GASES CATION\ANION EQUATIONS OBSERVATIONS

H2 Active metal+ dilute acid salt + H2 C,O, effervescence gas which

(Na,K,Ca,Zn,Fe,Mg,Al) burns with a pop sound
H2O CuSO4.5H20 CuSO4 +5H20 C,O liquid which turns anhydrous
Metallic hydroxide metal oxide + water copper sulphate blue
O2 C,O gas which helps in
combustion.
CO2 CO32- Metallic carbonate/bicarbonate + dil acid salt+ C,O brisk effervescene gas which
water+CO2 turns lime water milky but no
Metallic carbonate metal oxide + CO2 effect on acidified PDC/PPM
Metallic bicarbonate metal oxide + CO2 + water
SO2 SO32- Metallic sulphite/bisulphite + dil acid salt+ C, suffocating odour of sulphur,
water+SO2 bleaches the litmus paper(B-R-
CL),turns lime water milky, turns
PDC orange to green/ PPM pink
or purple to colourless.
H2S S2- Metallic sulphide + dil acid salt+ H2S C, rotten egg with effervescence
which turns moist lead acetate/
lead nitrate paper black(PbS ppt)
Cl2 Greenish yellow pungent gas
MnO2 +conc 4HCl MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2 which bleaches the moist litmus
(black) (brown) paper and turns moist starch
iodide paper blue-black.
NO2 NO3- 2Zn(NO3)2 2ZnO + 4NO2 + O2 .White when cold, yellow when
(yellow when hot, (reddish brown gas) hot residue( changes with the
White when cold residue) temperature), reddish brown gas
which turns ferrous sulphate
solution brown.
2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2 . salt decripitates(crackling
(decripitates) (yellow residue) sound), buff yellow residue, RBG
2Cu(NO3)2 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2 . black residue, RBG
- less than 200oc C, pungent gas which gives dense
HCl Cl
NaCl /KCl + conc. H2SO4 NaHSO4 /KHSO4 + HCl white fumes with ammonia
(non-volatile) (acid salt) solution, curdy white ppt with
Rock salt Dibasic acid silver nitrate solution which is
insoluble in dil nitric acid but
soluble in excess of ammonia
solution.
NH3 NH4+ C, pungent irritating odour gas
Ammonium salt + alkali salt + water + NH3 which is basic(R to B), turns
[NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4] [NaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2] nesslers reagent brown, gives
dense white fumes with conc. HCl
SO42- Soluble sulphate + BaCl2 /Ba(NO3)2 BaSO4 + White ppt of BaSO4 which is
soluble salt insoluble in mineral acids.

Cations Dropwise of Excess of NaOH(to check Dropwise of Excess of

NaOH(caustic soda) whether the ppt is NH4OH(ammonia solution/ ammonia
soluble or insoluble) liquor ammonia) solution
Ferrous (Fe2+) Dirty green ppt Insoluble Dirty green ppt Insoluble
Ferric (Fe3+) Reddish brown ppt insoluble Reddish brown ppt insoluble
Cupric (Cu2+) Pale blue ppt Insoluble Pale blue ppt *soluble to give
a robin blue
solution
Zinc(Zn2+) White gelatinous ppt *soluble White gelatinous ppt *soluble
Plumbic(Pb2+) White chalky ppt *soluble White chalky ppt Insoluble
Calcium(Ca2+) White milky ppt Insoluble No visible reaction
Flame test : salt + conc. HCl, make a paste with the glass rod and hold it to the flame.

Cations Colour imparted to the flame

Sodium ion/Na+ Golden yellow
Potassium ion/ K+ Lilac
Cupric ion/ Cu2+ Bluish green
Calcium ion/Ca2+ Brick red

pH and indicator test: neutral

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Strong acid weak acid weak alkali Strong alkali

(aq. HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 (acetic acid, formic acid (NH4OH) (NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH) 2)
HI, HBr) citric, carbonic acid)

• Contains large no contains less no of Contains less no of contains large no of

+
of H ions H+ ions -
OH ions OH- ions
• Complete dissociation partial dissociation partial dissociation complete dissociation
• Contains only ions contains ions and molecules contains ions and molecules contains only ions

Reacts with carbontes, sulphites, sulphide, Reacts (boils) with ammonium salts
Chloride, nitrate to give CO2,SO2, to give ammonia gas
H2S ,HCl, NO2 gases.

• Moist blue litmus paper-turns red Moist red litmus paper-turns blue
• Phenolpthalein(colourless) indicator- remains Phenolpthalein(colourless) indicator- turns pink
colourless
• Methyl orange(orange) – turns pink Methyl orange(orange) - yellow
Distinguish between Manganese dioxide[Manganese(IV) oxide and Copper(II) oxide
Tests Manganese dioxide Copper oxide
• Add conc. HCl to both Greenish yellow chlorine gas is evolved No chlorine gas
the salts+ heat MnO2 + 4ConcHCl MnCl2 + 2H2O CuO + Conc.2 HCl CuCl2 +
+ Cl2 H2O

• Filter the above Filtrate- Brown (MnCl2) solution Filtrate- Blue (CuCl2) colour

• To the above filtrate

add ammonia solution No precipitate formed Blue ppt is formed which is solube
in dropwise and excess in excess of ammonia solution to
give robin blue solution
Differentiate test(reagents used)
1. MnO2 & CuO (Conc. HCl +heat) 2. Chloride ion & any anion ( AgNO3 solution) 3. b/w cations( NaOH/NH4OH)
4. Na+& K+ (flame test) 5. NH4+ & Na+ (NaOH + boil) 6. CO32- & SO32- ( dil HCl/ H2SO4)
7. CO32-/ SO32- & SO42- ( BaCl2 soln/ dilute acid) 8. Cl- & NO3- ( AgNO3 soln) 9. SO2 & CO2 ( K2Cr2O7/ KMnO4)
10. CO32- / SO32- & Cl- / NO3- (dilute acid) 11. Dil HCl & dil. HNO3 (AgNO3) 12. Dil HCl/ HNO3 & H2SO4( BaCl2)
13. Zn/ Pb/ Al & ZnO/ PbO/ Al2O3(conC. NaOH/KOH + boil) 14. Zn2+ & Pb2+ (NH4OH) 15. Zn2+/Pb2+ & Ca2+ (NH4OH)

Analytical chemistry: Zn/Al/Pb(ZAP) + Conc NaOH/ KOH zincate/aluminate/ plumbite + hydrogen gas
ZnO/Al2O3/PbO/Zn(OH)2/Al(OH)3/Pb(OH)2 + Conc NaOH/KOH zincate/aluminate/ plumbite +water
Note: for Aluminium metal water should be added just for balancing.
SOLUBILITY CHART:
1. All the salts of sodium, ammonium and potassium (SAP) are soluble in water.
2. All the salts of nitrate are soluble in water.
3. All the salts of chloride are soluble except PbCl 2, AgCl
• LEAD CHLORIDE is soluble when heated(in hot water) but insoluble in cold water.
• SILVER CHLORIDE is soluble in excess of ammonia solution but insoluble in dilute nitric acid.
4. All the salts of sulphates are soluble in water except PbSO 4, CaSO4, BaSO4 (PCB)
• BARIUM SULPHATE is a white ppt which is insoluble in mineral acids.
5. All the carbonates, sulphites, sulphides, oxides and hydroxides are insoluble in water except SAP

For the conversions(equation writing):

1. Any insoluble salt soluble salt(add dilute acid)
2. Soluble salt insoluble salt(add soluble salt/ dilute acid)
3. Any salt metal oxide(supply heat)
4. Any soluble salt metal hydroxide(add an alkali)

Colour of the salts:

1. Copper carbonate- green amorphous
2. Copper sulphate- blue
3. Copper oxide- black
4. Potassium dichromate-orange
5. Potassium permanganate- purple/ pink
6. Copper nitrate- blue(deliquescent salt)
7. Manganese dioxide- black
8. Manganese chloride- brown
9. Zinc/ lead/ calcium nitrate- white
10. Ammonium chloride- white(sublime solid which gives an acidic gas anda basic gas when heated)
11. Ferrous sulphate- pale green
12. Ferric chloride- yellow