Fourier series converges to

⎧
⎪
⎨cos(x) for −2 < x < 1/2,
sin(x) for 1/2 < x < 2,
⎪
⎩
(cos(2) + sin(2))/2 for x = ±2.

10. The series converges to

⎧
⎪
⎪1 for −2 < x < 0,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ −1 for 0 < x, 1/2,
⎪
⎪
⎨x2 for 1/2 < x < 2,
⎪
⎪0 at x = 0,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪−3/8 at x = 1/2,
⎪
⎪
⎩
5/2 at x = ±2.
6 CHAPTER 1. FIRST IDEAS

Figure 1.2: f(x) and the 5th partial sum of the Fourier series in Problem 6.

12. The series converges to

⎧
⎪
⎪ 1−x for −3 < x < −1/2,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 2+x for −1/2 < x < 1,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 4 − x2 for 1 < x < 2,
⎪
⎨1 − x − x2 for 2 < x < 3,
⎪
⎪ 3/2 at x = −1/2,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 3 at x = 1,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ −5/2 at x = 2,
⎪
⎩
−7/2 at x = ±3.

14. Multiply by f(x) to obtain

1
(f(x))2 = a0 f(x)
2
∞
+ (an f(x) cos(nπx/L) + bn f(x) sin(nπx/L)) .
n=1

Integrate term by term:

L L
1
(f(x))2 dx = a0 f(x) dx
−L 2 −L
∞
 
 L L
+ an f(x) cos(nπx/L) dx + bn f(x) sin(nπx/L) dx .
n=1 −L −L
1.2. FOURIER SERIES 7

Then
L ∞
1
(f(x))2 dx = a0 (La0 ) + L(a2n + b2n ).
−L 2 n=1

Upon division by L, this yields Parseval’s equation.

16. The cosine series is
∞
4 sin(nπ/2)
cos(nπx/2),
n=1
nπ

converging to 1 for 0 ≤ x < 1, to −1 for 1 < x ≤ 2, and to 0 at x = 1.

Figure 1.3 compares the function to the 100th partial sum of this cosine
expansion.
The sine series is
∞
1
(−4 cos(nπ/2) + 2(1 + (−1)n )) sin(nπx/2),
n=1
nπ

converging to 0 at the end points and at 1, and to the function for 0 < x <
1 and 1 < x < 2. Figure 1.4 is the 100th partial sum of this sine series.
18. The cosine expansion is
∞
 4
1+ (−1 + (−1)n ) cos(nπx).
n=1
n2 π2

This converges to f(x) on [0, 1]. Figure 1.5 compares the function with the
10th partial sum of this cosine series.

Figure 1.3: f(x) and the 100th partial sum of the cosine series in Problem 16.
8 CHAPTER 1. FIRST IDEAS

Figure 1.4: f(x) and the 100th partial sum of the sine expansion in Problem 16.

Figure 1.5: f(x) and the 10th partial sum of the cosine series in Problem 18.

The sine expansion is

∞
4
(−1)n+1 sin(nπx),
n=1
nπ

converging to 0 at x = 0 and x = 1, and to 2x for 0 < x < 1. Figure 1.6

compares the function with the 50th partial sum of this sine expansion.
1.2. FOURIER SERIES 9

Figure 1.6: f(x) and the 50th partial sum of the sine expansion in Problem 18.

Figure 1.7: f(x) and the 10th partial sum of the cosine series in Problem 20.

20. The cosine expansion is

∞
1  2
1− + (1 − e−1 (−1)n ) cos(nπx),
e n=1 1 + n2 π2

converging to e−x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. Figure 1.7 shows the function and the
10th partial sum of this series.
10 CHAPTER 1. FIRST IDEAS

Figure 1.8: f(x) and the 50th partial sum of the sine expansion in Problem 20.

The sine expansion is

∞
 2nπ
2 π2
(1 − e−1 (−1)n ) sin(nπx).
n=1
1 + n

This series converges to 0 at x = 0 and at x = 1, and to e−x for 0 < x < 1.

Figure 1.8 shows the 50th partial sum.

22. The cosine expansion is

∞
1  4
+ (2 cos(nπ/2) − (1 + (−1)n )) cos(nπx/2),
2 n=1 n2 π2

converging to f(x) on [0, 2]. Figure 1.9 shows graphs of the function and
the 10th partial sum of this cosine series.
The sine series is
∞
16 sin(nπx/2)
sin(nπx/2),
n=1
n2 π2

converging to f(x) on [0, 2]. The function and the 10th partial sum of this
sine series are shown in Figure 1.10.

23. Expand f(x) = sin(x) in a cosine series on [0, π]:

∞
2  −2(1 + (−1)n )
sin(x) = + cos(nx).
π n=2 π(n2 − 1)
1.2. FOURIER SERIES 11

Figure 1.9: f(x) and the 10th partial sum of the cosine series in Problem 22.

Figure 1.10: f(x) and the 50th partial sum of the sine expansion in Problem 22.

Since 1 + (−1)n = 0 if n is odd, we need only to retain the even positive

integers in the sum. Replace n with 2n to write
∞
 −4
sin(x) = cos(2nx).
n=1
π(4n2 − 1)

Now choose x = π/2.

12 CHAPTER 1. FIRST IDEAS

1.3 Two Eigenvalue Problems

2. Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are

 2  
(2n − 1)π (2n − 1)πx
λn = , Xn (x) = cos .
2L 2L

Figure 1.11: f(x) and the 10th partial sum.

Figure 1.12: f(x) and the 25th partial sum.

1.3. TWO EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS 13

Figure 1.13: f(x) and the 50th partial sum.

Figure 1.14: f(x) and the 100th partial sum.

4. Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are

λn = α2n , Xn (x) = sin(αn x),

where αn is the nth positive root (in increasing order) of the equation
tan(αL) = −2α.
14 CHAPTER 1. FIRST IDEAS

1.4 A Proof of the Convergence Theorem

The Fourier series of f(x) on [−1, 1] is

∞
2
(1 − (−1)n ) sin(nπx).
n=1
nπ

Figures 1.11–1.14 show the function and the nth partial sum for n = 10, 25, 50, 100,
respectively.
Chapter 2

Solutions of the Heat

Equation

2.1 Solutions on an Interval [0, L]

2. By inspection the solution is u(x, t) = T.

4. By equation 2.2 the solution is

2
u(x, t) = sin(πx)e−kπ t .

6. Let u(x, t) = U(x, t) + ψ(x). For U to satisfy the standard heat equation
choose ψ(x) so that ψ (x) = 0. For homogeneous boundary conditions
√ on
the problem for U(x, t), we also want ψ(0) = 3 and ψ(5) = 7. These
conditions determine ψ(x):
√
7−3
ψ(x) = x + 3.
5

The solution of the problem is

√
7−3
u(x, t) = U(x, t) + x + 3,
5

where
∞
 2
π 2 t/25
U(x, t) = bn sin(nπx/5)e−kn
n=1

Solutions Manual to Accompany Beginning Partial Differential Equations,

Third Edition. Peter V. O’Neil.

c 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

15
16 CHAPTER 2. SOLUTIONS OF THE HEAT EQUATION

and
5
2
bn = (x2 − ψ(x)) sin(nπx/5) dx
5 0
2 √ 
n 2 2
= (−3 − (25 − 7)(−1) )n π + 50((−1) n
− 1) .
n3 π3

8. Let u(x, t) = U(x, t) + ψ(x). To obtain a standard problem for U, choose

3
ψ(x) = x + 1.
5
The problem for U(x, t) has the solution
∞
 2
π 2 t/25
U(x, t) = bn sin(nπx/5)e−7n ,
n=1

where
5
2
bn = (e−x − ψ(x)) sin(nπx/5) dx
5 0
1  2 2 
= 2 2
2n π (−1)n+1 + 200(−1)n + 8n2 π2 (−1)n − 50 .
nπ(25 + n π )

10. Let u(x, t) = eαx+βt v(x, t) in the partial differential equation to obtain

vt = (kα2 − hα − β)v + (2kα − h)vx + kvxx .

Simplify this equation by choosing α and β to make the coefficients of v

and vx equal to zero. Thus choose

h h2
α= ,β=− .
2k 4k
The problem for v(x, t) is

vt = kvxx ,
v(0, t) = v(L, t) = 0,
v(x, 0) = e−hx/2k f(x).

This problem has the solution

∞
 2
π 2 t/L2
v(x, t) = bn sin(nπx/L)e−kn ,
n=1

where
L
2
bn = e−3ξ f(ξ) sin(nπξ/L) dξ.
L 0
2.1. SOLUTIONS ON AN INTERVAL [0, L] 17

12. Let k = 1 and h = 6 in problem 10 to set

u(x, t) = e3x−6t v(x, t).

The problem for v is

vt = uxx ,
v(0, t) = v(π, t) = 0,
v(x, 0) = e−3x f(x).

The solution for v is

∞
 2
v(x, t) = bn sin(nx)e−n t ,
n=1

where
π
2
bn = e−3ξ sin(ξ) sin(nξ) dξ
π 0
12n  
= 1 + (−1)n e−3π .
n4 2
+ 16n + 100

14. Let u(x, t) = e−8t v(x, t). The problem for v(x, t) is

vt = kvxx ,
vx (0, t) = vx (2π, t) = 0,
v(x, 0) = x(2π − x).

This has the solution

∞
2 2  4 2
v(x, t) = π − 2
(1 + (−1)n ) cos(nx/2)e−kn t/4 .
3 n=1
n

The solution of the original problem is u(x, t) = e−8t v(x, t).

16. By inspection, the solution is u(x, t) = B.
18. The problem is

ut = kuxx ,
u(0, t) = ux (L, t) = 0,
u(x, 0) = B.

Upon letting u(x, t) = X(x)T(t), we obtain

X + λX = 0, X(0) = X (L) = 0

T + kλX = 0.
18 CHAPTER 2. SOLUTIONS OF THE HEAT EQUATION

The eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are

 2
(2n − 1)π
λn = , Xn (x) = sin((2n − 1)πx/2L).
2L

We also obtain
2
π 2 kt/4L2
Tn (t) = e−(2n−1) .
Thus try a solution
∞
 2
π 2 kt/4L2
u(x, t) = bn sin((2n − 1)πx/2L)e−(2n−1) .
n=1

To find the coefficients, we need

∞

u(x, 0) = B = bn sin((2n − 1)πx/2L).
n=1

This is not a Fourier series. However, observe that


L
0  m,
if n =
Xn (x)Xm (x) dx =
0 L/2 if n = m.

Using the same informal reasoning used to derive the Fourier coefficients,
multiply the series for u(x, 0) by sin((2m − 1)πx/2l) and integrate term
by term to obtain

2 2B
bn = B sin((2n − 1)πx/2L) dx = .
L 0 L

The solution is
∞
2B  2 2 2
u(x, t) = sin((2n − 1)πx/2L)e−(2n−1) π kt/4L .
L n=1

20. The problem for the temperature distribution function is

ut = kuxx = −A(u − T),

ux (0, t) = ux (L, t) = 0,
u(x, 0) = f(x).

First let w = u − T to obtain the new problem

wt = kwxx − Aw,
wx (0, t) = wx (L, t) = 0,
w(x, 0) = f(x) − T.
2.2. A NONHOMOGENEOUS PROBLEM 19

Now let U(x, t) = e−At w(x, t). The problem for U(x, t) is

Ut = kUxx ,
Ux (0, t) = Ux (L, t) = 0,
U(x, 0) = w(x, 0) = f(x) − T.

The solution of this problem is

∞
1 2 2 2
U(x, t) = a0 + an sin(nπx/L)e−kn π t/L ,
2 n=1

where
L
2
an = (f(ξ) − T) sin(nπξ/L) dξ.
L 0
Then
u(x, t) = w(x, t) + T = e−At U(x, t) + T.

22. Multiply the heat equation by u and integrate to get

b b
uut dx = k uuxx dx.
a a

Integrate the right side of this equation by parts and rewrite the left side
as the integral of a partial derivative to obtain
 
b b
1 ∂ 2 b
(u ) dx = k [uuxx ]a − ux ut dx .
a 2 ∂t a

This is equivalent to the equation to be derived.

2.2 A Nonhomogeneous Problem

2. First compute

2 L
Bn (t) = ξ sin(t) sin(nπξ/L) dξ
L 0
2L(−1)n+1
= sin(t).
nπ
Next, we need
2L(−1)n+1 t −kn2 π2 (t−τ )/L2
e sin(τ) dτ
nπ 0
2L3 (−1)n 
2 2 −kn2 π 2 t/L2 2 2
= L cos(t) − L e − kn π sin(t) .
nπ(k2 n4 π4 + L4 )
Denote this quantity Pn (t).
20 CHAPTER 2. SOLUTIONS OF THE HEAT EQUATION

Next, compute
L
2 2
bn = f(ξ) sin(nπξ/L) dξ = (1 − (−1)n ).
L 0 nπ
The solution is
∞

u(x, t) = Pn (t) sin(nπx/L)
n=1
∞
 2 2
π 2 t/L2
+ (1 − (−1) ) sin(nπx/L)e−kn
n
.
n=1
nπ

4. First,
L/2
2K
Bn (t) = K sin(nπξ/L) dξ = (1 − cos(nπ/2)) .
0 nπ
Next,
t
2K 2 2 2
Pn (t) = (1 − cos(nπ/2)) e−kn π (t−τ )/L dτ
nπ 0
2KL2 
−kn2 π 2 t/L2
= (1 − cos(nπ/2)) 1 − e .
kn3 π3

Next, 
2 L
0 if n = 1,
bn = sin(πξ/L) sin(nπξ/L) dξ =
L 0 1 if n = 1.

6. Attempt a solution
∞
1
u(x, t) = T0 (t) + Tn (t) cos(nπx/L).
2 n=1

Here
L
2
Tn (t) = u(ξ, t) sin(nπξ/L) dξ
L 0
for n = 0, 1, 2, . . .. Expand,
∞
1
F(x, t) = A0 (t) + An (t) cos(nπx/L).
2 n=1

For any t ≥ 0, this is the Fourier cosine expansion of F(x, t) on [0, L],
thinking of F(x, t) as a function of x. Therefore the coefficients are
L
2
An (t) = F(ξ, t) cos(nπξ/L) dξ.
L 0
2.2. A NONHOMOGENEOUS PROBLEM 21

Now differentiate Tn (t) and use the heat equation to obtain

L
2
Tn (t) = ut (ξ, t) cos(nπξ/L) dξ
L 0
L
2
= (kuxx (ξ, t) + F(ξ, t)) cos(nπξ/L) dξ
L 0
L
2k
= uxx (ξ, t) cos(nπξ/L) dξ
L 0
L
2
+ F(ξ, t) cos(nπξ/L) dξ
L 0
L
2k
= uxx (ξ, t) cos(nπξ/L) + An (t).
L 0

Integrate the last integral by parts and use the boundary conditions to
obtain
kn2 π2
Tn (t) + Tn (t) = An (t).
L2
Now
L
2
Tn (0) = u(ξ, t) cos(nπξ/L) dξ
L 0
L
2
= f(ξ) cos(nπξ/L) dξ = an ,
L 0

the nth Fourier cosine coefficient of f(x) on [0, L]. Thus Tn (t) is determined
as the solution of the problem
kn2 π2
Tn (t) + Tn (t) = An (t); An (0) = an .
L2
This has the unique solution
t
2
π 2 (t−τ )/L2 2
π 2 t/L2
Tn (t) = e−kn An (τ) dτ + an e−kn ,
0

where the an ’s are the Fourier cosine coefficients of f(x) on [0, L].
This results in the solution
∞  t 
1 −kn2 π 2 (t−τ )/L2
u(x, t) = T0 (t) + e An (τ) dτ cos(nπx/L)
2 n=1 0

∞
1 2 2 2
+ a0 + an e−kn π t/L cos(nπx/L).
2 n=1

7. Compute
L
2
A0 (t) = ξt dξ = Lt
L 0
22 CHAPTER 2. SOLUTIONS OF THE HEAT EQUATION

and for n = 1, 2, . . .,
L
2 2L
An = ξt cos(nπξ/L) dξ = (−1 + (−1)n )t
L 0 n2 π2

Next, the Fourier cosine coefficients of f(x) = 1 on [0, L] are

L
2
a0 = dξ = 2,
L 0
L
2
an = cos(nπξ/L) dξ = 0 for n = 1, 2, . . . .
L 0

Let
t
L 2
P0 (t) = An (τ) dτ = t
0 2
and for n = 1, 2, . . .,

2L(−1 + (−1)n ) t −kn2 π2 (t−τ )/L

Pn (t) = τe dτ
π2 n2 0
2L2  2 2

= − 2 6 6 (1 − (−1)n ) Le−kn π t/L − L + kn2 π2 t .
k n π
Finally, the solution is
∞
L 2 
u(x, t) = t + Pn (t) cos(nπx/L) + 1.
2 n=1

8. Attempt a solution of the form

∞

u(x, t) = Tn (t) sin((2n − 1)πx/2L),
n=1

in which
L
2
Tn (t) = u(ξ, t) sin((2n − 1)πξ/2L) dξ.
L 0

Carry out an analysis like that done in this section (substitute for ut (ξ, t)
and integrate by parts, using the boundary conditions) to derive the
expression

2 L
Tn (t) = ut (ξ, t) sin((2n − 1)πξ/2L) dξ
L 0
2k 2k (2n − 1)π
= β(t)(−1)n+1 + α(t)
L L 2L
 2 L
2k (2n − 1)π
− u(ξ, t) sin((2n − 1)πξ/2L) dξ.
L 2L 0
2.2. A NONHOMOGENEOUS PROBLEM 23

Thus show that

Tn (t) + kλn Tn (t) = bn (t),
where
2k  
Tn (0) = 0 and bn (t) = λn α(t) + (−1)n+1 β(t) .
L

9. With α(t) = 1 and β(t) = t, attempt a solution

∞

u(x, t) = Tn (t) sin((2n − 1)πx/2L)
n=1

and let  2
(2n − 1)π
λn = .
2L
Solve
Tn (t) + kλn Tn (t) = bn (t), Tn (0) = 0,
where
2k  2k
bn (t) = λn + (−1)n+1 t.
L L
Obtain
2  
Tn (t) = √ 1 − e−kλn t
L λn
2(−1)n+1  
+ 2
kλn t − 1 + e−kλn t .
kLλn

10. Attempt a solution of the form

∞
1
u(x, t) = T0 (t) + Tn (t) cos(nπx/L).
2 n=1
Chapter 3

Solutions of the Wave

Equation

3.1 Solutions on Bounded Intervals

2.
∞
(−1)n+1
u(x, t) = sin(nπx) sin(2nπt).
n=1
n2 π2

4. The solution reduces to a single term

u(x, t) = sin(x) cos(4t).

6.
∞
 −16
u(x, t) = sin((2n − 1)x/2) cos((4n − 2)t).
n=1
π(2n − 1)((2n − 1)2 − 4)

8.
∞

u(x, t) = (an cos(5nπt/2) + bn sin(5nπt/2)) sin(nπx/2),
n=1

where  
2(−1)n + 1
an = −32
n3 π3
and
−16
bn = (n2 π2 (−1)n − 2(−1)n + 1).
5n4 π4

Solutions Manual to Accompany Beginning Partial Differential Equations,

Third Edition. Peter V. O’Neil.

c 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

25
26 CHAPTER 3. SOLUTIONS OF THE WAVE EQUATION

10.
∞

u(x, t) = (an cos(3nπt) + bn sin(3nπt)) sin(nπx),
n=1

where  
12(−1)n+1 2 cos(1)(−1)n − 1
an = and bn = − .
(nπ)3 3 n2 π2 − 1

14. Let u(x, t) = X(x)T(t) in the telegraph equation to get

X + λX = 0, T + AT + (B + λc2 )T = 0.

Because X(0) = X(L) = 0, the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are

n2 π2 nπx 
λn = , X n (x) = sin .
L2 L
For T(t) we must solve
 
  n2 π2 c2
T + AT + B + T = 0; T (0) = 0.
L2

To obtain solutions eαt , substitute this into the differential equation and
solve for α. To retain the dependence on n, denote the solutions for α as
  
A 1 n2 π2 c2
αn = − ± A2 − 4 B + .
2 2 L2

By assumption the quantity under the radical is negative, so

A
αn = − ± βn i,
2
where   
1 n2 π2 c2
βn = 4 B+ − A2 .
2 L2
Therefore, for n = 1, 2, . . ., Tn (t) has the form

Tn (t) = an e−At/2 cos(βn t) + bn sin(βn t).

Now attempt a solution

∞

u(x, t) = e−At/2 (an cos(βn t) + bn sin(βn t)) sin(nπx/L).
n=1

Now
∞

u(x, 0) = an sin(nπx/L) = ϕ(x),
n=1
3.1. SOLUTIONS ON BOUNDED INTERVALS 27

so choose
L
2
an = ϕ(ξ) sin(nπξ/L) dξ.
L 0
Next,
∞
A
ut (x, 0) = 0 = − an βn sin(nπx/L)
2 n=1
∞

+ bn βn sin(nπx/L).
n=1

Then ∞  
 A
bn βn − an sin(nπx/L) = 0
n=1
2
for 0 < x < L. Then
A
β n bn − an = 0
2
so
L
A
bn = ϕ(ξ) sin(nπξ/L) dξ.
Lβn 0

16. Let θ(x, t) = X(x)T(t) and use the boundary conditions to obtain

X + λX = 0,
X (0) − αX(0) = 0,
X (L) + αX(L) = 0,
T + λα2 T = 0.

Consideration of cases on λ shows that 0 is not an eigenvalue, and there

is no negative eigenvalue. Set λ = k2 with k > 0 to obtain solutions for X
of the form
X(x) = c cos(kx) + d sin(kx).
From the boundary conditions we obtain

kd − αc = 0

and
−kc sin(kL) + kd cos(kL) + α(c cos(kL) + d sin(kL)) = 0.
From these we obtain
2αk
tan(kL) = .
j2 − α2
If we think of the left and right sides of this equation as functions of k, the
straight line graph (right side) intersects the graph of the tangent function
(right side) infinitely many times with k > 0. The first coordinate of each
such point is an eigenvalue of this problem. If kn is the nth such first
28 CHAPTER 3. SOLUTIONS OF THE WAVE EQUATION

coordinate (counting from left to right), then the eigenvalues are λn = k2n .
Although we cannot solve for kn in an exact algebraic expression, we
can approximate these numbers to any degree of accuracy we need. The
problem for T is now
T + α2 k2n T = 0.
The condition θt (x, 0) = 0 implies that T (0) = 0. Therefore Tn (t) is a
constant multiple of cos(αkn t) and we have functions

θn (x, t) = (cn cos(kn x) + dn sin(kn x)) cos(αkn t)

 
kn
= dn cos(kn x) + sin(kn x) cos(αkn t),
α

which satisfy the partial differential equation, both boundary conditions,

and the zero initial velocity condition. To satisfy u(x, 0) = ϕ(x), attempt
a superposition
∞

θ(x, t) = θn (x, t).
n=1

The coefficients dn must be chosen so that

∞
  
kn
θ(x, 0) = dn cos(αx) + sin(αx) = ϕ(x).
n=1
α

This reminds one of a Fourier series, but here the functions we are ex-
panding ϕ(x) in terms of are

kn
fn (x) = cos(kn x) + sin(kn x).
α
However, using the transcendental equation defining the numbers kn , it is
easy to show that
L
fn (x)fm (x) dx = 0 if n = m.
0

Multiply the proposed expansion by fm (x) to obtain

∞

ϕ(x)fm (x) = dn fn (x)fm (x).
n=1

Upon integrating term by term, all terms on the right vanish except pos-
sibly the n = m term, yielding
L
ϕ(x)fm dx
dm = 0 L .
0
f2m (x) dx
3.1. SOLUTIONS ON BOUNDED INTERVALS 29

18. Let u(x, t) = v(x, t) + f(x) and substitute into the wave equation to obtain

vtt = 9(vxx + f (x)) + Ax2 .

Thus choose f(x) so that

9f (x) + Ax2 = 0.

Integrate twice to get

A 4
f(x) = − x + Cx + D.
108
Now, the condition

u(0, t) = v(0, t) + f(0) = v(0, t) + D = 0

becomes just v(0, t) = 0 if we choose D = 0. Further,

u(1, t) = v(1, t) + f(1) = 0

becomes v(1, t) = 0 if we choose C so that f(1) = 0. Thus choose

A
C=
108
so
A
f(x) = x(1 − x3 ).
108
Next, we will have
u(x, 0) = v(x, 0) + f(x) = 0
if we require that v(x, 0) = −f(x). Finally,

ut (x, 0) = vt (x, 0) = 0.

This familiar problem for v(x, t) has the solution

∞

v(x, t) = cn cos(3nt) sin(nπx),
n=1

where
1
cn = 2 −f(ξ) sin(nπξ) dξ
0
1
A
= −2 ξ(1 − ξ3 ) sin(nπξ) dξ
0 108
A  
= 4(1 − (−1)n ) + 2n2 π2 (−1)n .
9n5 π5

Then u(x, t) = v(x, t) + f(x).

30 CHAPTER 3. SOLUTIONS OF THE WAVE EQUATION

20. Suppose α is a positive number that is not an integer. Let u(x, t) = v(x, t)+
f(x) to obtain the solution

u(x, t) =
∞
1 1 1
cn cos(2nt) sin(nx) + 2 cos(αx) + 2 (1 − cos(απ))x − 2 ,
n=1
4α 4α 4α

where
n cos(απ)(−1)n − 1
cn = −
2π α2 (n2 − α2 )
n(−1)n cos(απ) − 1 1 (−1)n − 1
+ + .
2 n2 π2 2π nα2

A different solution must be derived if α is a positive integer.

22. The solution is

u(x, t) =
∞
1 1
an cos(4nπt/3) sin(nπx/3) + (e−x − 1) + (1 − e−3 )x,
n=1
16 48

where
1 nπ
an = (1 − e−3 (−1)n ) + ((−1)n − 1).
8nπ 8(9 + n2 π2 )

24. The solution is

u(x, t) =
∞ 
 
2(−1)n+1 81(−1)n 1
cos(2nπt/9) − 2 2
sin(2nπt/9) sin(nπx/9) + x.
n=1
nπ n π 9

26. Multiply the partial differential equation by ut to get

ut utt = c2 ut uxx + ut g(x, t).

Then
b b b
ut utt dx = c2 ut uxx dx + ut g(x, t) dx.
a a
But  
∂ 1 2
ut utt = ut .
∂t 2
Therefore
b b b
d 1 2
u dx = c2 ut uxx dx + ut g(x, t) dx.
dt a 2 t a a
3.1. SOLUTIONS ON BOUNDED INTERVALS 31

Integrate by parts to get

b b
c2 ut uxx dx = c2 [ut ux ]a − c2
b
ux uxt dx
a a
b  
∂ 1 2
= c2 [ut ux ]a − c2
b
ux dx.
a ∂t 2

Then
b b   b
d 1 2 ∂ 1 2
u dx = c2 [ut ux ]ba − c2 u dx + ut g(x, t) dx.
dt a 2 t a ∂t 2 x a

Rearrangement of this equation yields the conclusion to be proved.

27. Let u(x, t) and v(x, t) be solutions and let w(x, t) = u(x, t) − v(x, t). Then
w is a solution of the problem

wtt =c2 wxx ,

wx (0, t) = wx (L, t) = 0,
w(x, 0) = wt (x, 0) = 0.

Define
L
1
E(t) = (w2t + c2 w2x ) dx.
2 0
Then
L
E (t) = (wt wtt + c2 wx wxt ) dx.
0
Integrate the second term by parts and use the boundary conditions to
conclude that
L L
L
wx wxt dx = wx wt ]0 − wt wxx dx
0 0
L
=− wt wxx dx.
0

Now use the partial differential equation to write

L
E (t) = (wt wtt − c2 wt wxx ) dx
0
L L
= (wt wtt − wt wtt ) dx = 0
0 0

for t > 0 and 0 < x < L. Because E(t) is continuous, E(t) is constant on
any interval [0, T]. But E(0) = 0 so E(t) is identically zero, and therefore
wx and wt must be zero. This means that w(x, t) must be constant. But
w(x, 0) = 0, so w(x, t) = 0 and u(x, t) = v(x, t).
32 CHAPTER 3. SOLUTIONS OF THE WAVE EQUATION

28.  
√ 1 √
u(x, t) = e−t/2 cos( 35t) + √ sin( 35t) sin(x).
2 35
30.
 
π −t/2 √ 1 √
u(x, t) = e cos(4 63t) + √ sin(4 63t) sin(x)
2 2 63t
∞  
√ 1 √
+ e−t/2 bn cos(4 63t) + √ sin(4 63t) sin(nx),
n=2
2 63

where
−4n(1 + (−1)n )
bn = for n = 2, 3, . . . .
π(n2 − 1)2
32.  
∞

−t/8 2
u(x, t) = e bn cos(αn t) + sin(αn t) sin(nx),
n=1
αn
where
1√
αn = 64n2 − 1
2
and
4
bn = (2 + (−1)n ).
n3

3.2 The Cauchy Problem

3.2.1 d’Alembert’s Solution
2.
1  1 x+4t
u(x, t) = (x + 4t)2 + (x − 4t)2 + sin(2s) ds
2 8 x−4t
1
= x2 + 16t2 + sin(2x) sin(8t).
8
4.
1
u(x, t) = (cosh(x + 2t) + cosh(x − 2t)) + 2xt.
2
6.
1  x+t 
u(x, t) = 2 + x + e − ex−t .
2
8.
x+t
1 1
u(x, t) = (sin(3(x + t)) + sin(3(x − t))) + cos(s) ds
2 2 x−t
1
= (sin(x + t) − sin(x − t)).
2
3.2. THE CAUCHY PROBLEM 33

11. The solution with ϕ(x) = sin(x) is

1
u(x, t) = (sin(x + t) + sin(x − t))
2
while the problem with ϕ(x) = sin(x) + has the solution u(x, t) + .
12. The solution of the first problem is
1
u1 (x, t) = (cos(x + t) + cos(x − t)) + xt.
2
The solution of the second problem is
1
u2 (x, t) = (cos(x + t) + cos(x − t)) + xt + t + .
2
Then
|u2 (x, t) − u1 (x, t)| = (1 + t).
On any interval 0 ≤ x ≤ T, this difference has magnitude not exceeding
(1 + T).
t
13. Let v(x, t) = 0 w(x, t, T) dT and show that u is a solution of the Cauchy
problem with the given initial conditions. Compute
t t
vt = w(x, t, t) + wt (x, t, T) dT = wt (x, t, T) dT
0 0

because w(x, t, t) = 0. Similarly,

t
vtt = wt (x, t, t) + wtt (x, t, T) dT
0
t
= f(x, t) + wtt (x, t, T) dT,
0
t
vx = wx (x, t, T) dT,
0
t
vxx = wxx (x, t, T) dT.
0

Then
t
vtt − vxx = f(x, t) + (wtt (x, t, T) − wxx (x, t, T)) dT = f(x, t)
0

because wtt = wxx . This shows that v(x, t) satisfies the partial differential
equation. Finally,
v(x, 0) = 0 = vt (x, 0).
Therefore v(x, t) is a solution of the Cauchy problem. Since this solution
is unique, then
t
v(x, t) = u(x, t) = w(x, t, T) dT.
0
34 CHAPTER 3. SOLUTIONS OF THE WAVE EQUATION

16. With zero initial velocity, the solution is

1
u(x, t) = (ϕ(x − t) + ϕ(x + t)),
2
the sum of a forward and backward wave, respectively. Figures 3.1–3.5
show the wave at times t = 0, t = 0.3, t = 0.6, t = 1, and 1.3, respectively.
At t = 1.3 the forward and backward waves have separated.

Figure 3.1: Problem 16, wave at time t = 0.

Figure 3.2: Problem 16, wave at time t = 0.3.

3.2. THE CAUCHY PROBLEM 35

Figure 3.3: Problem 16, wave at time t = 0.6.

Figure 3.4: Problem 16, wave at time t = 1.

18. Figures 3.6–3.9 show the wave at times t = 0, t = 0.3, t = 0.7, and t = 1.3,
respectively.

20. Figures 3.10–3.13 show the wave at times t = 0, t = 0.3, t = 0.6, and
t = 1.3.
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dream
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Title: Mr. Replogle's dream

Author: Evelyn E. Smith

Release date: November 14, 2023 [eBook #72120]

Language: English

Original publication: New York, NY: King-Size Publications, Inc, 1956

Credits: Greg Weeks, Mary Meehan and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MR.

REPLOGLE'S DREAM ***
 mr. replogle's dream

By EVELYN E. SMITH

This was a proud day in the life of modern

art. This exhibition would prove that the
machine could not conquer man.

[Transcriber's Note: This etext was produced from

Fantastic Universe December 1956.
Extensive research did not uncover any evidence that
the U.S. copyright on this publication was renewed.]
 The Cimabue Gallery was the last stronghold of
nostalgia—expensive nostalgia. Apart for the
robot attendants—unfortunately necessary, the
times being what they were—there was
practically nothing machine-made about the
Gallery, dedicated as it was to being more than
a mere commercial venture. Evelyn E. Smith
returns to these pages with a gently ironic story
of men and dreams—the day after tomorrow....
"This," said Mr. Ditmars, "is a proud day in the life of the Cimabue
Gallery."
"It is a proud day in the life of modern art," added Mr. Replogle,
feeling that Mr. Ditmars was giving too parochial a picture of the
situation, "for it proves with more force than ever that the machine
will not conquer man."
Both partners gazed with varying degrees of complacency at the
large, brightly-colored oil paintings that covered the refined pastel
walls of the Cimabue. There was almost nothing machine-made
about the gallery—the thick, soft rugs had been hand-woven at
fabulous expense by workmen in the less industrialized areas of the
Middle East, the furnishings hand-carved by tribesmen deep in the
heart of the Australian bush. The only exception was the robot
attendants, which were, unfortunately, necessary, for no one paid
attention to human beings any more unless they were top
management or very high in the hierarchy of handcrafters.
Cimabue could afford all this luxury, and more too, for, now that big
business had become an art, art had become a big business. People
saved the excess from their government subsidies—or, if they were
lucky enough to have professional status, their salaries—to buy a
painting, a holograph manuscript ... anything to distinguish their
homes from the uniform grey mass of material comforts which the
government bestowed on everyone alike. As a result, the partners
were as wealthy as anyone outside the ruling class could hope to be.
However, Mr. Replogle, at least, was not happy. He suffered from
nightmares.
"But where is Orville?" demanded the man from the Times-Herald-
Mirror. "We haven't come to interview you two—you always say the
same thing about every new artist you discover. In fact, we already
have your words set up in type."
Mr. Ditmars gave him a benign smile. "Orville's case is different.
Never before in history has an absolutely unknown artist received
such an immediate ovation from the public. Why, almost every
picture on exhibit is already sold—the buyers have kindly allowed us
to retain them on our walls for the duration of the show as a service
to the public."
"Cimabue is more than a mere commercial venture," Mr. Replogle
added, wishing he could slip off for a paraspirin; his head hurt most
mechanically. "It is a cultural institution."
"Yeah, Orville did get pretty good write-ups," the World-Post and
Journal man conceded, "though any half-way decent artist sells like
hotcakes these days. People naturally go for anything that's hand-
made." And he fingered his hand-painted tie self-consciously. "But it
can't last."
This disturbed Mr. Replogle more than it should have. But he had
been bothered for many years by his recurring dream—a dream so
frightful that he did not dare to confide it to anyone because of its
terrifying plausibility. And anything said or done by day that seemed
to approach that midnight horror roused him to immediate
defensiveness. "Oh, yes it can last!" he protested. "It will! It must! For
art is the people's last bulwark against the machine—the one area
which cannot be mechanized, which reassures the human race that
it still is pre-eminent."
"Kindly do not touch the pictures," the roboguard droned.
"I was only feeling Orville's impasto," the lady from the Woman's
Own News defended herself. "Very thick."
I couldn't have told her to stop, Mr. Replogle reflected bitterly.
Coming from me it would have been rude, but from a robot it's all
right. Everyone knows a robot's only aim is to serve man. Our
altruism depends on our individual consciences; theirs is built-in and,
hence, more reliable.
"But where is Orville?" the man from the Times-Herald-Mirror
persisted. "He was supposed to be here at three-thirty, and it's
almost four now."
"Softly, softly," said Mr. Ditmars. "The robobar doesn't open itself until
four anyway, so you know you're in no hurry.... And, remember, a
great artist mustn't be rushed—he is not a machine, you know."
"Hervey McGeachin is bringing him," Mr. Replogle explained. "One
could hardly hurry McGeachin," he added ... unnecessarily, for
everyone knew that one didn't hurry the richest man in the United
States—one awaited his pleasure. Beside being fabulously wealthy,
McGeachin had the reputation of being something of a recluse, but
this did not make him more newsworthy, for all members of top
management tended to be a bit eccentric. The rank was hereditary—
it took more than one generation for a family to begin to understand
its machines—and there was a lot of inbreeding, with the usual
results.
"Orville is a protege of Mr. McGeachin's, isn't he?" asked the lady
from Woman's Own.
"Yes," Mr. Ditmars said. "All that was in the press release. He's one
of Mr. McGeachin's employees. Mr. McGeachin discovered him
personally, and he got in touch with us." Mr. Ditmars almost swelled
with visible pride; Mr. Replogle wished he would exercise a bit more
self-restraint. Such an open display of emotion was vulgar—almost
mechanical, one might say. Especially since they themselves were
management, in a way, although one didn't, of course, apply such a
word to those who dealt in the arts and crafts. The general public
feared and respected the management which governed them, but
they loved entrepreneurs.
"A factory hand!" Woman's Own gushed. "What a story that will
make!"
The male reporters laughed as one male. "Where have you been all
these years, cookie?" asked the World-Post and Journal. "I doubt if
there's a factory left in the United States that isn't mechanized to the
very hilt by now—with robot labor for the more specialized
operations."
"I know," she sighed. "Deep down inside of me I really know. I was
just hoping. I suppose I am—" and she batted her eyelashes "—like
all females, an incurable romantic. What do you suppose Orville is,
then?"
"Might be a clerk," Time-week suggested. "A lot of the big places still
use live clerical help for tone, and, of course, you always need a few
human beings around in case the machines break down."
"I somehow got the impression that he was an executive," Mr.
Ditmars said frostily.
"Let's hope not. It would ruin the human element in the story. You
can't expect our readers to identify with management."
"A minor executive, that is," Mr. Replogle hastened to inform them,
before Ditmars could open his big mouth again. "More like a shipping
clerk."
"Is Orville his first or his last name?" Woman's Own wanted to know.
"Just Orville," Mr. Ditmars said. "Like Rembrandt."
"Of course Rembrandt did have a last name," Mr. Replogle pointed
out. "He just isn't known by it."
"And Orville's more like Grandma Moses, anyhow, I would say,"
commented the Times-Herald-Mirror.
"He is a primitive, true," Mr. Replogle said judiciously. "If you insist
upon pinning a label on him, you might call him a post pre-
Raphaelite, with just a soupcon of Rousseau."
"I didn't know Rousseau painted," the World-Post and Journal man
said, busily clicking on his typopad.
"Not that one," Mr. Replogle told him kindly. "The other two."
"How old is Orville?" Woman's Own held her typopad at the ready.
"How many children does he have? Is he married? Fond of animals?
What does he eat for breakfast?"
"For heaven's sake," Mr. Ditmars exploded, "it isn't the man himself
that matters—it's the man as interpreted through his art! And you
can see that art for yourself." He waved his arms toward the pale
gallery walls. "Drink it in and absorb the essence of the artist."
"But we'd like a little more factual data, as a point of departure. After
all, our readers—"
"All right, all right," Mr. Ditmars said before Mr. Replogle could stop
him, "I'll give you all the facts we have—to wit, none. All we know
about Orville we put into the release. McGeachin's been keeping him
under wraps. We don't know a thing about him. He's eccentric—
McGeachin, I mean."
"Could be Orville also," the World-Post and Journal suggested.
Mr. Ditmars sighed. "Could be Orville also," he conceded.
"It's more of a story if Orville is eccentric. You more or less expect it
from management."
"Well," Mr. Replogle said, unable to contain himself further—his head
was really blasting off—"artists can be pretty peculiar people too."
It was Mr. Ditmars' turn to glare at him.
"Make way for Hervey McGeachin III and Orville," the robot at the
door declaimed. "Make way...."
Every head swivelled to catch sight of the well-known but seldom-
seen financier, as he came jerkily through the crowd. All the
journalists were dressed in the maroon or beige or navy synthetics of
almost similar cut that mass production had enforced upon the entire
population, save for the very wealthy. Gay knitted mittens, colorful
plumed hats, rainbow-hued scarves—all of which were
ostentatiously hand-made—showed that the pressmen were
professionals and not mere government pensioners who could do
nothing that a machine could not do as well or better. However,
although there were no sumptuary laws as such, few of the
journalists could afford more than one or two of these costly, status-
making accessories.
McGeachin was completely costumed in rugged individualist style.
His scarlet silk hose, emerald satin knee breeches, swallow-tailed
plum velvet coat, and starched white ruff made Mr. Replogle, who
had been rather proud of his own pale blue brocade waistcoat and
seal-skin mukluks almost sick with envy. He's so hand-made he's
practically mechanical, he said bitterly to himself.
McGeachin was followed by a Class Three, All-Purpose Manual
Labor Robot, well-burnished but of rather an early pattern. Surely,
Mr. Replogle thought, if the financier had to use a mechanical man,
and personal attendants were far more hand-made, he could at least
have got a more recent model.
"Welcome to Cimabue, Mr. McGeachin," Mr. Ditmars and Mr.
Replogle said almost simultaneously.
"But where is Orville?" the senior partner added.
McGeachin pointed with his long green cigar. "This is Orville," he
said in a crisp metallic voice.
Mr. Replogle could feel himself growing pale all the way down to his
mukluks. This was precisely the way his nightmare had always
begun. Only now it was reality ... or was it? Perhaps he was back in
the dream again. He could close his eyes and, when he opened
them, he would be lying in his own standard air-conditioned toti-
comfort sleeplounge under his own satin-covered, goose-down filled
luxury quilt.
"A robot!" he could hear Mr. Ditmars wail, as the typopads began to
click thinly, his voice somehow sounding far away. "How could you—
why didn't you let us know he was a robot beforehand?"
Mr. Replogle opened his eyes and nothing had changed; it was all
real—it was the end.
"Because you would have discriminated against him," Hervey
McGeachin was saying, his grey face shiny with excessive emotion.
"Everybody discriminates against my poor robots. Trustworthy, hard-
working, clean, loyal to a fault—yet everybody discriminates against
them merely because they're machines. I knew that, if I had told you
he was a robot, you would never have hung his pictures in Cimabue,
in spite of the fact that it was I who recommended him."
Top management or no, Mr. Replogle felt he must speak; there were
principles at stake. The dismal future of humanity rested somehow in
his own shaking hands. "Sir," he said, in a hoarse voice, "you have
not dealt fairly with us. You said that this Orville was a protege of
yours."
"And so he is." McGeachin put a thick, unmuscular arm around the
robot's hard shoulders. "He is my protege and friend and I don't care
if people do call me a robot-lover."
There was a gasp from the reporters, even those representing the
liberal press.
McGeachin pointed his cigar at them. "Listen," he said.
"Autobiographical note." Typopads began to click. "Up until the age
of seventeen I hardly knew there was anybody on the planet but
robots. My father didn't have time to mess around with kids, since he
believed in running all of his multifarious industries personally. I,
myself, though I tour the factories only once a year, have succeeded,
by means of a computer and a ouija board, in increasing what little
remained of his vast fortune after taxes to an amount that is ten
times as great as his was at its peak."
"How do you spell ouija?" the man from the World-Post and Journal
interrupted.
"So," McGeachin continued, after affably spelling the word and
making a few adverse remarks on the sad state of current education,
"during my childhood, I was left entirely in the care of robots, and I
was a happy, carefree lad until I was sent to Harvard. There I
discovered the dark truth which has over-shadowed my life ever
since and rendered me a virtual recluse—that there are also large
numbers of people in the world. Give me a robot, any time.
Trustworthy, hard-working, clean, loyal to a fault, and, in Orville's
case, artistic also. Tell 'em how you started in to paint, Orville."
"Well, it was like this, gents," Orville said in a voice like a rusty hinge.
"I work for the Perfect Paint Section of the Superior Chemicals
Division of the Universal Materials Corporation, which is a subsidiary
of the McGeachin interests, and, as I'm getting along in gears, I was
put onto artists' oil colors, which are individually ground, like all the
artists nowadays want 'em to be—"
"In all McGeachin products, from paints to parliaments," the financier
interjected, "the customer comes first, insofar as his desires are
compatible with the mass-production methods necessarily imposed
upon us by automation."
"—And there was a little left over of some colors what wouldn't fit into
the tubes, and the forebot says to me, he says, 'Throw 'em into the
disposal, Orville—'"
"—All the McGeachin robots have names. It gives that personal
touch I like to have around my plants." There was something
extraordinarily odd about McGeachin, Mr. Replogle felt, though he
couldn't quite put his finger on just what it was ... something more
than mere eccentricity, something curiously sinister.
"—And I says to the forebot, 'Begging your pardon, sir, but if there
was no other use for 'em, I would like to try my hand at painting a
picture like on the pretty calendars Perfect Paint sends out every
Christmas.' And he says to me, laughing-like, 'Well, if that's what you
want to do with your restoration period, Orville, more power to you' ...
which is—" the robot snickered "—a kind of little joke we have
amongst ourselves at the factory."
One of the Cimabue robots gave a laugh which Mr. Replogle cut
short with a glance.
"But I didn't know they could do that," the Times-Herald-Mirror said
plaintively. "Laugh, I mean."
"Ah," McGeachin told him, "that's because you never bothered to
understand the real robot. You don't look beyond the metal to the
wires that vibrate underneath."
"So I painted a picture on a piece of cardboard," Orville continued
patiently, "—the side of a carton it was—and the picture was much
admired in the plant, though I says it as shouldn't, and Mr.
Pembroke, the superintendent, went so far as to ask if he might have
it to hang in his office, which, of course, I was glad to have him do.
And there it come to the attention of Mr. McGeachin when he was
making his annual tour of the plant.... Mr. McGeachin is—" Orville
approximated a modest cough "—by way of being a connoissoor."
"When I saw that picture, I knew I was standing in the presence of
solid genius," McGeachin took over. "Mind you, when I heard it had
been painted by a robot, I was surprised myself, I admit it freely. But
I was not prejudiced. I had spent all my life with machines and I
knew of what fine handcraft they were capable. 'Why shouldn't a
robot paint a picture?' I asked myself. 'No reason whatsoever,' I
answered. And I was right, as is amply evidenced by this splendid
and tastefully arranged display." He beamed at Mr. Ditmars, who
groaned.
"But it's impossible," the lady from Woman's Own protested, looking
as if only the dignity of her profession kept her from bursting into
tears. "How could a robot paint a picture. How could it want to paint
a picture?"
"I dunno," Orville, as the only one who could conceivably be
expected to answer this question, said. "It just come to me like that.
You could say I was inspired, I guess."
"But inspiration is a human prerogative! If a robot can be inspired,
what is left for people now?"
"'Tisn't for me to say, miss," Orville said modestly, "only I don't see
why we both couldn't be inspired. Peaceful coexistence, like. If
robots are designed to serve man, they could do a better job of it if
both—man and machine—work side by side harmoniously."
"Work!" exclaimed the male reporters unharmoniously.
Mr. Replogle closed his eyes. He had never expected to hear such a
mechanical word in the chaste purlieux of his gallery—his and Mr.
Ditmars' gallery, that was, but it didn't matter, soon it wouldn't be
anybody's gallery. Reality was following the inexorable course of the
dream and they were doomed.
"No offense intended," Orville said hastily. "I meant work like maybe
painting or knitting. I didn't mean machine work."
"And why not machine work?" McGeachin demanded. "Why
shouldn't man work with his hands instead of just crafting?"
A little man, Replogle thought, would be lynched for saying a more
than mechanical thing like that—mechanical, why it was down-right
subversive!—but McGeachin was secure because of the position
that he maintained only as a result of the sweat and toil of others.
Only, of course, robots don't sweat. The light film that had begun to
cover Orville was doubtless only excess oil. Disgusting,
nevertheless.
"Listen," McGeachin said, pointing his long, green cigar at the
reporters. "Important announcement. I have decided to replace all
my feedback equipment, except where the most delicate operations
are involved, by people."
The typopads clicked furiously.
"You ask me why?" although no one had; they were much too
stunned. "Because robots, though trustworthy, hard-working, clean,
and loyal to a fault, have one drawback—they're expensive. A
worker dies or gets sick, it's no extra money out of my pocket—I got
to pay taxes for his welfare anyway. A robot breaks down, his loss is
all mine. A human worker I got to take care of maybe six, seven
hours a day, a robot twenty-four hours—and it isn't as if they worked
all that time; they got to have rest periods too, or they wear out too
fast. A human worker isn't my responsibility—a robot I got to look out
for all the time."
"But I thought you liked machines better than people," Mr. Replogle
said.
"So, is management expected to like labor? Is labor supposed to like
management? Traditional enemies. I just figured out why I've been
so unhappy most of my life—I like my employees. It's unnatural. It's
—"
"Wrong, Mr. McGeachin?" quavered Woman's Own. "What do you
mean?"
"I'm going to put people in my factories and have robots at my dinner
table.... They don't eat—" McGeachin chuckled fruitily "—so you can
see what an economy move that would be."
Nobody laughed. If McGeachin hadn't been top management—really
top management—Mr. Replogle knew, he would have been torn to
pieces. But top management was boss; it was government; it was
divine right. Nobody did anything.
"If the machine can replace man," Orville suggested, "why can't man
replace the machine? Plenty of room for both.... Did I say something
wrong?" he added, seeing the expressions on the human faces that
surrounded him.
"You're just ahead of your time, boy." McGeachin clapped him on the
shoulder. "But you're right. Why can't man co-exist with the
machine? Why can't robots paint pictures and write books and
compose operas, while people work in the factories? Don't know just
yet how it'll work out in the factories, but it'll be a great day for art!"
"We're going to have to give the money back," Mr. Replogle said
dully.
"What money?" McGeachin asked, obviously annoyed by this
anticlimactic remark.
"The money paid for Orville's pictures. We cheated the buyers—
unwittingly, it is true, but we cheated them nonetheless. We sold the
pictures as hand-mades. They're machined."
"But I have hands," Orville protested.
Mr. Ditmars shook his head. "You're a machine. Replogle is right.
Cimabue is ruined."
"I'll make good your losses," McGeachin said in his crisp, metallic
voice, and just then Mr. Replogle knew what had been bothering him
all along about the financier. Despite his completely hand-made
costume McGeachin looked exactly like a robot. The triumph of
environment over heredity—or was it as simple as that, Mr. Replogle
wondered. Everyone knew who Hervey McGeachin's father was, but
who had his mother been?
"No one can make good our losses," Mr. Ditmars told him. "Modern
art has suffered a crushing blow from which it will never recover. The
handwriting is on the wall."
"You mean the typewriting," Mr. Replogle said.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MR.
REPLOGLE'S DREAM ***

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