Physics X

PHYSICS
Answers Worksheet - 1
Chapter - 1 (Light : Reflection and Refraction)
Ans. 1. (d) Between the pole of the mirror and its principal focus.
Ans. 2. (d) Either plane or convex
Ans. 3. (a) Less than 10 cm
Explanation: A concave mirror produces an erect image only when the object is placed
between pole and focus.
Now, distance between pole and focus = Focal length
= 10 cm
Hence, the object can be placed at a distance of less than 10 cm in from of the mirror.
As a result, the nature of the image formed when object is placed between pole and focus
of concave mirror is virtual, erect and enlarged.
Ans. 4. (d) S
Ans. 5. The angle between the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence is called angle
of refraction.
Ans. 6. In medium ‘X’ because of lower value of refractive index.
Ans. 7. A very small head : Convex mirror.
A fat body : Concave mirror.
Legs of normal size : Plane mirror.
Ans. 8. (i) Two parameters change : Wavelength and velocity.
(ii) Yes, it bends towards normal.
(iii) The ray entering water from air will also bend towards normal.
(iv) No unit.
Ans. 9. (a) When light travels from an optically rarer medium to an optically denser medium it
moves towards the normal. Since nB > nA hence the light ray will bend towards the
normal on passing from medium A to B.
(b) The speed of the light will increase when the light travels from B to C. Since nc < nB and
v = (c/n), the speed of light ray will increase in the second medium.
Ans. 10. Speed of light in vacuum, c = 3 × 108 m/s
Refractive index of glass, ng = 1.50
c
We have, ng =
v
c
or v=
ng

3 × 108
∴ v=
1.5
v = 2 × 108 m/s
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Ans. 11. A convex lens forms a virtual, large and erect image when the object is placed between the
optical centre (O) and focus (F).
Ans. 12.
S. No. Regular Reflection Irregular or Diffuse Reflection
(i) It occurs when parallel beam of inci- It occurs when parallel beam of inci-
dent rays remain parallel after reflec- dent light does not remain parallel after
tion. reflection.
(ii) Occurs from smooth surfaces like Occurs from rough surfaces like wall,
mirror etc. table etc.
(iii) The reflected rays are reflected in The reflected rays are not reflected in
one direction. one direction.
Ans. 13. The focal length of a lens is determined by :

(a) Radii of curvature of the surface of the lens.
(b) Nature of material of the lens i.e., refractive index of lens.
Ans. 14. If a parallel beam of light is incident on a concave mirror, it focuses the beam to a point. This
fact enables us to use it as a doctor's head mirror to concentrate the light beam on a small
area of the body part such as nose, throat, teeth etc.
1 1
Ans. 15. Focal length = = = 0.25 m or 25 cm. It is a convex lens as power and focal length are
P 4
positive.
Focal length, f = +25 cm
Object distance, u = –50 cm
Image distance, v =?
Image height, I =?
1 1 1
Using lens formula, –
f = v u
1 1 1
= v − ( −50)
25
1 1 1
or = −
v 25 50
v = +50 cm
v
Also, magnification, m = −
u
(50)
Hence, m = = –1
−(50)
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Hence, image is formed at 50 cm in front of the lens. The image is of the same size as the
object as magnification is 1. The negative magnification shows that image is inverted.
Ans. 16. (a) Concave mirror converge the light rays falling on it to a point. So large concave mirrors
are used to concentrate sunlight to produce heat in solar cookers. Thus, both assertion
and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
Ans. 17. (a) When the light travels from one medium to another, it's speed changes so it bends
from its path. Therefore, both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct
explanation of assertion.
Ans. 18. (i) (a) Shorter
(ii) (a) Shorter
(iii) (c) Refraction
(iv) (c) Yes
(v) (b) Refractive index
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Ans. 1. (d) Clay

Ans. 2. (b) Real and inverted
Ans. 3. (a) Both concave
Ans. 4. (d) Behind the mirror and it’s position varies according to the object distance.
Ans. 5. Real image.
Ans. 6. The expression relating the distance of object 'u', distance of image 'v' and focal length 'f' for
a special mirror, is called the spherical mirror formula. It is represented as :
1 1 1
= +
f u v
Ans. 7. (a) A medium through which light can travel is called an optical medium.
(b) (i) While passing from one medium to the other, if the speed of light slows down,
then the second medium is said to be optically denser than the first medium.
(ii) While passing from one medium to the other, if the speed of light increases, then
the second medium is said to be optically rarer than the first medium.
Ans. 8. (a) The perpendicular distance between the path of emergent ray and the direction of
incident ray is called lateral shift.
(b) Lateral shift depends on the following factors :
(i) It is directly proportional to the thickness of glass slab.
(ii) It is directly proportional to the angle of incidence.
(iii) It is directly proportional to the refractive index of the glass slab.
(iv) It is inversely proportional to the wavelength of the light used.
Ans. 9.
r
i
Ans. 10. Radius of curvature, R = 32 cm

R
Focal length, f =
2
32
f =
2
f = 16 cm
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Ans. 11. Focal length of convex lens = 20 cm
1 1 1
Using the lens formula, = −
f v u
1 1 1
= v + 15
20
1 1 1
= −
v 20 15
v = – 60 cm
Four characteristics of the image formed by the lens are :
(a) Virtual
(b) Erect
(c) At a distance of 60 cm on the same side of the lens as the object.
(d) Enlarged image.
Ans. 12. The rough focal length of a convex lens is obtained by forming sharp image of a very
distant object on a screen. The distance of the screen from the lens gives us the rough focal
length of the lens. This method is not applicable to a concave lens, as image formed by a
concave lens is virtual and it cannot be taken on the screen.
Ans. 13. (a) The ray in medium B is moving towards normal when it enters from medium A.
Hence, medium B is optically denser than medium A. This means that the refractive
index of medium B with respect to refractive index of medium A will be greater than 1.
(b) Speed of light in rarer medium A (va) is greater than the speed of light in denser
medium B (vb) i.e., va > vb.
Thus, refractive index of B relative to A,
v
n= a
vb
⇒ n >1
Ans. 14. (a) From S. No. 3, we can say that the radius of curvature is 30 cm because when an object
is placed at the centre of curvature of a convex lens, its image is formed on the other
side of the lens at the same distance from the lens. And, we also know that focal length
is half of the radius of curvature. Thus, focal length of the lens is + 15 cm.
(b) S. No. 6 is not correct as the object distance is between focus and pole and in such
cases, the image formed is always virtual but in this case a real image is formed as the
image distance is positive.
(c) Approximate value of magnification for object distance – 20 cm and image distance
+ 60 cm is – 3.
Ans. 15. The following rays of light are usually used to locate the image formed by a spherical
mirror :
The incident ray passing through the centre of curvature : In this case, light after reflecting
from the spherical mirror moves back along the same path.
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The ray incident obliquely to the principal axis : In this case, the incident ray will be
reflected back by the reflecting surface of the spherical mirror obliquely, making equal
angles with the principal axis.
When the object is placed between pole and focus of the concave mirror, image is formed
behind the mirror and is virtual, erect and magnified.
Ans. 16. (a) When the object is placed at an infinity position, the image formed by a concave mirror
will be placed at the focus. Then the size of the image will be highly diminished and
point-size. So, the nature of the image formed by the concave mirror is real and
inverted. Thus, both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation
of assertion.
Ans. 17. (c) Convex mirrors are used for rear view on vehicles. They will always give erect and
diminished image of the object. They provide a wider field for clear view. For this
reason, the convex mirrors are fitted on both sides of the vehicles. Therefore, the given
assertion is true, but reason is false.
Ans. 18. (i) (b) Converging
(ii) (c) Convex
(iii) (c) Two
(iv) (a) No
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Ans. 1. (b) Towards the screen

Ans. 2. (b) 2, 1, 4, 3
Ans. 3. (a) Lens slightly towards the screen
1 1 1
Ans. 4. (a) + =
v u f
Ans. 5. The focal length of a spherical mirror is equal to half of its radius of curvature.
1
f = R
2
Ans. 6. Convex mirrors give a virtual, erect and diminished image of the objects placed in front of
them. They are preferred as a rear-view mirror in vehicles because they give a wider field
of view, which allows the driver to see most of the traffic behind him.
Ans. 7. A concave mirror converges the ray of light falling on it in a direction parallel to the
principal axis, onto its focus. This is the reason why ENT specialists use it as a head mirror.
The concave mirror is used as a shaving mirror because when an object is held between
the pole and the principal focus of a concave mirror, it forms a virtual, erect and magnified
image of an object.
Ans. 8. (a) The return of light into the same medium after striking a surface is called reflection.
(b) The back silvered surface of a mirror reflects most of the light incident on it.
Ans. 9. (a) The two laws of refraction are :
(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence, all lie
in the same plane.
(ii) The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence (i) to the sine of angle of refraction
(r) is a constant for the pair of given media. This constant is called the refractive
index of the second medium with respect to the first medium.
(b) The angle of refraction will be 0°.
Ans. 10. Radius of curvature, R = 20 cm
R
Focal length, f =
2
20
f = = 10 cm
2
Ans. 11. Object distance, u = –30 cm
Focal length of concave lens = –15 cm
1 1 1
We know that, − =
v u f
1 1 1
− =
v −30 −15
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1 1 1
=− −
v 15 30

1 −2 − 1 3 1
= =− =−
v 30 30 10

v = – 10 cm.
Characteristics of image :
(a) The image is formed at a distance of 10 cm from the concave lens on the left side.
(b) Image formed is virtual.
(c) Image formed is erect.
(d) The size of the image formed is diminished.
Ans. 12. The nature of the lens is concave, i.e., it is a diverging lens.
Ans. 13.
Ans. 14. In order to distinguish a plane mirror, a concave mirror and a convex mirror without
touching them, we need to look at the image of our face in these three mirrors :
(a) In a plane mirror, our face look same as the mirror produces a virtual, erect image of
the same size of the face.
(b) In concave mirror, our face looks much bigger as the mirror produces a virtual, erect
and magnified image of our face when held within the focus of mirror.
(c) In convex mirror, our face looks smaller as the mirror produces a virtual, erect and
diminished image of our face.
Speed of light in air
Ans. 15. (i) The refractive index of a medium with respect to air is given by .
Speed of light in the medium
Since speed of light in the medium is always less than the speed of light in air, hence
the above ratio is always greater than 1.
(ii) The ray of light is undergoing normal incidence at the air-plastic block interface. And
for normal incidence there is no deviation.
normal
(iii) plastic block
40°
incident ray
(Credit arrows, refracted ray moving away from normal)
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Ans. 16. (a) We know that the rainbow has seven constituent colours such as Violet, Indigo, Blue,
Green, Yellow, Orange and Red. These colours are represented as VIBGYOR. It occurs
due to the dispersion of white light i.e., when the white light passes through a glass
prism, this phenomenon of splitting white light into VIBGYOR. Thus, both assertion
and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Ans. 17. (d) We know that the path of light passing through a colloidal solution becomes visible
because light is scattered by relatively larger particles. But the path of light passing
through a clear solution is not visible because of small particle size do not come its
way. Therefore, the assertion is false reason is true.
Ans. 18. (i) (a) Convex
(ii) (c) Plane
(iii) (b) Concave
(iv) (d) At centre of curvature
(v) (c) Lateral inversion

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A-117
Ans. 1. (b) 3m
Ans. 2. (a) u = –1.05 cm and m = 19.05 cm
Ans. 3. (b) Concave in nature
Ans. 4. (d) Device X is a convex lens and device Y is a concave mirror, whose focal length are 20
cm and 25 cm respectively.
Ans. 5. Magnification of the images formed by plane mirrors is 1 because the size of image is equal
to the size of object.
h2 v
Ans. 6. In the formula
= = − = m, the sign of m is determined by the signs of h1 and h2 When m is
h1 u
positive, the image is virtual and erect. When m is negative, the image is real and inverted.
Ans. 7. Focal length of concave lens, f = –2 m
(Since, the focal length of concave lens is negative.)
1 1
P= = = −0.5 D
f −2
Hence, the power of the given concave lens is –0.5 D.
Ans. 8. (i) Convex mirror forms an erect and diminished image of an object behind the vehicle.
(ii) The field of view of a convex mirror is large.
(iii) (d) The image is real.
(iv) (a) Large.
Ans. 9. (a) The two laws of reflection of light are :
(i) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence, lie in
the same plane.
(ii) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection (i.e., ∠i = ∠r).
(b) The angle of incidence will be 0°.
Ans. 10. (a) A piece of transparent glass bound by two spherical surface is called a lens.
(b) Optical centre of a thin lens is a point on the principal axis of lens such that a ray of
light directed towards it, passes undeviated.
(c) (i) A convex lens has a real focus.
(ii) A concave lens has a virtual focus.
Length of the image (I)
Ans. 11. Magnification (m) =
Length of the object (O)

Image distance (v)
=–
Object distance (u)

I v
(m) = = −
O u
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Ans. 12. Focal length of convex mirror = 15 cm
Object distance = –30 cm
1 1
Using the mirror formula, + =1
v u f
1 1 1
= −
v f u
1 1 1
= −
v 15 −30
1 1 1
= +
v 15 30
2+1 3
= =
30 30

v = 10 cm
Four characteristics of the image formed by the given convex mirror are :
(a) Image is always erect.
(b) Image is always small in size.
(c) Image is always virtual.
(d) Image formed is 10 cm behind the mirror between focus and pole.
Ans. 13. Radius of curvature : The distance between the centre of curvature and pole of a spherical
mirror is known as radius of curvature.

Given : Radius of curvature, R = 24 cm
f = R = 24 = +12 cm
2 2

Since, the focal length is positive, therefore, the mirror is convex mirror.
Ans. 14.
Ans. 15. (i) Convex lens

1 1 1
(ii) = −
f v u
In this case, v = 7m and f = 5m.
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Putting the values in the equation, we get
1 1 1
= −
5 7 u
1 1 1 5 − 7 −2
= − = =
u 7 5 35 35
35
u=− = −17.5 m
2
The object will be placed 17.5 m on the left of the convex lens.
(iii)
f f
17.5 cm
(two rays, arrows, object placed beyond 2f on the left)
Ans. 16. (d) When a ray of light travels from air to water, its speed slows down because we know
that the velocity is slower in a denser medium (water) to rarer medium (air). So, the
statement "The speed of light is higher in a denser medium than in a rarer medium" is
false. Thus, the assertion is false but reason is true.
Ans. 17. (b) The farthest and the nearest point of the eye is based on the distance of the object is
placed. Thus, both assertion and reason are correct but the reason is not the correct
Ans. 18. (i) (c) Telescope
(ii) (d) Periscope
(iii) (a) Refraction
(iv) (a) Yes

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Ans. 1. (b) Black cloth absorbs all the colours

Ans. 2. (b) Q to R
Ans. 3. (c) 1.6244
Ans. 4. (a) The bending of a light ray on passing from different media to one is called refraction.
Ans. 5. The ray is reflected back along the principal axis of mirror because here ∠r = ∠i = 0°.
Ans. 6. Focal length is inversely proportional to the power of lens.
1
P(in D) =
f (in meter)
Ans. 7. (a) A spherical mirror is a mirror whose reflecting surface is a part of a hollow sphere of
glass and has a curved surface.
(b) The two type of spherical mirrors are : (i) Concave mirror and (ii) Convex mirror.
Ans. 8. (a) The principal focus or the second focal point of a convex lens is a point on the principal
axis of the lens such that the rays of light incident parallel to the principle axis, after
refraction from the lens passes through it.
(b) The principal focus or the second focal point of a concave lens is a point on the principal
axis of the lens such that a parallel ray of light appear to be diverging from this point.
Ans. 9. The light ray bends towards the normal. When a ray of light travels from an optically rarer
medium to an optically denser medium, it gets bent towards the normal. Since water is
optically denser than air, a ray of light travelling from air into the water will bend towards
the normal.
Ans. 10. (i) Between C and F.
(ii) Same size.
(iii) (c) Beyond C.
(iv) (c) At infinity.
1 1 1 r
= +
Ans. 11. (i) f v u where u = −5 cm, f = 2 = –20 cm
1 1 1
− = −
20 v 5
1 1 1 −1 + 4 3
= − + = =
v 20 5 20 20
20
v = = 6.67 cm
3
The image is obtained at 6.67m behind the mirror.
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20
h2 v 4
(ii) m = =− = 3 =
h1 u 5 3
20
h2 v h2
− 3
h1 = u = −5 = 10
−

4 h
= 2
3 10
40
h2 = = 13.33 cm
3

The size of image will be 13.33 cm.
(iii)
f f
(Two rays, arrows, object placed between pole and the focus)
Ans. 12. Magnification = –1 i.e., image is inverted and of same size. Therefore, object is at 2F and
image is also at 2F.
Therefore, distance between u and v = 4f = 60 cm.
60
=
f = 15 cm
4
Object distance, u is 2f = 30 cm.
Now, if the object is shifted towards the lens by 20 cm, the new object distance will be at
10 cm from the lens on the left side. This distance is less than the focal length, and so the
image formed in this case would be virtual, erect and on the same side of object.

Ans. 13. Focal length of a concave mirror, f = –10 cm
Object height, h1 = 4 cm
1 1 1
Using the mirror formula, + =
v u f
1 1 1
+ =−
v −15 10
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1 1 1
=− +
v 10 15
1 −3 + 2 1
= =−
v 30 30
v = –30 cm

Thus, to obtain a sharp image of the object, the screen should be placed at a distance of 30
cm in front of the mirror.
v h2
m =− =
u h1
Now,
m = −  −30 
 −15 
m =–2
h2
–2 = −2
4
h2 = –8 cm
Hence, the height of inverted image is 8 cm.
Ans. 14. Object distance, u = –25 cm


Focal length, f = +10 cm
1 1 1
Using the lens formula, − =
v u f
Substituting the values, we get
1 1 1
− =
v −25 10
1 1 1
+ =
v 25 10
1 1 1
= −
v 10 25
1 3
=
v 50
50
v =
3
v = 16.67 cm
The positive value v shows that the image is formed at the other side of the lens.
h2 v 16.67
Magnification, m = = = = −0.66
h1 u −25

The negative sign shows that the image is real and formed behind the lens.
h
Magnification, m = 2
h1

The negative value of image height indicates that the image formed is inverted. The
position, size and nature of image are shown in the following ray diagram.
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Ans. 15.
Ans. 16. (a) A ray of light that travels obliquely from one transparent medium to another will change
its direction in the second medium. It is nothing but the process called refraction. This
occurs due to change in the speed of light as it enters from one transparent medium to
another.
Ans. 17. (b) We know that the refractive index of Kerosene is 1.44 and the refractive index of water
is 1.33. It shows that kerosene is optically denser than water. But the mass density of
kerosene is lesser than water. So, there is no relation between mass density and optical
density. Therefore, it clearly defines that an optically denser medium may not posses
greater mass density. Thus, the given assertion and reason are true but reason is not
the correct explanation of assertion.
Ans. 18. (i) (b) He saw a diminished image
(ii) (a) The mirror might be a convex mirror
(iii) (c) By changing the mirror to concave mirror
(iv) (d) Convex
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Chapter - 1 (The Human Eye and the
Colourful World)
Ans. 1. (b) The emergent ray bends at an angle to the direction of the incident ray.
Ans. 2. (b) Accommodation
Ans. 3. (b) Pupil

Explanation : The pupil is the opening at the centre of the iris through which light passes.
The iris adjusts the size of the pupil to control the amount of light that enters the eye.
Ans. 4. (c) p, y, z
Ans. 5. The image of any object formed on the retina persists for about 1/16 of a second. This
continuation of sensation of eye for sometime even after the removal of the object called
persistence of vision.
Ans. 6. (a) Hypermetropia or long-sightedness.
(b) Myopia or short-sightedness.
Ans. 7. The normal eye is unable to see the objects clearly placed closer than 25 cm because the
focal length of eye lens cannot be decreased beyond a certain minimum length.
Ans. 8. Rainbow formation in the sky is the evidence that white sunlight is made up of seven
different colours.
Ans. 9. The minimum distance at which objects can be seen distinctly without much strain on the
eye. For the normal human eye the least distance of distinct vision is 25cm.
Ans. 10. Rainbow is a natural spectrum formed in the sky after rain shower due to dispersion of
light caused by suspended water droplets in atmosphere.
Ans. 11. ∠A and ∠e are correctly labelled. ∠A is angle of prism whereas ∠e is angle of emergence.
Ans. 12. (a)
Myopic Eye
(b) In a myopic eye, the image of a distant object is formed in front of the retina and not
at the retina itself. This defect may arise due to (i) excessive curvature of the eye lens,
or (ii) elongation of the eyeball. This defect can be corrected by using a concave lens
of suitable power. A concave lens of suitable power will bring the image back on to
the retina and thus the defect is corrected.
(c)
Correction for myopic
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Ans. 13.
S. No. Myopia Hypermetropia
1. In this defect of human eye, a person In this defect of human eye, a per-
can see the objects lying at short dis- son can see the objects lying at long
tances clearly but cannot see the far distances clearly but cannot see the
objects distinctly. nearby objects distinctly.
2. Myopia is also called shortsighted- Hypermetropia is also called long
ness. sightedness.
3. Myopia may arise due to decrease in Hypermetropia may arise due to in-
focal length of eye lens. crease in focal length of eye lens.
4. The size of eye ball become too long. The size of eye ball become too short.
5. A person suffering from myopia must A person suffering from hypermetro-
wear spectacles with concave lens of pia must wear spectacles with convex
suitable power. lens of suitable power.
Ans. 14. (a) Iris
(b) Retina
(c) Ciliary muscles help in changing the focal length of the eye lens.
(d) Accommodation of the accommodating power.
Ans. 15. When a beam of white light enters a prism, it gets refracted at point and splits into its seven
constituent colours. This splitting of the light occurs because of different angles of bending
of each colour and this different angles of bending occurs because different component of
light faces different refractive indices when passes through the glass prism.
First, Newton made white light to fall on a prism, this cause dispersion of white light
into seven colours. Newton then placed an inverted prism in the path of a colour band of
seven colours. Only a beam of white light comes out from the second prism. So, Newton
concluded that white light comprises of seven component colours.
Ans. 16. (a) We know that human eye is the most valuable sense of organ because it enables us to
see this colourful world. Thus, the given reason is correct explanation of the assertion.
Ans. 17. (a) Human eye work like a camera because of its lens system. Light enters the eye through
a thin membrane called the cornea. It forms the transparent bulge on the front surface
of the eyeball. The eye lens forms an inverted real image of the object on the retina.
Thus, both assertion and reasons are true and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
Ans. 18. (i) (c) Light splitting up into seven colours
(ii) (a) Dispersion (iii) (b) Spectrum
(iv) (d) Pure (v) (a) Rainbow
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Colourful World)
Ans. 1. (c) 25 cm
Ans. 2. (c) Ciliary muscles
Ans. 3. (a) Convex lens
Ans. 4. (b) Violet and Red
Explanation: The phenomenon of splitting of white light into its constituent colours is
called dispersion of light. The band of seven colours obtained from the splitting of
white light is called the spectrum.
All the constituent colours of a white light
have same velocity in vacuum, but when
Red
it passes through a transparent medium Organge
like glass prism, their velocity changes. Yellow
Green
At the first face of the prism, different White Light Blue
Indigo
colours are deviated by different angles. Glass Prism Violet
Violet having the minimum speed gets
deviated by maximum angle and red having the maximum speed gets deviated by
minimum angle. Thus, the colours ‘P’ and ‘Q’ are violet and red respectively.
Ans. 5. The ability of the eye to focus on the distant objects as well as on the nearby objects on the
retina by changing the focal length of its lens is called the power of accommodation of the
eye.
Ans. 6. The scattering of light by colloidal solution is called Tyndall effect.
Ans. 7. The person is suffering from both myopia and hypermetropia.
Ans. 8. (a) Iris (b) Retina.
Ans. 9. In this case, the person is unable to see a distant object. Hence, this person is suffering from
myopia. So, a concave lens of appropriate power will help restoring his proper vision.
Ans. 10. No, a person may have normal ability of accommodation and yet he may be myopic
or hypermetropic. In fact, myopia may arise when length of eye ball is elongated and
hypermetropia may arise when length of eye ball gets shortened.
Ans. 11. The planets are much closer to the earth and thus seen as extended sources. If we consider
a planet as a collection of a large number of point-sized sources of light, the total variation
in the amount of light entering our eye from all the individual point sized sources will
average out to zero, thereby nullifying the twinkling effect. Hence, the planets do not
twinkle.
Ans. 12. The molecules of air and other fine particles in the atmosphere have size smaller than
the wavelength of visible light. These are more effective in scattering light of shorter
wavelengths at the blue end than light of longer wavelengths at the red end. The red light has
a wavelength about 1.8 times greater than blue light. Thus, when sunlight passes through
the atmosphere, the fine particles in air scatter the blue colour (shorter wavelengths) more
strongly than red. The scattered blue light enters our eyes. In space with no atmosphere,
there is no scattering. Therefore, the sky looks black.
Ans. 13. (i) Rainbow.
A-127
(ii) Colour B has higher speed than that of colour ‘A’.
(iii) (a) Each colour of light travels with same speeds in a given medium.
(iv) (b) Wavelength.
Ans. 14.
Ans. 15. Myopia is a defect of vision in which a person clearly sees all the nearby objects, but is
unable to see the distinct object comfortably and his eye is known as myopia eye.
Myopia can be caused by :
1. increase in curvature of the lens.
2. increase in the length of the eye ball.
(a) A myopic eye has its far point near that infinity. It forms the image of a distinct object
in front of the retina as shown in the figure.
Eye lens
Retina
Image is
formed in
front of
retina
Light rays coming
from distant object

(b) Concave lens has an ability to diverge incoming rays, it is used to correct this defect of
vision. The image is allowed to form at the retina by using a concave lens of suitable
power as shown in the figure.
Eye lens
Retina
f Image is
formed on
retina
Coming
from infinity
Concave lens
Ans. 16. (a) The curvature of the eye lens is modified to change the focal length. When the muscles
are relaxed, the lens becomes thin. Therefore, there is an increase in the focal length.
This modification in lens is done by ciliary muscles. Thus, both assertion and reason
are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Ans. 17. (b) The person cannot see the objects distinctly and comfortably because of accommodation.
The vision becomes blurred due to the refractive defects of the eye. But reason does
not explain the given assertion. Thus, the given assertion is true, but reason is not the
correct explanation of assertion.
Ans. 18. (i) (b) Farsightedness
(ii) (a) Hypermetropia
(iii) (d) Stretching of ciliary muscles
(iv) (a) Convex
••
A-128
Colourful World)
Ans. 1. (b) Real and inverted
1
Ans. 2. (c) th of a second
16
Ans. 3. (b) Rods
Ans. 4. (c) Scattering of light
Ans. 5. Cataract.
Ans. 6. It provides the fine adjustment of focal length of eye lens system so as to focus images of
objects situated at different distances on the retina.
Ans. 7. The most distant point at which an object can be seen clearly by the eye is called the far
point of the eye.
Ans. 8. He is suffering from farsightedness.
Ans. 9. Boundary of prism should be drawn on the drawing sheet first.
It is done so as to re-adjust the prism to same position if it gets displaced while doing
experiment.
Ans. 10. In human eyes, the image is always formed at the retina. So, when we increase the distance
of an object from the eye, there is no change in the image distance inside the eye.
Ans. 11. The light ray on emerging out of a prism always bends towards the base of the prism.
Ans. 12.
S. No. Presbyopia Cataract
1. It is a defect of vision due to which an It is the medical condition in which
old person cannot see the nearby and the lens of the eye of a person becomes
far distant objects clearly due to loss of progressively cloudy resulting in
power of accommodation of eye. blurred vision.
2. This defect of vision is corrected by It cannot be corrected by any type of
using the suitable lens is called 'Bifo- spectacle lenses.
cal lens'.
3. Surgical operation is not required to The vision of a person can be restored
rectify presbyopia. by getting surgery done on the eye
having cataract.
Ans. 13.

The observe O sees the source S raised to the position I.
A-129
Ans. 14. (a) For distant vision,
Power, P = – 5.5 D
1
Using the formula, P=
f
Substituting the value of P, we get
1
f = − 5.5

= – 0.18 m
Hence, the focal length of the required lens for distant vision is – 0.18 m. The minus
sign indicate that it is a concave lens.
(b) For near vision,
Power, P = +1.5 D
1
Using the formula, P=
f
Substituting the value of P, we get
1
f =
1.5
= 0.67 m
Hence, the focal length of the required lens for near vision is + 0.67 m. The plus sign
indicate that it is a convex lens.
Ans. 15. Scattering of light is the phenomenon in which part of the incident light is dispersed in
different directions.
Dependence of colour and scattered light on the size of particles :
1. When the particles like dust and water droplets present in the atmosphere are large in
size, the scattered light appears white.
2. When the particles are extremely minute in size, they will scatter blue light present in
the white sunlight.
Ans. 16. (d) Myopia is known as near-sightedness and hypermetropia is known as far-sightedness.
The image of a distant object is not formed in the assertion is false but reason is true.
Ans. 17. (c) Sometimes, the crystalline lens of people at old age becomes milky and cloudy. This
condition is called cataract. This causes partial or complete loss of vision. The eyeball
is spherical in shape and not elliptical. Thus, the given assertion is true and reason is
false.
Ans. 18. (i) (b) No
(ii) (a) Short sightedness
(iii) (b) Far sightedness
(iv) (c) convex lens
(v) (d) Bifocal lens made of concave and convex lens
••
A-130
Colourful World)
Ans. 1. (b) Refraction
Ans. 2. (c) Red
Ans. 3. (c) Refraction, dispersion and internal reflection.
Explanation: The formation of rainbow involves all three phenomenon: Refraction,
dispersion and total internal reflection. The sunlight shines on a water droplet. As the light
passes into the raindrop the light bends, or refracts. Due to slow down of light, white light
gets dispersed into seven colours. A rainbow is a natural spectrum after a shower of rain
(every water droplet acts as a small prism) formed due to the dispersion, refraction and
internal reflection of different colours.
Ans. 4. (a) ∠A and ∠i
Ans. 5. Refraction of light.
Ans. 6. Tyndall effect.
Ans. 7. The point at closed distance at which an object can be seen clearly by the eye is called the
near point of the eye.
Ans. 8. (a) Blue, (b) Yellow
Ans. 9. Since the student is unable to see a distant object, he may be suffering from myopia. This
defect can be corrected by using concave lens of suitable power.
Ans. 10. There is the vacuum in the space and hence no particle is available for scattering of light. In
the absence of scattering, none of the colours from the visible spectrum reach the veiwer's
eye and the sky appears dark to the astronaut.
Ans. 11. (a) Always use white paper to place the prism.
(b) Prism table should be labelled properly.
Ans. 12. For a normal eye, image distance in the eye is fixed, being equal to the distance of retina
from the lens. When we increase the distance of an object from the eye, the focal length of
eye lens is changed on account of accommodation power of the eye, so as to keep the image
distance constant.
Ans. 13. In bright sunlight, the iris contracts the pupil to allow less light to enter the eye and in dim
light, the iris expands the pupil to admit more light to see the object clearly. Therefore, it
takes some time to increase the size of pupil in dim light.
Ans. 14. (a) Red, (b) Violet.
Ans. 15. The person is suffering from an eye defect called myopia. In this defect, the image is formed
in front of the retina. Hence, a concave lens is used to correct this defect of vision.
Here,
The object distance, u = ∞
The image distance, v = – 120 cm = –1.2 m
A-131
1 1 1
Using the formula, − =
v u f
1 11 1 1
− − − ==
We get 1.2 v−∞ u f
1 1 1 1
− +−0 =
1.2 v u f
f = – 1.2 m
In order to calculate power, We know
1
P =
f (in metre)

1
or P = = −0.833 D
−1.2
So, a concave lens of power –0.83 D is required to correct this defect.

Ans. 16. (a) A person with myopia can see nearby objects clearly but cannot see distant object
distinctly. A person with this defect may see clearly upto a distance of a few metres.
In a myopic eye, the image of a distant object is formed in front of the retina but not at
the retina itself. This defect may arise due to excessive curvature of the eye lens.
Thus, both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
Ans. 17. (d) The power of accommodation of the eye usually decreases with ageing and Presbyopia
arises due to the gradual weakening of the ciliary muscles. Thus, the assertion is false
and reason is true.
Ans. 18. (i) (a) Red light scatters least hence reaches Mars easily.
(ii) (b) Blue light scatters most.
(iii) (c) Scattering is inversely proportional to [wavelength]4
(iv) (d) Refrangibility.
••
A-132
Progress Check - 1
Ans. 1. (b) 3
Ans. 2. (b) Pupil
Ans. 3. (b) Cornea
Ans. 4. (b) MS
Ans. 5. (a) When the image can be taken on a screen.
(b) When the image cannot be taken on a screen.
(c) (iii) A convex mirror
(d) (i) Concave mirror
Ans. 6. The band of colours obtained on a screen when white light is passed through a prism is
called the spectrum.
Ans. 7. Reciprocal of focal length of a lens, expressed in metre, is called the power of that lens. Its
S.I. unit is 1 dioptre (1 D), where 1 D = 1 m–1
Ans. 8. (1) Retina (2) Ciliary muscles
(3) Pupil (4) Crystalline lens
Ans. 9.
S. No. Real Image Virtual Image
1. A real image is formed due to actual A virtual image is formed when the
intersection of the reflected or refracted reflected or refracted rays meet if
rays. they are produced backwards.
2. A real image can be obtained on a screen. A virtual image cannot be obtained
on a screen.
3. A real image is inverted with respect to A virtual image is erect with respect
the object. to the object.
Ans. 10. Since the focal length of concave mirror is 15 cm, the range of object distance = 0 cm to 15
cm. A concave mirror gives an erect image when an object is placed between pole (P) and
the principal focus (F). So the image formed will be virtual, erect, and magnified, as shown
in the given figure.
A-133
Ans. 11. Inverted, magnified.
Ans. 12. Focal length of convex mirror, f = +15 cm

Object distance, u = – 10 cm
According to the mirror formula,
1 1 1
+ =
v u f

1 1 1
+ =
v −10 15

1 1 1
= +
v 15 10
1 5
=
v 30
1 1
=
v 6
v = +6 cm
Thus, the image is formed at a distance of 6 cm from the convex mirror. Since the image is
formed behind the convex mirror, so image will be virtual and erect.
Ans. 13. The object distance, u = ∞

The image distance, v = – 4 m
1 1 1
Using the formula, = −
f v u
1 1 1
We get, = −
f − 4 −∞

1 1
= − +0
f 4
f = –4 m
In order to calculate power,
1
P = f ( in metres)
1
P = = −0.25 D
−4
A-134
Ans. 14. The boy is suffering from myopia or near sightedness and it can be corrected by using a
concave lens of suitable power. The required ray diagrams are given below :
(a)
(b)
Ans. 15. (a) Image formed is magnified and erect when object is placed between optical centre and
focus of a convex lens.
Image formed is magnified and inverted when the object is placed between F and 2F
of a convex lens.
(b) Object distance, u = –20 cm

Focal length of concave lens, f = –10 cm
1 1 1
Using lens formula, = −
f v u

1 = 1+1
v f u

1 1 1
=− −
v 10 20
1 = − −2 − 1 = − 3
= 20 20
v
A-135
v = − 20 cm
3
Ans. 16. Atmospheric refraction : Refraction of light caused by the earth's atmosphere due to
change in the refractive indices of different layers at atmosphere.
(a) Twinkling of stars : Stars are distant, point sized source of light. The path of the
rays of light coming from the stars goes on varying due to atmospheric refraction
slightly.
Thus apparent position of the stars fluctuates and the amount of star light entering the
eye flicker giving the twinkling effect.
(b) Advance sunrise: When the sun is slightly below the horizon, light rays coming from
the sun travel from the rarer to denser layer of air. Because of atmospheric refraction
of light, light appears to come from a higher position above the horizon. Thus, sun
appears earlier than actual sunrise.
Delayed sunset : Same reason, as similar refraction occurs at the sunset.
Ans. 17. (a) The point from which parallel rays of light, after refraction from a lens, appear to
diverge is called focus of divergent lens, and the distance between optical centre and
this focus of a divergent lens is called focal length of divergent lens.
(b) Focal length of divergent lens, f = – 30 cm
Image distance, v = – 15 cm
1 1 1
We know that, = −
u v f
1 1 1
or = −
u v f
A-136
vf
u =
f −v
−15 ×(−30)
=
−30 + 15
= – 30 cm

h2 v
Now, m = =
h1 u
v −15
h2 = × h1 = × 6 = 3 cm
u −30

(c)

Ans. 18. (a) We know that the rainbow has seven constituent colour such as Violet, Indigo, Blue,
prism, this phenomenon of splitting white light into VIBGYOR is called dispersion of
light. Thus both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
Ans. 19. (b) The refractive defects can be corrected by contact lenses and eye lens is composed of
fibrous jelly-like material. Thus both assertion and reason are true but the reason is
not the correct explanation of assertion.
Ans. 20. Though all the treatment for recovering from his eye problems did not help him out, I
would suggest him to opt for eye transplantation which would get his eyesight back to
normal. In transplantation of eye, the entire diseased eye cannot be replaced. Only the
diseased cornea can be replaced by the donated cornea.
Ans. 21. (i) (b) Convex lenses
(ii) (b) 1 : 4
(iii) (a) Ratio of height of image to height of object
(iv) (c) 8 cm
(v) (c) Not-so-thick lense would not make the telescope very heavy and also allow
considerable amount of light to pass.
••
A-137
Progress Check - 2
Ans. 1. (c) Total internal reflection

Ans. 2. (b) 20 cm
Ans. 3. (b) 25 cm
Ans. 4. (c) Presbyopia
Ans. 5. Scattering is the process of absorption and then re-emission of light energy.
Ans. 6. Refractive index is a unitless quantity.
Ans. 7. (a) Select a lens of small diameter.
(b) Select a distant object.
Ans. 8. Refractive index of a medium is defined as the ratio of speed of light in vacuum to the
speed of light in the medium, i.e.,
Speed of light in vacuum c
Refractive index (of a medium) = =
Speed of light in medium v
Ans. 9. Magnification produced by a mirror,
Height of image
m =
Height of object

Height of image
+1 = Height of object

Height of image = Height of object
Hence, the image formed by the plane mirror is of the same size as that of the object. The
positive sign shows that the image formed is virtual and erect.
Ans. 10. The labelled diagram has been shown in the figure given below, in which
PE – Incident ray ∠i – Angle of incidence

EF – Refracted ray ∠r – Angle of refraction
FS – Emergent ray ∠e – Angle of emergence

∠A – Angle of the prism ∠D – Angle of deviation
A-138
Ans. 11. (a) No, eye lens is not made of glass. It is made of fibrous jelly like material.
(b) P = – 0.2 D
1 1
F= =− m. Distance of far point of his eye is 5 m.
P 0.2
(c) (ii) Concave lens.
(d) (iv) Retina.
Ans. 12. We know the formula
1 1 1
= +
f v u
1 1 1
Therefore, = −
v f u
Substituting the known values in the above equation, we get

1 1 1
= +
v 15 10
1/v = (2 + 3)/30
Hence v = 6 cm

Nature of the image : The image is formed behind the mirror and it is virtual and erect.
Ans. 13.
S. No. Concave Mirror Convex Mirror

1. A concave mirror is made by silvering A convex mirror is made by silvering
the outer surface of a part of a hollow the inner surface of a part of a hollow
sphere and reflection takes place from sphere and reflection takes place
the inner surface. from the outer bulging surface.
2. The light rays incident on a concave The light rays incident on a convex
mirror converge after reflection. mirror diverge after reflection.
3. The image formed by it is real as well The image formed by it is always
as virtual depending on the position virtual for all positions of the object
of object form the mirror. in front of the mirror.
Ans. 14. (a) The lens L is a concave or diverging lens.
(b) The point F1 and F2 are called the first focal point and the second focal point
respectively.
(c)

(d) The three characteristics of the image formed are : (i) Virtual and erect, (ii) diminished
and (iii) formed between optical centre O and focus F2.
Ans. 15. Power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length in meters. Its S.I. unit is
dioptre.
For lens A : fA = + 10 cm = 0.1 m
Since the focal length is positive, it is convex lens.
A-139
1 1
Now, PA = = = 10D
f A 0.1
For lens B : fB = –10 cm = – 0.1 m

Since the focal length is negative, it is a concave lens.
1 1
PB = = = −10 D
fB −0.1
In case of
a convex lens, image is virtual and magnified if object is placed between focus
and optical centre.
Consider lens A, f = 10 cm
1 1 1
−
f = v u

1 1 1
= f +u
v
+1 1
= −
10 8
+4 − 5
=
40
−40
v = + = – 40 cm
1
Ans. 16. Given object distance, u = – 20 cm
Object height, h = 5 cm
Radius of curvature, R = 30 cm
We have R=2×f

∴ Focal length, f = 15 cm
1 1 1
+ =
v u f
Substituting the value, we get

1 1 1
+ =
v −20 15

1 1 1
− =
v 20 15

1 = 1 + 1
v 15 20
A-140
1 = 4+3
v 60

1 = 7
v 60
v = + 8.57 cm
The positive value of v indicates that the image is formed behind the mirror. Magnification
produced by a mirror,
h v
m = 2 =−
h1 u
m = v = −(
8.57 )
u ( −20 )

m = + 0.428
The positive value of magnification indicates that the image formed is virtual and erect.
Image height
Magnification produced by a mirror =
Object height
m = h2
h1
h2
So, 0.428 =
5
h2 = 2.14 cm
The positive value of image height indicates that the image formed is erect. Therefore, the
image formed is virtual, erect and diminished.
Ans. 17. (a) Two possible reasons due to which this defect of vision may have arisen are :
1. increase in curvature of the lens.
2. increase in length of the eyeball.
(i) A myopic eye has its far point nearer than infinity. It forms the image of a distant
object in front of its retina as shown below :
In the given case, student's far point is 5 m. So, image of the object placed beyond
5 m from his eyes is formed in front of the retina and hence appears blurred.
That is why the student is unable to see distinctly the objects placed beyond 5 m
from his eye.
(ii) Since a concave lens has an ability to diverge incoming rays, it is used to correct
this defect of vision. The image is allowed to form at the retina by using a concave
lens of suitable power as shown.
A-141
(b) Focal length of concave lens,
f = – 5m
1
P =
f (in metres)

1
P =− = −0.2 D
5
Ans. 18. (i) An arrangement for observing the scattering of light in the laboratory is as shown
below :
(ii) 1. O
n the screen, first orange red colour and then bright crimson red colour patch is
observed.
2. From the other three sides of colloidal solution of sulphur in a glass tank (T), blue
colour is observed.
This is because the very fine colloidal sulphur particles scatter away the blue colour
from the path of beam and only red colour (least scattered) of the beam of white light
reaches the screen through the solution.
Ans. 19. (c) Shining of air bubble in water is on account of total internal reflection. Thus, assertion
is true but reason is false.
Ans. 20. (b) The farthest and the nearest point of the eye is based on the distance of the object
is placed. Thus, both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct
Ans. 21. (i) (a) Rainbow
(ii) (b) Dispersion
(iii) (c) Seven
(iv) (b) No
(v) (d) Impure
••
A-142
Chapter - 3 [Electricity]
Ans. 1. (d) 10 V
Ans. 2. (d) 25
Ans. 3. (b) two times
Explanation: As H = V2t/R, if V is constant, then H is inversely proportional to R. So H will
1
become double if R becomes .
2
Ans. 4. (b) 2.4 V
Ans. 5. Silver.
Ans. 6. Current is defined as the rate of flow of charge.
If a charge 'Q' flows through the cross-section of a conductor in time 't', then the current 'I'
through it is given as :
Q
I=
t
Ans. 7. The S.I. unit of current is ampere (A). If one coulomb charge flows through the cross-section
of a conductor in one second then the current through the conductor is 1 ampere.
1C
1A =
1s
Ans. 8. Both the wires will have same specific resistance, since they are both made of same material
(i.e., Copper) and there is no change in temperature.
Ans. 9. (a) P = VI
(b) P = I2R
V2
(c) P=
R
Ans. 10. (a) An electric cell (b) A fixed resistance

(c) A variable resistance (d) Plug key (open)
(e) Plug key (closed) (f) A battery of combination of cell
(g) Ammeter (h) Voltmeter
Ans. 11.
S. No. Electrical Energy Electric Power
1. Electrical energy consumed by an electri- It is the rate at which electric en-
cal appliance is given by the product of its ergy is consumed.
power rating and time for which it is used.
2. It is measured in kWh. It is measured in watt or kilo-watt.
Ans. 12. Here, the potential difference, V = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6V and charge, Q = 1C
We know that,
Work done, W = VQ
W=6×1=6J
A-143
Ans. 13. Resistance of a conductor depends on the following factors:
(a) Length of the conductor : Longer the Length of the conductor, greater is the resistance.
(b) Thickness or area of cross-section of conductor : Thicker the wire, lower is the
resistance.
(c) Temperature : For a metallic conductor, resistance increases with the increase in
temperature.
(d) Nature of material of conductor : Resistance of a conductor depends on the nature of
the material of which it is made.
It
Ans. 14. We know that, n =
e
Here I = 1 A, t = 1 s and e = 1.6 × 10-19 C
It
∴ Number of electrons, n =
e
1× 1
=
1.6 × 10 −19
= 6.25 × 1018 electrons
Ans. 15. Three resistors are connected in parallel. Let its equivalent resistance be R
1 1 1 1
∴ = + +
R r r r
1 1+1+1 3
= =
R r r
r
∴ R =
3
By Ohm's law, V = IR
V × 3 3V
Current (I) = =
r r
These resistances should be connected in parallel with the battery to obtain the maximum
current.
Ans. 16. First bulb : Power rating P1 = 60 W
Voltage rating V1 = 220 V
V22
Resistance, R1 =
P2
220 × 220
=
60
Second bulb : Power rating P2 = 60 W
Voltage rating V2 = 110 V
V2
Resistance, R2 = 2
P2
A-144
110 × 110
=
60
220 × 220
R1 Ω
= 60
R2 110 × 110
Ω
60
220 × 220 60
= ×
60 110 × 110
4
=
1
R1 : R2 = 4 : 1
Ans. 17. Three resistors are connected in parallel. Let its equivalent resistance be R W.
1 1 1 1
∴ = + +
R r r r
1 1+1+1 3
= =
R r r
r I I

⇒ R =
3
By Ohm’s law, E = IR E
E × 3 3E

⇒ Current (I) = =
r r
These resistances should be connected in parallel with the battery to obtain the maximum
current.
Ans. 18. (b) When a conductor is placed in an electric field, it is said that electric current flows
through the conductor due to the flow of electrons from positive to negative terminals.
This is the reason for flowing electric current. If the circuit gets opened, then the path
of flow of electron gets interrupted and current stops flowing. Thus, both assertion
and reason are true but the reason is not correct explanation of assertion.
Ans. 19. (a) Voltage measured in the parallel circuits are always equal. As all the parallel circuits
start from one point and end at another point and always the potential difference
between the two points will always be the same. So, this is the reason why voltmeter
is always connected in parallel across the circuit. Thus, both assertion and reason are
true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Ans. 20. (i) (b) V = I × R
(ii) (a) Ohm’s law
(iii) (b) X-axis : Current, Y-axis : Voltage
(iv) (c) Resistance, Conductance
(v) (d) smaller
••
A-145
Ans. 1. (d) 25 W
Ans. 2. (c) 1 : 4
Ans. 3. (c) Nichrome
Ans. 4. (c) Both the circuits
Ans. 5. The electrical work done per unit time is called electric power.
Ans. 6. 1 : 1, as it independent of radius but depend on the nature of material only.
Ans. 7. The direction of flow of current in a circuit is opposite to the flow of electrons.
Ans. 8. A voltmeter has a high resistance and it is connected in parallel to the points across which
the potential difference is to be measured.
Ans. 9.
Ans. 10. (a) R = R1 + R2 +R3

1 1 1 1
(b) = + +
R R1 R 2 R 3
Ans. 11. Resistance.
W
Ans. 12. We know that, V =
Q
Therefore, the amount of work done in moving 1.5 C charge across a p.d. of 4 V is,
W = VQ
= 4 × 1.5 J
= 6 J
Ans. 13.
S. No. kilowatt (kW) kilowatt hour (kWh)
1. kilowatt is the unit of electrical power. kilowatt hour is the unit of electrical
energy.
2. 1 kW = 1000 W = 10 Js3 –1 1 kWh = 3.6 × 106 J
Ans. 14. The resistivity of alloys are generally higher than that of its constituent metals and alloys do
not oxidise (burn) readily at high temperatures, hence they are commonly used in electrical
heating devices, like electric heaters, electric irons etc.
Ans. 15. Here, Potential difference, V = 12 V
2.5
Current, I = 2.5 mA = A = 0.0025 A
1000
Using Ohm's law,
Resistance, R = V = 12 = 4800 W
I 0.0025
A-146
Ans. 16. If ‘n’ electrons pass through the cross-section of a conductor in time 't', the total charge 'Q'
passing through the conductor is :
Q = ne (e is the charge on an electron = 1.6 × 10–19 C)
The current 'I' in the conductor is :
Q ne
I = =
t t
Ans. 17. The given circuit can be redrawn as shown below :
)(
Result resistance of R1, R2 and R3 :
R` = R1 + R2 + R3
= 10 + 10 + 10 = 30 W
Resultant resistance of the circuit :
1 1 1
= +
R R′ R 4
1 1 1+ 3 4
= + +
= =
30 10 30 30
30 15
R = = = 7.5 Ω
4 2
Here, V = 3 volt, I = ?
By Ohm's law, V = IR
V 3 30
I= = = = 0.4 A
R 7.5 75
Ans. 18. (c) Ohm's law states that the electric current flowing through a metallic wire is directly
proportional to the potential difference across its two ends. The expression is written as :
V = IR
Here R (resistance of the wire) is constant value then only the statement will be valid.
V ∝ I only if V/I = constant
Thus, assertion is true, but reason is false.
V
Ans. 19. (d) If Assertion is false but reason is true. According to Ohm's law I = , when the
R
resistance gets doubled then current gets halved. When voltage is kept constant, I is
inversely proportional to R.
Ans. 20. (i) (a) It regulates the voltage
(ii) (c) It changes the resistance
(iii) (a) Electrical to mechanical
(iv) (d) Greater the speed of fan
(v) (a) Rheostat and resistance box
••
A-147
Ans. 1. (a) Rheostat

1 joule
Ans. 2. (d)
1 coulomb
Ans. 3. (c) More
Ans. 4. (b) 1.5 A
Ans. 5. Ohm's law is obeyed only when the temperature of conductor remains constant.
Ans. 6. (a) Zero (b) Infinite
Ans. 7. The obstruction offered to the flow of current by a conductor is called its resistance.
Ans. 8. Heat produced, H = I2Rt
Ans. 9. A key is used to close or open a circuit. In a closed circuit, current flows through the various
electrical components and in an open circuit, no current flows through it.
Ans. 10. A fuse wire is made from an alloy of lead and tin because it has a low melting point and a
high specific resistance. An excessive current melts it so that it blows off.
Ans. 11. Due to heating effect of current, we must keep the circuit closed for a relatively shorter time
and open for a relatively longer time to ensure minimal changes in the values of resistance.
Ans. 12. Q = 1500 C
t = 2 min 30 sec
= 120 + 30 = 150 sec
Q 1500
I= t = = 10 A
150
Ans. 13. Charge on one electron = 1.6 × 10–19 C

∴ Number of electron in 1 coulomb charge
1
=
1.6 × 10 −19
1019
= = 6.25 × 1018
1.6
Ans. 14.
S. No. Ohmic Resistor Non-Ohmic Resistor
1. Ohmic resistors obey Ohm's law. Non-Ohmic resistors do not obey
Ohm's law.
2. The graph for potential difference (V) The graph for potential difference (V)
versus current (I) is a straight line. versus current (I) is not a straight line.
3. The slope of V-I graph is constant at all The slope of V-I is different at
value of V or I at a given temperature. different value of V or I at a given
temperature.
A-148
Ans. 15. An electrical circuit is a continuous path comprising conducting wires and other electrical
components between the terminals of a battery along which an electric current is set up. It
is represented by drawing a circuit diagram.
The corrected circuit diagram given in the question is :
Ans. 16. (a) Meter reading on Monday = 53712

(b) Meter reading on Tuesday = 53725
(c) Number of units of electrical energy used = (53725 – 53712) = 13 unit
(d) Time = 24 hours
(e) Cost of electrical energy consumed = ` 8 × 13 = ` 104
Ans. 17. (a) The two resistors of resistance 4 W each are connected in parallel.
1 1 1
= +
∴ R 4 4
1+1 2
= =
4 4
∴ R=2W
Now, Potential difference, V = 2V
Total resistance, R = 2 W
(b) Using Ohm's law,
V 2
Current, =
I = = 1A
R 2
Ans. 18. (a) According to the formula,
l
Resistance R = r
A
r : Resistivity
l : Length of conductor
Area of cross-section of conductor. Here resistivity of the material never varies, if length
is also kept constant. When area is halved then resistance of the material gets doubled as
the resistance depends on 3 factors : length, area and nature of the material.
Thus, both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Ans. 19. (c) Here for using the alloys in making toasters, electric iron is based on only one reason
for resistivity. If the resistivity of the material is high, this is being used to make these
items, then heat dissipation will be more. And these items are used for heating only.
So, the reason is wrong.
So, assertion is true, but the reason is false.
Ans. 20. (i) (a) Power = Voltage × Current
(ii) (c) Not necessarily
(iii) (c) By using the relation Power = [ Voltage]2 / Resistance
(iv) (b) 220V – 40W
(v) (d) Joule's law of heating
••
A-149
Ans. 1. (a) 2 W
Ans. 2. (c) Potential difference (V) decreases
Ans. 3. (d) The movement of electrons on their outer most orbital is tightly held together.
Ans. 4. (b) 2.0 A
Ans. 5. According to Ohm's law the current flowing in a conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference applied across its ends, provided the temperature and other physical
conditions of the conductor remain constant.
Ans. 6. Series combination.
Ans. 7. The potential difference between two points is said to be 1 volt if 1 joule work is done in
bringing 1 coulomb charge from one point to the other.
1 joule
1 volt =
1 coulomb
Ans. 8.
Ans. 9. The three important effects produced by electric current are (a) Heating effect, (b) Magnetic
effect, (c) Chemical effect.
Ans. 10. The crocodile clips must be connected between A and F.
Ans. 11. The figure (a) obeys Ohm's law because the V-I graph is a straight line and its slope (or
resistance) is constant.
( Voltage rating of appliance )

2
Ans. 12. (a) Resistance of appliance =

( Power rating of appliance )
V2
R =
P
Power rating of appliance
(b) Safe current =
Voltage rating of appliance
P
I =
V
A-150
Ans. 13.
S. No. Resistance Resistivity (or Specific Resistance)
1. The S.I. unit of resistance is ohm (W). The S.I. unit of resistivity is ohm-metre
(W m).
2. Resistance of a substance depends Resistivity of a substance is independent
on its length and thickness. of its length and thickness.
Ans. 14. (i) To measure current in the circuit.
(ii) (a) All in series.
(iii) (d) Ammeter A2 and voltmeter V2
(iv) (c) Ammeter A2 and voltmeter V1
Ans. 15. Two reasons why bile juice is considered to be an important secretion of the liver in the
process of digestion are:
1. The food coming from the stomach is acidic and has to be made alkaline for the
pancreatic enzymes to act. Bile juice from the liver accomplishes this in addition to
acting on fats.
2. Fats are present in the intestine in the form of large globules which makes it difficult for
enzymes to act on them. Bile salts break them down into smaller globules increasing
the efficiency of enzyme action. This also increases the surface area for easy absorption.
Ans. 16. (a) Electrical energy consumed daily
40 × 8 + 10 × 6 + 60 × 14
= kWh
1000
320 + 60 + 840
= kWh
1000
1220
= kWh
1000
= 1.22 units.
(b) Electrical energy consumed in 1 month
= 1.22 × 30 units
= 36.6 units
(c) Monthly bill = ` 5 × 36.6
= ` 183
Ans. 17. (a) R2 and R3 are in parallel.
∴ Equivalent resistance of R2 and R3
R ×R3
RP = 2
R 2 +R 3

12 × 6
=
12 + 6

72
= ≠
18
=4W
∴ Total resistance of the circuit, R = R1 + RP
Now, R1 and RP are connected in series
A-151
= (2 + 4) W
= 6W
(b) Potential difference, V = 12 V
Total resistance, R = 6 W
Using Ohm's law,
V
Total current flowing in circuit, I =
R
12
= A = 2A
6
(c) Potential difference across R1,
V1 = IR1
=2×2=4V
(d) Potential difference across R2 or R3,
V2 = IRP
=2×4=8V
(e) Let the current flowing though R2 be I'.
V 8
I' = 2 = A
R 2 12
= 0.67 A.
Ans. 18. (b) Resultant resistance is the addition of individual present in the series circuit. So, according
to the above statement, Resultant resistance (R) = R1 + R2 + R3. So total resistance will be
1 1 1 1
3 R. In parallel combination, resultant resistance will be= = + +
R R1 R 2 R 3
Here, both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
Ans. 19. (d) In a series circuit, the current measured will always be same, this is the reason why
ammeter is always connected in series with the circuit for which the measurement has
to be done. Thus, Assertion is false but reason is true.
Ans. 20. (i) (b) Electrical energy consumed
(ii) (c) Energymeter
(iii) (d) All of the above
(iv) (a) Yes
••
A-152
Ans. 1. (a) 1 ohm

Ans. 2. (b) 55 A
r1 + r12 − 4r1r2
Ans. 3. (d)
r1 − r12 − 4r1r2
Ans. 4. (c) 12.83 V

Ans. 5. The cable carrying 10 A current will be of thicker wire because to carry a heavy current, the
resistance of wire should be low, hence its area of cross-section should be large.
Ans. 6. The S.I. unit of resistance is ohm (W).
The resistance of a conductor is said to be 1 ohm if 1 ampere current flows through it when
a potential difference of 1 volt is applied across the ends of the conductor.
1 volt
1 ohm =
1 ampere
Ans. 7. Properties of charge :

(a) Electric charge can neither be created nor be destroyed but it can be transfer from one
body to another i.e., total electric charge in an isolated system is conserved.
(b) Total charge on a body is equal to the algebraic sum of all the charges located on that
body.
Ans. 8. Joule's law of heating states that the amount of heat produced in a conductor is directly
proportional to :
(a) Square of current (I2),
(b) Resistance of wire (R), and
(c) Time (t), for which current is passed.
V2
Ans. 9. Power (P) =
R

From the above formula, P is inversely proportional to R (resistance) as voltage remaining
the same. Hence, 40 W lamp has high resistance.
Ans. 10. The potential difference across any two points in a circuit is measured by a voltmeter.
A voltmeter must have a high resistance and it is connected in parallel to the two points
across which the potential difference is to be measured.
A-153
Ans. 11. The two bulbs are connected in parallel and complete circuit diagram is drawn below :
The reason for connecting the two bulbs in parallel is that (i) both the bulbs glow at the
same voltage, and (ii) if one bulb stops glowing, the other bulb remains unaffected.
Ans. 12. (i) Silver.
(ii) Nichrome.
(iii) Resistivity of a conductor is defined as the resistance of the conductor of unit length
and unit area of cross-section.
(iv) Resistivity of a material changes if its temperature changes.
Ans. 13.
S. No. Series Combination Parallel Combination
1. The current has a single path for The main current from the source divides
its flow, hence, same current flows itself in different arms. The current in
through each resistor. each resistors is inversely proportional
to its resistance.
2. The potential difference across the The potential difference across each
entire circuit is equal to the sum of resistor is same and it is equal to the
the potential difference across the potential difference across the terminals
individual resistor. of the battery (or source).
3. The equivalent resistance in series The equivalent resistance in parallel
combination is greater than the combination is less than the least
highest resistance in the series resistance in the parallel combination
combination.
Ans. 14. The resistors have to be combined as shown in the diagram.
The equivalent resistance of 1 W and 100 W connected in parallel is,

1 1 1
= +
R1 1 100
100 + 1
=
100
100
R1 = W = 0.99 W
or 101
Now, 10 W and R1 are in series.
Therefore, equivalent resistance R is
R = (10 + 0.99) W
= 10.99 W
The above value of resistance is greater than 10 W but less than 11 W.
A-154
Ans. 15. (i) 12 Ω lamps (only) on.
(a) 4 Ω lamps (only) on
(ii) 12 V for both sets of lamps and all of them are in parallel.
(iii) 12 Ω lamps are on when the wire is connected to position 2.
Voltage across both 4 Ω lamps = 12 V.
V = IR (Ohm’s law).
V 12
I = = = 1A.
R 12
4 Ω lamps are on when the wire is connected to position 3.
Voltage across both 4 Ω lamps = 12 V.
V = IR (Ohm’s law).
V 12
I = = = 3 A.
R 4
Ans. 16. The combined resistance R of the three electrical devices R1, R2 and R3 connected in parallel
is :
1 1 1 1
= + +
R R1 R 2 R 3
Here, R1 = 100 W, R2 = 50 W and R3 = 500 W

1 1 1 1
= + +
R 100 50 500
5 + 10 + 1
=
500
16
=
500
500
or R= = 31.25 W
16
Now, Potential difference, V = 220 V
Current, I = ?
Resistance, R = 31.25 W
V
Using Ohm's law : =R
I
220
or = 31.25
I
220
or I= = 7.04 A
31.25
Hence, the current passing through the electric iron is 7.04 A.
Ans. 17. (a) Between S and R : Between the points S and R the above network of resistors can be
represented as :
A-155
Equivalent resistance of three 3 W connected in series,
R1 = (3 + 3 + 3) = 9 W
Now, R1 and 3 W are connected in parallel.

∴ Equivalent resistance R can be calculated as

1 1 1
= +
R 9 3
1+ 3
=
9
4
=
9
9
R = W = 2.25 W
4
(b) Between P and R : Between the points P and R the network of resistors can be
represented as :
Equivalent resistance of two 3 W resistors connected in series is (3 + 3) = 6 W

Now, two 6 W resistors are connected in parallel.
∴ Equivalent resistance is given by
1 1 1
= +
R 6 6
1 1+1 2 1
= = =
R 6 6 3
R =3W
Ans. 18. (c) Assertion is true but the reason is false. As heat flow is dependent on three factors :
1. Current flowing through it
2. Time period of flow of current
3. Resistance of the conductor
So, the reason is false the that heat flow only depends on square of current. As it is
dependent on several other factors too.
Ans. 19. (a) Most of the part of consumed power of bulb is dissipated as heat but very less part
gets converted into light. So, there is a need for thermal isolation in order to reduce
heat losses. This is the reason why bulbs are filled with inactive nitrogen and argon.
So, both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
Ans. 20. (i) (a) One ammeter in series and voltmeter in parallel
(ii) (b) Two ammeter is series and voltmeter in parallel
(iii) (c) No
(iv) (d) Voltage was same in Krisha’s case
(v) (a) Krisha
••
A-156
Chapter - 4 [Magnetic Effects of Electric Current]
Ans. 1. (d) is the same at all points

Ans. 2. (d) Both (b) and (c)
Ans. 3. (b) Magnetic field
Ans. 4. (a) 36.36 A
Ans. 5. Near the poles of the magnet.
Ans. 6. The space or region around a magnet in which the force of attraction or repulsion due to
the magnet can be detected is called magnetic field.
Ans. 7. In A.C., the direction of the current keeps reversing periodically and the direction of the
current remains the same in D.C.
Ans. 8. The steel does not lose all its magnetism when the current is stopped and becomes a
permanent magnet. That's why it is not used for making electromagnets.
Ans. 9. When a compass needle is brought near a bar magnet, the compass needle experiences
a deflection due to the interaction of magnetic fields of the compass needle and the bar
magnet.
Ans.10. Direction of force on conductor can be.
Variable
Ans.11. resistance
– +
A
+
–
P
Magnetic compass
With an increasing distance from the conductor the strength of the magnetic field decreases.
(magnetic field is inversely proportional to radius).
Ans. 12.
(a) The strength of a magnetic field is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
from the conductor i.e., strength of an electric field decreases with increase in distance.
(b) The strength of the magnetic field is directly proportional to the current passing in the
wire i.e., strength of the magnetic field increases with the increase in current.
A-157
Ans. 13. As the electron beam moves from back wall towards the front wall, it implies that the
current is travelling from front to back wall. Deflection towards right side indicate the
direction of the force. Thus, by using Fleming's left hand rude, the direction of the magnetic
field would be from the roof of the room towards the floor, i.e., from top to bottom or
downwards.
Ans. 14. (a) Since current at end X is anticlockwise, the polarity at that end is North pole.
(b) Current at end Y is clockwise, hence polarity at that end in South pole.
(c) Clock-face rule is used to determine the polarities of the two faces of a current carrying
circular loop.
Ans. 15. The magnetic field of a solenoid is very similar to that of a bar magnet. This is shown in
figure (a) and (b) respectively, which shows the lines of force of the magnetic field of a
current carrying solenoid and a bar magnet.
Field
Lines
P’ Q
N S
Slit in Q
Card- P
board
Card- N S
. Key board
( )
Current
Battery Rheostat
(b)
(a)
Ans. 16. (a) Here while carrying out an experiment if a compass needle is placed near a wire
carrying current then due to the effect of magnetism, which produced due to electric
current produced in the wire the needle gets deflected. This shows that the magnetism
and electricity are interlinked.
So, both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Ans. 17. (c) Magnetic field not a scalar quantity rather it is a vector quantity which has both
magnitude and direction. So, when iron fillings are placed around a magnet, they
get arranged in a fashion similar to that of magnetic lines. So assertion is correct but
reason is false.
Ans. 18. (i) (b) The spring got magnetised
(ii) (a) The deflection of compass increased
(iii) (c) No change
(iv) (d) Magnetic effect of electric current
(v) (a) Increase in magnetic strength
••
A-158
Ans. 1. (d) Upward

Ans. 2. (c ) Half revolution
Ans. 3. (d) Out of the page
Explanation: By Fleming’s left-hand rule, current is in direction of alpha particle, direction
of field is towards right of paper and thumb gives direction of force which is out of the
paper.
Ans. 4. (c) Same at all points
Ans. 5. The two safety measures are :
(a) Use of electric fuse.
(b) Earthing of metal bodies of electrical appliances.
Ans. 6. It is more dangerous to touch the live wire rather than the neutral wire because live wire
has a high potential of 220 V, whereas neutral wire has zero potential.
Ans. 7. The earth wire transfers any leakage of electric current to the earth. The leaked current can
otherwise reach the metallic body of an appliance and can lead to electric shock. Earth wire
prevents from electric shock by safely transferring the leaked current to the earth.
Ans. 8. Place a compass needle at the given point. If it stays in the North-South direction, then the
magnetic field is due to earth. If the needle points along any direction other than North-
South direction, then the field is due to some current carrying conductor.
Ans. 9. (a) Overloading is the process of overheating of a wire due to excess current drawn by all
the appliances than the permitted limit for the wire.
(b) Short-circuiting is the process of overheating which may even cause fire when the live
wire and the neutral wire come in contact due to defective or damaged wiring.
Ans. 10. Clock face rule is used to determine the polarity of the two faces of a current carrying
circular loop.
According to this rule, "If the current around the face of circular wire flows in the clockwise
direction, then that face of the circular wire will be South pole (S-Pole) and if the current
around the face of circular wire flows in the anticlockwise direction, then that face of the
circular wire will be North pole (N-Pole)."
Ans. 11. Near the poles of the magnet.
Ans. 12. The earth pin made long so that the earth connection is made first and this ensures the
safety of the user. If the appliance is defective, then as soon as the live pin gets connected, a
strong current flow through the earth wire and the fuse blows off. The earth pin is thicker
than the other two pins so that even by mistake it cannot be inserted in the hole for the live
or neutral connection.
Ans. 13. No, a magnetic field exert a force only on a moving charge.
Ans. 14. (a) Total power of appliances used simultaneously
= ( 3 × 100) + (8 × 40)
= 300 + 320
= 620 W
A-159
Voltage of mains, V = 220 V
P 620
Current drawn from mains, I = = = 2.82 A
V 220
(b) Excess current available = 5A – 2.82 A = 2.18 A
Current drawn by each of 60 W bulb at 220 V,
P 60
= I = = 0.27 A
V 220
Number of additional bulbs of 60 W which can be lighted,
Excess current available
n =
Current drawn by each bulb
2.18
= = 8.07 = 8
0.27
Ans. 15. (a) The space or region around a magnet in which the force of attraction or repulsion due
to the magnet can be detected is called the magnetic field.
(b) The lines drawn in a magnetic field along which north magnetic pole moves, are called
magnetic field lines.
The characteristic properties of magnetic field lines are :
1. The magnetic lines originate from North pole and ends at South pole.
2. The magnetic lines do not intersect each other.
Ans. 16. (c) Assertion is correct but the reason is wrong. As the current changes in the conductor,
magnitude of the magnetic fields produced also varies which is the reason for a change
in the deflection of the iron filings.
Ans. 17. (a) A force is always exerted due to magnetic field in the same way electric current flowing
through any conductor produces magnetic field. And in this case, Fleming's left-hand
rule is used to predict directions of the magnetic field, current and displacement.
Ans. 18. (i) (c) The filings arranged themselves in circular loops
(ii) (a) The deflection followed a specific path of closed circular loops
(iii) (b) No
(iv) (d) Rheostat
(v) (b) No
••
A-160
Ans. 1. (a) 0.39 T

Ans. 2. (b) 9.8 × 10–3 T
Ans. 3. (a) 45 p × 10–7 T mA–1
Ans. 4. (d) The field consists of concentric circles centered on the wire.
Ans. 5. The direction of magnetic field lines gets reversed on changing the direction of flow of
current in a straight conductor.
Ans. 6. The strength and the direction of magnetic field at the given point define a magnetic field.
Ans. 7. The wires used as the heating element in an electric heater have very high resistivity and a
very high melting point whereas the wires used in a fuse have resistivity more than that of
copper or aluminium but have a low melting point.
Ans. 8. The force experienced by a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field is largest
when the current-carrying conductor is perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field.
Ans. 9. The lines drawn in magnetic field along which north magnetic pole moves, are called
magnetic field lines.
The characteristic properties of magnetic field lines are :
(a) The magnetic field lines originate from North pole and ends at South pole.
(b) The magnetic field lines do not intersect each other.
Ans. 10. Two times in each cycle the direction of current changes.
Ans. 11. (a) 1 → Earth (E), 2 → Neutral (N) and 3 → Live (L).
(b) Terminal 1 is connected to the metal body of the appliance.
Ans. 12. (a) (I) (D.C.) → Direct Current
(II) (A.C.) → Alternating Current
(b) "The frequency of current in India is 50 Hz" means the direction of current in India
change 50 times in 1 second.
Ans. 13. Force on electron is maximum in fig. (i) because here direction of motion of electron is at
right angles to that of magnetic field ‘B’. The force is minimum (or zero) in fig. (iii) because
here electron is moving along the direction of magnetic field B.
The direction of maximum force acting on electron is perpendicular to the plane of paper
and directed into it.
Ans. 14. (a) Right hand thumb rule is used to determine the direction of magnetic field around
the straight conductor carrying current. It states that, if the thumb of the right hand
represents the direction of the current flow, the rest of the curled fingers determine the
direction of the magnetic field lines around it.
A-161
Maxwell Right Hand Thumb Rule
(b) Fleming's left hand rule is used to find the direction of force experienced by a current
carrying straight conductor placed in a magnetic field which is perpendicular to it.
Fleming's left-hand rule states that, if the thumb, forefinger and middle finger are spread
perpendicular to each other. Then if the thumb represents the direction of force then the
forefinger represents the direction of the magnetic field and the middle finger will represent
the direction of the current.
Magnetic field
Left hand A B East
Magnetic field or For
m ce
ot
Current
io
n
Current
D
Force South
C
or
Vertically
motion
downward
(a) (b)
Ans. 15. (a) The student conducted this activity to make an electromagnet.
(b) The electrical current flowing through a coil will create a uniform magnetic field. This
magnetic field causes the needle to turn. Reversing, the connections to the battery,
reverse the direction of the current flow and the needle will point in the opposite
direction.
(c) When an iron rod is placed along the axis of a current carrying coil, it gets magnetised
under the influence of the magnetic field produced by the coil through induction. But
this magnetism lasts as long as the current supply is not withdrawn.
Ans. 16. (d) Assertion is false, but reason are true.
Ans. 17. (b) Both the statements are correct, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
In testing purpose galvanometer is used to measure polarity. There is a torque acting
on a current carrying coil suspended in a magnetic field which produces deflection.
Deflection is directly proportional to current flowing through the galvanometer coil.
Ans. 18. (i) (b) South
(ii) (c) Both (I) and (III)
(iii) (a) from top to bottom
(iv) (b) decreases with increase in distance
(v) (b) anticlockwise direction
••
A-162
Ans. 1. (c) Ammeter

Ans. 2. (b) An iron piece into it
Ans. 3. (a) Soft iron
Ans. 4. (c) Uniform
Ans. 5. If a swimmer swims in the direction of current, facing the magnetic needle, then the North
pole of the magnetic needle deflects towards his left hand i.e., West and the South pole
towards his right hand i.e., East.
Ans. 6. According to the convention, the live wire is red, neutral wire is black and earth wire is
green in colour. But, according to the new convention, the live wire is brown, neutral wire
is light blue and the earth wire is green or yellow in colour.
Ans. 7. An electromagnet is called a temporary magnet because as we keep on passing electric
current, it will work as magnet and if we stop passing electric current, it will no longer
work as magnet.
Ans. 8. When live and neutral wires touch each other, the resistance suddenly decreases and
current increases. This leads to excessive heating of wire which manifests in the form of
sparks. This is called short circuit.
Ans. 9. Applying Fleming's left hand rule, the wire carrying current tends to move upwards (out
of the page).
Ans. 10. Here, Power, P = 2 kW
= 2 × 1000 W
= 2000 W
Supply voltage, V = 220 V
Therefore, current drawn by electric oven,
P 2000
I= = A == 99.09
A A
V 220

The current drawn by the electric oven is 9 A, but the fuse has 5 A current rating. Thus
when a 2 kW power rating electric oven is operated in the circuit having 5 A current rating
fuse, the fuse will blow off and cut-off the power supply.
Ans. 11. In this case, the strength of magnetic field depends on:
(i) Number of turns in solenoid.
(ii) Strength of current in the solenoid.
(iii) The nature of ‘core material’.
Ans. 12. When we switch on current in coil A, it becomes an electromagnet and produces a magnetic
field around coil B. So, an induced current flows in coil B for a moment. When the current
in coil A becomes steady, its magnetic field also becomes steady and the current in coil B
stops.
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When we switch off the current in coil A, then the magnetic field in coil B stops quickly and
in this case an induced current flows in coil B in the opposite direction.
Ans. 13. (a) When the bar magnet is held stationary inside the coil, there is no deflection in the
galvanometer.
(b) When the bar magnet is withdrawn from the coil, the deflection in the galvanometer is
in the opposite direction.
Ans. 14. A solenoid is a coil containing many circular turns. These wires are wrapped closely in the
shape of a cylinder.
A solenoid behaves like a bar magnet when a current is passed through it. Its one end
behaves as magnetic North Pole and the other end as magnetic South Pole. The magnetic
field created is similar to magnetic field of a bar magnet. In other words, like a bar magnet,
the field lines emerge from one end and merge into another.
Ans. 15. Factors affecting the strength of an electromagnet. The strength of an electromagnet
depends on :
(a) The number of turns in the coil : If we increase the number of turns in the coil, the
strength of electromagnet increases.
(b) The current flowing in the coil : If the current in the coils increased, the strength of
electromagnet increases.
(c) The length of air gap between its poles : If we reduce the length of air gap between
the pole of an electromagnet, then its strength increases.
Ans. 16. (b) Both statements are true but reason does not explain the assertion. Force is exerted
on the conductor due to interaction of its own magnetic field with that of the external
magnetic field
Ans. 17. (b) Both the statements are correct individually, but the reason is not the correct
explanation of assertion. As when a fault occurs in the domestic lines there is a
protective device called fuse which breaks the circuit and protects all the equipments
by melting the low melting point wire wrapped to it in order to interrupt the supply.
Ans. 18. (i) (c) Magnetic force is used to lift the train above the track
(ii) (a) Repulsive force
(iii) (b) Current drawn by train
(iv) (a) By controlling the current
(v) (b) Reducing the friction due to air
••
A-164
Progress Check - 3
Ans. 1. (a) Becomes 2 times

Ans. 2. (a) Live wire
Ans. 3. (c) Magnetic lines of forces are far away from each other at the poles.
Ans. 4. (b) Number of lines crossing a given point.
Ans. 5. A continuous conducting path consisting of wires and other electrical components (like
resistance of electric bulb, switch etc.) between the two terminals of a cell or battery, along
which an electric current flows, is called an electric circuit.
Ans. 6. A current-carrying conductor produces a magnetic field around it. This magnetic field
interacts with the externally applied magnetic field and as a result the conductor experiences
a forces.
Ans. 7. An electric circuit is said to be an open circuit when the switch is in 'off' mode (or key is
unplugged) and no current flows in the circuit.
The circuit is said to be closed circuit when the switch is in 'on' mode (or key is plugged)
and a current flows in the circuit.
Ans. 8. Three methods of producing magnetic fields are as follows :
(a) By permanent magnet.
(b) By electromagnet.
(c) By current carrying conductors.
Ans. 9. (a) Electrical energy gets converted into heat energy in an electric heater.
(b) Electrical energy change into mechanical energy in an electric motor.
(c) Electrical energy gets converted into sound energy in a loudspeaker.
(d) Electrical energy changes into chemical energy during electrolysis.
Ans. 10. As per Fleming's left hand rule, the magnetic field is directed out of the paper.
Ans. 11. Figure shows the magnetic lines of force due to current carrying coil.
The magnitude of magnetic field at the centre of coil depends on : (a) the strength of current in
the coil (I) and (b) the number of turns in the coil (II).
Ans. 12. The commercial unit of electrical energy is kWh.
1 kWh = 1000 W × 1 hour
J
= 1000 × 60 × 60 s = 3.6 × 106 J
s
A-165
Ans. 13. Milliammeter has negative zero error and voltmeter has positive zero error.
Zero correction is always, negative of zero error.
∴ Milliammeter reading = 38 – (– 4) = 38 + 4 = 42 mA
Voltmeter reading = 3.6 – (+ 0.4)
= 3.6 – 0.4 = 3.2 V.
Ans. 14. Here, Potential difference, V = 220 V, Current, I = 5A
V
∴ Resistance, R =

I
220
= = 44 W
5
Let the number of 176 W resistors to be connected in parallel to give an equivalent resistance
of 44 W be x.
176
Equivalent resistance of 'x' 176 ohm resistance connected in parallel is = W
x
176
But, = 44
x
176

∴ x = =4
44
Thus, 4 resistors of 176 W each should be connected in parallel.
Ans. 15. (a) Total power of appliances used simultaneously
P = (3 × 100) + (3 × 40)
= 420 W
Voltage of mains, V = 220 V
P 420
Current drawn from the mains, I = = = 1.91A
V 220
(b) Excess current available which can be safely used
= 5A – 1.91 A
= 3.09 A
∴ Current drawn by each CFL of 40 W at 220 V,
P 40
I = = = 0.18A
V 220
∴ Number of additional CFL's of 40 W each which can be lighted,
Excess current available
n =
Current drawn by each tube light
3.09
= = 17.2
0.18
∴ Seventeen additional CFL's can be lighted.
Ans. 16. (a) The three resistors of resistances 2W, 3W and 6W have to be combined as shown in the
figure to obtain 4W resistance.
Equivalent resistance of 3W and 6W connected in parallel is,
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1 1 1
= +
Rp 3 6

2 +1 3
= =
6 6
6
Rp =
=2W
3
Now, Rp and 2W are joined in series and the equivalent resistance is,
R = Rp + 2
= ( 2 + 2) W
= 4 W
(b) In order to obtain 1 W resistance, the resistors 2 W, 3 W and 6 W have to be combined as
shown in figure.
2 W, 3 W and 6 W resistances are connected in parallel,
1 1 1 1
= + +

∴ R 2 3 6
3 + 2 +1
=
6
6
=
6
R =1W
Ans. 17. (a) The force on a charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic field always acts
in direction perpendicular to the direction of motion of the charge. As work done
by magnetic field on the charge is zero, so the energy of the charged particle does
not change. Thus, both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct
Ans. 18. (b) The magnetic field lines never intersect each other as an intersection of the field lines
means the magnetic field at that point has two directions, which is not possible because
the resultant force on a pole (north/south) at any point can only be in one direction.
Thus, both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
Ans. 19. There is only a single path which connects from the electric source to the output devices.
The electrical appliance damage can be prevented by connecting the fuse in series with the
mains as well as the electrical appliance. To maintain the current level efficiently series of
resistors can be used.
Ans. 20. Solenoid is the only thing which is tightly-packed and wound in terms of close loops. If
current is passed inside a solenoid which is of finite length, the closely packed loops inside
it produce a magnetic field which resembles the magnetic field of a bar magnet. Other than
this, the circular or rectangular loop doesn't produce much magnetic field as that of a bar
magnet.
A-167
Ans. 21. (a) Since current at end X is anticlockwise, the polarity at that end is North pole.
(b) Current at end Y is clockwise, hence polarity at that end is South pole.
(c) Clock-face rule is used to determine the polarities of the two faces of a current carrying
circular loop.
(d) Factor affecting the strength of an electromagnet are :
l Number of turns
l Current flowing in the coil
l Length of air gap between its poles
Ans. 22. (i) (b) Electrical to magnetic
(ii) (b) The bar will be magnetised as long as there is current in the circuit
(iii) (a) A bar magnet
(iv) (d) Only II
(v) (a) For a current of 0.8 A the magnetic field is 13 mT
••
A-168
Progress Check - 4
Ans. 1. (d) 15.9 V

Ans. 2. (c) 9W
Ans. 3. (d) Current flowing through the solenoid is saturated
Ans. 4. (a) becomes 2 times.
The electrical resistance of a wire can be expressed as:
L
R=r
A
Where, A = Area of cross section of the conductor
L = Length of the conductor
ρ = Resistivity
From this relation, it is clear that the resistance is directly proportional to the length
and inversely proportional to area of cross-section.
If length becomes 2L, then
r(2L) rL
R’ = = 2
A A
So, R’ = 2 R
Thus, the resistance becomes 2 times if the length of the wire is doubled.
Ans. 5. Lead-tin alloy is used for fuse wires because it has low melting point.
Ans. 6. No, a magnetic field exerts a force only on a moving charge.
Ans. 7. The potential difference between two points is said to be 1 volt if 1 joule of work is done in
moving 1 coulomb of electric charge from one point to the other.
Ans. 8. The two main precautions are :
(a) The hands must be completely dry.
(b) The plugs should fit in the socket lightly.
Ans. 9. Here, Current (I) = 5 A, Resistance (R) = 20 W, Time (t) = 30 s
∴ Heat produced = I2Rt
= (5)2 × 20 × 30
= 15000 J
Thus, heat developed is 1.5 × 104 J.
Ans. 10. Rubber is an electrical insulator. Hence electrician can work safely while working on an
electric circuit without a risk of getting any electric shock.
Ans. 11. Ammeter and rheostat are connected in series.
Ans. 12. According to this rule, stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of your left hand
such that they are mutually perpendicular to each other. If the first finger points in the
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direction of magnetic field and the second finger in the direction of current, then the thumb
will point in the direction of the force acting on the conductor.
Ans. 13.
S. No. Electromagnet Permanent Magnet
1. It is made up of soft iron. It is made up of steel.
2. The magnetic field strength can be The magnetic field strength cannot be
changed. changed.
3. The magnetic field can be very The magnetic field is not strong.
strong.
4. The polarity of an electromagnet can The polarity of a permanent magnet not
be reversed. be reversed.
5. It can be easily demagnetised by It cannot be easily demagnetised.
switching off the current.
Ans. 14. In series combination, the same current flows in all the resistances but the potential
difference across each of the resistance is different.
According to Ohm's law, we have
V1 = IR1, V2 = IR2, V3 = IR3
If the total potential difference between A and B is V, then
V = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
= I (R1 + R2 + R3)
Let the equivalent resistance be R, then
V = IR
and hence IR = I (R1 + R2 + R3)
⇒ R = R1 + R2 + R3
Ans. 15. Here, Charge, Q = 96000 C, Time, t = 1, h = 60 × 60 s
Q

∴ Current, I =
t
96000
=
60 × 60 s
= 26.67
V 50
Using Ohm's law, Resistance, R = =
I 26.67

or R = 1.87 W
Time, t = 1 hour
= 60 × 60s = 3600 s
∴ Heat generated, H = I2Rt
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= (26.67)2 × 1.87 × 3600 J
= 4788397 J
Ans. 16. (d) It is one of the disadvantages of series circuits that if one of the components fails then
none of the components works in that circuit. While in case of parallel connection,
current is divided so, if one component fails, it is possible that the circuit works with
less load. So, parallel connections are used wherever the reliability is needed. Here, if
assertion is false, reason is true.
Ans. 17. (b) Both assertion and reason are true but it is not the correct reason to explain assertion.
These both are the properties of magnetic field. The other properties are :
The magnitude of magnetic field is directly proportional to electric current.
The magnitude of magnetic field produced by electric current decreases with increase
in distance and vice-versa. The size of concentric circles of magnetic field lines increases
with distance from the conductor, which shows that magnetic field decreases with
increased distance. Magnetic field lines never cross each other.
Ans. 18. The concept of resistance in series and parallel using the serial bulbs is used in home for
decoration purpose. If the four light bulbs are connected is series, the current flows through
all of them and the voltage drop would be 3-volts across each bulb which is not sufficient
to make them glow. But in case of parallel connection, the voltage drop would be 12-volts
across each bulb which makes them glow.
Ans. 19. According to Lorentz’s force,
F = qvB sin θ
θ = 0° or 180°
If, Magnetic force (F) = 0
Hence magnetic forces do not have any component either along or opposite to the direction
of motion of charged particle. The energy of a charged particle moving in a magnetic field
alone does not change because it experiences a force in a direction perpendicular to its
direction of motion. Due to which the speed of charged particle remains unchanged.
Ans. 20. (a) It can be seen from the table that the resistivity of mercury is more than that of iron.
This implies that iron is a better conductor than mercury.
(b) It can be observed from the table that the resistivity of silver is lowest among the listed
materials. Hence, it is the best conductor.
(c) Copper and aluminium wires are used as connecting wires because they have low
resistivity and are good conductors of electricity.
(d) Standard resistors are made from alloys such as constantan, manganin etc., because
they have high specific resistance and the effect of change in temperature on their
resistance is negligible.
Ans. 21. (i) (d) All of these
(ii) (b) Magnetism
(iii) (c) I f magnetic field lines are parallel and equidistant, they represent zero field
strength.
(iv) (a) A
(v) (d) Concentric circles
••

A-171
Practice Paper - 1
Ans. 1. (c) Total internal reflection

Ans. 2. (b) Short-sightedness or myopia
Ans. 3. (c) Gets divided across each component
Ans. 4. (a) 12 × 10–18 N
Ans. 5. A ray of light bends from its path on entering into second medium because speed of light
in second medium is different from that in first medium.
Ans. 6. Accommodation or the accommodating power.
Ans. 7. It is connected in series to measure the magnitude of current flowing in a circuit so that
whole of electric current, passes through it.
Ans. 8. Force on electron is maximum in fig. (a) because here direction of motion of electron is at
right angles to that of magnetic field ‘B’. The force is minimum (or zero) in fig. (c) because
here electron is moving along the direction of magnetic field B. The direction of maximum
force acting on electron is perpendicular to the plane of paper and directed into it.
Ans. 9.
S. No. Convex Lens Concave lens
1. A convex lens is thick in the middle A concave lens is thin in the middle and
and thin at its periphery. thick at its periphery.
2. It converges the incident rays to- It diverges the incident rays away from
wards the principal axis. the principal axis.
3. It has a real focus. It has a virtual focus.
Ans. 10. (a)
3
(b) Given : ang =
2
1 1 2
gna = == ==
a ng
3 3
2
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Ans. 11. The angle between the incident ray produced forward and the emergent ray produced
backward is called angle of deviation(d).
Em
ray erg
t en
den t ra
Inci y
Ans. 12. The magnetic field of a solenoid is very similar to that of a bar magnet. This is shown in
figure (a) and (b) respectively, which shows the lines of force of the magnetic field of a
current carrying solenoid and a bar magnet.
(a) (b)
Ans. 13. Same current (I) flows through different resistances, when these are joined in series, as
shown in the figure.
Let R be the combined resistance, then
V = IR
V1 = IR1, V2 = IR2, V3 = IR3
..
. V = V1 + V2 + V3

\ IR = IR1 + IR2 + IR3

⇒ IR = I(R1 + R2 + R3)

\ R = R1 + R2 + R3
Now, R1 = 6W, R2 = 9W, R3 = 18W
In parallel combination,
1 1 1 1
= + +
R R1 R 2 R 3
1 1 1 3+2+1 6 1

⇒ = + + = = =
6 9 18 18 18 3
⇒ R =3W
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Ans. 14. For convex mirror, u = – 60 cm, f = + 20 cm
Using mirror formula,

1 1 1
+ =
v u f
1 1 1
= −
v f u
1 1 3+1 4
= −
20 (− 60) = 60 = 60

v = 15 cm

\ PB' = 15 cm
Let the plane mirror be held at M such that images in the two mirrors coincide.
As BM = MB' = MP + PB' = x + 15 …(i)
1 1
BM = BB' = (60 + 15) = 37.5 …(ii)
2 2
From equations (i) and (ii), we get
x + 15 = 37.5
x = 37.5 – 15 = 22.5 cm
Ans. 15. (a) To get an equivalent resistance of 13.5 W, the resistance should be connected as shown
in the figure given below :
1 1 1
So, = +
RP R1 R 2
1 1
= +
9 9
1 2
RP = 9

9
RP = = 4.5
2
Now, RS = R3 + 4.5 W

= 9 W + 4.5 W
= 13.5 W
(b) To get an equivalent resistance of 6 W, the resistance should be connected as shown in the
figure given below :
RS = R1 + R2
= 9 + 9 = 18 W
Now both the resistance are in parallel with each other so,
A-174
1 1 1
= +
RP 18 9
3
=
18
1
= 
6
So, RP = 6 W
Ans. 16. (a) Focal length of divergent lens, f = – 20 cm
Image distance, v = – 10 cm
1 1 1
Using lens formula, = −
f v u
1 1 1
= − −
−20 10 u
1 1 1
= − +
u 10 20
1 −2 + 1 1
= =−
u 20 20
u = – 20 cm
h2 v
Now, m = =
h1 u
h2 − 10
=
4 − 20
2 h2 = 4
h2 = 2 cm
(b)

2 cm
10 cm
Ans. 17. (a) We know that the rainbow has seven constituent colours such as Violet, Indigo, Blue,
prism, this phenomenon of splitting white light into VIBGYOR is called dispersion of
light.
A-175
Ans. 18. (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct reason to explain
assertion. These both are the properties of magnetic field. The other properties are :
l The magnitude of magnetic field increases with an increase in electric current and
decreases with decrease in electric current.
l The magnitude of magnetic field produced by electric current decreases with increase
in distance and vice-versa.
l The size of concentric circles of magnetic field lines increases with distance from the
conductor, which shows that magnetic field decreases with distance.
l Magnetic field lines never cross each other.
Ans. 19. Since the current is divided into all parts of the circuits, the circuit preference would be
parallel connection because only in this type of circuit each component can be supplied
with different ampere current by maintaining the same voltage all over the circuit. In both
domestic and industrial uses, parallel connection is preferred.
Ans. 20. (a)
(b) The sum of the angles, made by reflected rays with mirrors AB and CD is
20° + 40° = 60°.
(c) The return of light into the same medium after striking a surface is called reflection.
(d) The angle of incidence will be 0°.
Ans. 21. (i) (a) Convex
(ii) (c) Plane
(iii) (b) Concave
(iv) (d) At centre of curvature
(v) (c) Lateral inversion
••
A-176
Practice Paper - 2
Ans. 1. (c) Increases heavily

Ans. 3. (d) u = 20 cm and m = 1
Ans. 4. (d) Ammeter in series and voltmeter in parallel
Ans. 5. The light ray on emerging out of a prism always bends towards the base of the prism.
Ans. 6. It makes possible to move the electrons in a particular direction, so closed path is necessary
for the flow of current.
Ans. 8. The conductors which obey Ohm’s law are called Ohmic conductors.
Ans. 9. Convex mirror always forms erect and diminished image.
Ans. 10. On keeping the lens close to the page of a book, if the letters of the book appear enlarged,
then it is a convex lens and if the letters of the book appear diminished, then it is a concave
lens. This is because a concave lens produces a diminished image for all the positions of
the object and convex lens produces an enlarged image, when the object is kept within the
focus of convex lens.
Ans. 11. Here, Power, P = 3 kW = 3 × 1000 W = 3000 W
Supply voltage, V = 220 V
P 3000
Current drawn, I = = = 13.6 A
V 220
Ans. 12. The strength of magnetic field produced by a current carrying solenoid depends on :
(a) The number of turns in the solenoid : Larger the number of turns in the solenoid,
greater will be the magnetism produced.
(b) The strength of current in the solenoid : Larger the current passed through solenoid,
stronger will be the magnetism produced.
(c) The nature of core material used in making solenoid : The use of soft iron rod as
core in a solenoid produces the stronger magnetism.
Ans. 13. The potential difference (V) = 220 V
The resistance of each coil = 24 W
The current in given three cases, may be calculated as
Case 1 : When used separately, R = 24 W and V = 220 V
We know that,
V 220
Electric current (I) = = = 9.16 A
R 24
Case 2 : When the two resistors are connected in series.
Total effective resistance = 24 W + 24 W = 48 W
V 220
\ Electric current (I) = = = 4.58 A
R 48
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Case 3 : When the two resistors are connected in parallel.
1 1 1 1+ 1
Total effective resistance, = + =
R 24 24 24
2 1
= =
24 12
\ Total effective resistance (R) = 12 W
V 220
Thus, Electric current (I) = = = 18.33 A
R 12
Ans. 14. The convex lens will form complete image of an object, even if the one half is covered with
black paper, because light rays can still pass through the optical centre of convex lens. We
can verify this by obtaining image of any distant object on a screen by half covered convex
lens. This can be more clear by the ray diagram given alongside.
Ans. 15. The total resistance of the circuit is given by

R = 5 + 8 + 12 = 25 W
V
We know, R=
I
6
Hence, 25 =
I
6
I= = 0.24 A
25
Since, resistances are connected in series, thus electric current remains the same through all
resistors.
12 × 6
Reading of voltmeter (Voltage drop across 12 W) = = 2.88 volt
25
Ans. 16. To observe objects at infinity, the eye uses its least converging power.
Power of the eye lens is given as
P = 40 + 20 = 60 D
100
f= cm
P
100
= cm
60
5
= cm
3
To focus an object at near point,
Object distance, u = – 25 cm
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Focal length of the eye lens = Distance between the eye lens and the retina = Image distance, v
Using the formula,
1 1 1
= −
f' v u
3 1 16
We get = + =
5 25 25
25
f' = cm
16
100 100
Power, P' = = = 64 D
f ' 25 / 16
Power of eye lens, P' = 64 – 40 = 24 D
Hence, the range of accommodation of the eye lens is from 20 D to 24 D.
Ans. 17. (d) Myopia is known as near-sightedness and hypermetropia is known as farsightedness.
The image of a distant object is not formed in front of retina. Thus, the given assertion
is false but reason is true.
Ans. 18. (b) Both statements are true, but reason is not correct explanation of assertion. In
reason it should be covered on why increase or decrease of current is necessary, it’s
not necessary to explain how variation in current is done. It is true in many cases
variation of current is necessary and also it is correct that variation in current is done
by a variable resistor.
Ans. 19. In addition to the exercise for the strained eyes, my medical suggestion would be the usage
of the anti-glare lens in their spectacles which reduces the impact of blue light emitted from
digital items and artificial lighting. This would reduce the stress and strain caused. But still
the exercise for eyes in repeated time interval should also be regularly followed.
Ans. 20. When a copper ring is suspended by a thread in a vertical plane and the magnet is brought
towards the ring horizontally. We never notice any change in the ring’s position. Hence,
the ring will be at rest as flux (φ = BA cos θ) produced by the copper ring will be zero.
..
( . q = 90° and cos 90º = 0)
Ans. 21. (i) (d) IV
(ii) (d) D
(iii) (c) C
(iv) (d) ‘l’ is the maximum for ∠i = 45º and is less than this value for ∠i = 30º and ∠i = 60º.
(v) (c) Virtual and erect
••
A-179
Practice Paper - 3

Ans. 2. (d) All of the these
Ans. 3. (b) H2 < H1
Ans. 4. (b) Iron
Explanation : Among the given substances, the iron is the only magnetic substances.
Ans. 5. The descending order is glass (1.5) > water (1.33) > air (1.003).
Ans. 6. It makes possible to move the electrons in a particular direction, so closed path is necessary
for the flow of current.
Ans. 8. The conductors which obey Ohm’s law are called ohmic conductors.
Ans. 9. Convex mirror always forms erect and diminished image.
Ans. 10. The magnetic lines of force due to current in the straight conductor XY are shown in figure
given alongside. The arrows on the magnetic lines of force shows the direction of magnetic
field.
The magnitude of magnetic field at a point depends on:
(i) The strength of current in the conductor, and
(ii) The distance of point from the conductor.
Ans. 11. Ahmed who is blind to red and green colour may be deficient in cone shaped cells having
red and green pigment in the retina of his eyes. It is a genetic disorder and not a refractive
defect of vision. So, he may not have normal vision.
Ans. 12. A current carrying conductor produces a magnetic field around it and the magnetic needle
in this magnetic field experiences a torque due to which it deflects to align itself in the
direction of magnetic field.
Ans. 13. (a)
3
(b) Given : ang =
2
1 1 2
gna = == ==
a ng
3 3
2
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Ans. 14. (a) To obtain the highest resistance, the resistors must be connected in series.
\ Highest resistance, RS = (1 + 10 +100 + 1000) Ω
= 1111 Ω
(b) To obtain the lowest resistance, the resistors must be connected in parallel.
The lowest resistance is given by
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
R P 1 10 100 1000
1000 + 100 + 10 + 1 1111
=
1000 1000
1111
\ Lowest resistance, RP = W = 1.1 W
1000
Ans. 15. The potential difference (V) = 220 V
The resistance of each coil = 24 W
The current in given three cases, may be calculated as
Case 1 : When used separately, R = 24 W and V = 220 V
V 220
We know that, electric current (I) = = = 9.16 A
R 24
Case 2 : When the two resistors are connected in series.
Total effective resistance = 24 W + 24 W = 48 W
V 220
\ Electric current (I) = = = 4.58 A
R 48
Case 3 : When the two resistors are connected in parallel.
1 1 1 1+ 1
Total effective resistance, = + =
R 24 24 24
2 1
= =
24 12
\ Total effective resistance (R) = 12 W
V 220
Thus, Electric current (I) = = = 18.33 A
R 12
Ans. 16. Object distance, u = – 27 cm
Object heights, h1 = 7 cm
Focal length, f = – 18 cm
1 1 1
+ =
v u f
1 1 1
= − +
v 18 27
1 −3+2
=
v 54
1 1
= −
v 54
v = – 54 cm
A-181
So, the screen should be placed at a distance of 54 cm in front of the given mirror.
Magnification produced by a mirror,
h v
m = 2 =−
h1 u

(− 54)
m = −
(− 27 )
m =–2
The negative value of magnification indicates that the image formed is real.
h2
Also, m = h
1
h2
–2 =
7
h2 = – 2 × 7
h2 = – 14 cm
The negative value of image height indicates that the image formed is inverted.
Ans. 17. (a) Most of the part of consumed power of bulb is dissipated as heat but very less part gets
converted into light. So, there is a need for thermal isolation in order to reduce heat
losses. This is the reason why bulbs are filled with inactive nitrogen and argon. So,
both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Ans. 18. (b) Both assertion and reason are true but it is not the correct reason to explain assertion.
These both are the properties of magnetic field. The other properties are :
The magnitude of magnetic field increases with an increase in electric current and
decreases with decrease in electric current. The magnitude of magnetic field produced
by electric current decreases with increase in distance and vice-versa. The size of
concentric circles of magnetic field lines increases with distance from the conductor,
which shows that magnetic field decreases with distance. Magnetic field lines never
cross each other.
Ans. 19. In many practical issues, there will be some need to increase and decrease the current in an
electric circuit. A component which is used for regulating the current without changing the
voltage source is called variable resistance. The next component for changing the resistance
in the circuit is called rheostat.
Ans. 20. According to Lorentz’s force,
F = qvB sin θ
θ = 0° or 180°
If, Magnetic force (F) = 0.
Hence magnetic forces do not have any component either along or opposite to the direction
of motion of charged particle. The energy of a charged particle moving in a magnetic field
alone does not change because it experiences a force in a direction perpendicular to its
direction of motion. Due to which the speed of charged particle remains unchanged.
Ans. 21. (i) (c) Nature of conductor
(ii) (b) 8 Ω – m
(iii) (b) Very high
(iv) (d) Both (II) and (IV)
(v) (c) 4l
••
A-182

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PHYSICS

Ans. 13. The focal length of a lens is determined by :

Ans. 1. (d) Clay

Ans. 10. Radius of curvature, R = 32 cm

Ans. 1. (b) Towards the screen

Ans. 15. (i) Convex lens

In this case, v = 7m and f = 5m.

Ans. 1. (b) Black cloth absorbs all the colours

Correction for myopic

So, a concave lens of power –0.83 D is required to correct this defect.

Ans. 12. Focal length of convex mirror, f = +15 cm

Substituting the values, we get

Ans. 13. The object distance, u = ∞

(b) Object distance, u = –20 cm

Ans. 1. (c) Total internal reflection

PE – Incident ray ∠i – Angle of incidence

Substituting the known values in the above equation, we get

S. No. Concave Mirror Convex Mirror

For lens B : fB = –10 cm = – 0.1 m

Ans. 10. (a) An electric cell (b) A fixed resistance

Ans. 10. (a) R = R1 + R2 +R3

Ans. 1. (a) Rheostat

Ans. 16. (a) Meter reading on Monday = 53712

( Voltage rating of appliance )

Ans. 12. (a) Resistance of appliance =

Ans. 1. (a) 1 ohm

Ans. 4. (c) 12.83 V

Ans. 7. Properties of charge :

The equivalent resistance of 1 W and 100 W connected in parallel is,

Here, R1 = 100 W, R2 = 50 W and R3 = 500 W

Equivalent resistance of two 3 W resistors connected in series is (3 + 3) = 6 W

Ans. 1. (d) is the same at all points

Ans. 1. (d) Upward

Ans. 1. (a) 0.39 T

Ans. 1. (c) Ammeter

Ans. 1. (a) Becomes 2 times

Ans. 1. (d) 15.9 V

Ans. 1. (c) Total internal reflection

Using mirror formula,

Ans. 1. (c) Increases heavily

Ans. 15. The total resistance of the circuit is given by

Ans. 1. (a) Convex lens

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