Cells

• Basic building blocks of life

• Smallest living unit of an organism

• Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to their

environment • Many cannot be seen with the naked eye

• A cell may be an entire organism or it may be one of billions of

cells
that make up the organism • Basis Types of Cells

Cell Size
Nucleoid region contains the DNA •Cell membrane & cell Contain 3 basic cell structures: • Nucleus
wall • Cell Membrane
• Contain ribosomes (no membrane) to make proteins in • Cytoplasm with organelles
their cytoplasm
Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Characteristic Bio-membranes and Organelles

Plasma Membrane
A lipid/protein/carbohydrate complex, providing a
barrier and containing transport and signaling
systems.
 Nucleus
Double membrane surrounding the chromosomes and the
nucleolus. Pores allow specific communication with the
cytoplasm. The nucleolus is a site for synthesis of RNA
making up the ribosome

Mitochondrion
Surrounded by a double membrane with a series of folds
called cristae. Functions in energy production through
metabolism. Contains its own DNA, and is believed to have
originated as a captured bacterium.

Chloroplasts (plastids)
Surrounded by a double membrane, containing stacked
thylakoid membranes. Responsible for photosynthesis,
the trapping of light energy for the synthesis of sugars.
Contains DNA, and like mitochondria is believed to have
originated as a captured bacterium.
.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A network of interconnected membranes forming channels within the cell. Covered with
ribosomes (causing the "rough" appearance) which are in the process of synthesizing
proteins for secretion or
localization in membranes.
Ribosomes
Protein and RNA complex responsible for protein synthesis

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A network of interconnected membranes forming channels within the cell. A site for
synthesis and metabolism of lipids. Also contains enzymes for detoxifying chemicals
including drugs and pesticides.

Golgi apparatus
A series of stacked membranes. Vesicles (small membrane
surrounded bags) carry materials from the RER to the Golgi
apparatus. Vesicles move between the stacks while the proteins are "processed" to a mature
form. Vesicles then carry newly formed membrane and secreted proteins to their final
destinations including secretion or membrane localization.
Lysosomes
A membrane bound organelle that is responsible for degrading
proteins and membranes in the cell, and also helps degrade materials ingested
by the cell.
Vacuoles
Membrane surrounded "bags" that contain water and
storage materials in plants.
 Peroxisomes or Microbodies
Produce and degrade hydrogen peroxide, a toxic
compound that can be produced during metabolism.

Cell wall
Plants have a rigid cell wall in addition to their cell membranes

Cytoplasm
enclosed by the plasma membrane, liquid portion called
cytosol and it houses the membranous organelles.

Cytoskeleton
Arrays of protein filaments in the cytosol. Gives the
cell its shape and provides basis for movement.
E.g. microtubules and microfilaments.

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Representative Animal Cell

Representative Plant Cell
Plasma Membrane
• Contains cell contents
• Double layer of phospholipids & proteins

Phospholipids
 • Polar
•

Hydrophilic head
• Hydrophobic tail

• Interacts with water

Movement Across the Plasma Membrane
• A few molecules move freely
• Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen

• Carrier proteins transport some molecules

• Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer
• Fluid mosaic model – describes fluid nature of a lipid bilayer with proteins
Membrane Proteins
1. Channels or transporters
• Move molecules in one direction
2. Receptors
• Recognize certain chemicals

Membrane Proteins
3. Glycoproteins
• Identify cell type
4. Enzymes
• Catalyze production of substances

Cell Walls
• Found in plants, fungi, & many protists • Surrounds plasma membrane
Cell Wall Differences
• Plants – mostly cellulose
• Fungi – contain chitin
Cytoplasm
• Viscous fluid containing organelles
• components of cytoplasm
• Interconnected filaments & fibers
• Fluid = cytosol
 •

Organelles (not nucleus)

• storage substances

Cytoskeleton
• Filaments & fibers
• Made of 3
fiber types
•

Microfilaments
• Microtubules
• Intermediate filaments
• 3 functions:
• mechanical support
• anchor organelles
• help move substances
 A = actin, IF = intermediate filament, MT = microtubule

Cilia & Flagella

• Provide motility
• Cilia
• Short
• Used to
move
substances
outside
human
cells
• Flagella
 • Whip-like extensions
• Found on sperm cells
• Basal bodies like centrioles
Cilia & Flagella Structure
• Bundles of microtubules
• With plasma membrane
Centrioles
• Pairs of microtubular structures
• Play a role in cell division
Membranous Organelles
• Functional components within cytoplasm
• Bound by membranes
Nucleus
• Control
center of
cell

• Double
membrane

• Contains
•
Chromosomes (human
23 pairs = 46)
• Nucleolus
Nuclear Envelope
• Separates nucleus from

rest of cell • Double

membrane

• Has pores
DNA
 • Hereditary
material

•
Chromosomes
• DNA
• Protiens
• Form for cell
division
• Chromatin
Nucleolus
• Most cells have 2 or more • Directs synthesis of RNA •

Forms ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Helps move substances within cells
 • Network of interconnected membranes

• Two types
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Ribosomes attached to surface
• Manufacture protiens
• Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER
• May modify proteins from ribosomes

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

• No attached ribosomes
• Has enzymes that help build molecules • Carbohydrates
• Lipids

Golgi Apparatus
• Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall
• Packaging & shipping station of cell
Golgi Apparatus Function
1. Molecules come in vesicles

2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane

 3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi
Golgi Apparatus Function (Continued)

4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle

5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus

6. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to

secrete contents
Lysosomes
 • Contain digestive enzymes
• Functions
• Aid in cell
renewal
• Break down
old cell parts
• Digests
invaders

Vacuoles
• Membrane
bound storage
sacs
• More common in plants than animals
• Contents

• Water
• Food
• wastes
 Bacteria-Like

Organelles • Release & store

energy

• Types
•

Mitochondria
 (release energy)
• Chloroplasts
(store energy)
Mitochondria
• Have their own DNA
• Bound by double membrane
Mitochondria
• Break down fuel
molecules (cellular
respiration) • Glucose
 • Fatty acids

• Release energy
• ATP
Chloroplasts
• Derived form photosynthetic bacteria
• Solar energy capturing organelle
Photosynthesis
• Takes place in the chloroplast
• Makes cellular food – glucose
Review of Eukaryotic Cells
Review of Eukaryotic Cells
Molecule Movement &
Cells • Passive
 Transport

• Active Transport

• Endocytosis
(phagocytosis & pinocytosis)
• Exocytosis
Passive Transport
• No energy required

• Move due to gradient

 • differences in concentration, pressure, charge

• Move to equalize gradient

• High moves toward low

Types of Passive

Transport
1. Diffusion

2. Osmosis
 3. Facilitated diffusion
Diffusion
• Molecules move to equalize concentration
Osmosis
• Special form of diffusion

• Fluid flows from lower solute concentration

• Often involves movement of water

• Into cell
• Out of cell
Solution Differences & Cells
• solvent + solute = solution
• Hypotonic
 • Solutes in cell more than outside
• Outside solvent will flow into cell
• Isotonic
• Solutes equal inside & out of cell
• Hypertonic
• Solutes greater outside cell
• Fluid will flow out of cell
Facilitated Diffusion
• Differentially permeable membrane
 • Channels (are specific) help molecule or ions
enter or leave the cell
• Channels usually are transport proteins
(aquaporins facilitate the movement of water)
• No energy is used
Process of Facilitated Transport • Protein binds with molecule
• Shape of protein changes
• Molecule moves across membrane
Active Transport
• Molecular movement
• Requires energy (against gradient)
• Example is sodium-potassium pump
Endocytosis
• Movement of large material
• Particles
• Organisms
• Large molecules
 • Movement is into cells
• Types of endocytosis
• bulk-phase (nonspecific)
• receptor-mediated (specific)
Process of Endocytosis
• Plasma membrane surrounds material
• Edges of membrane meet
• Membranes fuse to form vesicle
Forms of Endocytosis
• Phagocytosis – cell eating
• Pinocytosis – cell drinking
Exocytosis
• Reverse of endocytosis
• Cell discharges material
Exocytosis
• Vesicle moves to cell surface
• Membrane of vesicle fuses
• Materials expelled
Quiz in Essay Form (10 pts. Each item)
Direction:
Answer the following questions in ¼ sheet of paper. You are only given
2 hours to submit your answers.
1. Cite the major roles of the 3 basic structures of cells. 2.
Explain the process involved in endocytosis and exocytosis.