BUILDING FACILITIES

SYSTEM
FIRE PREVENTION
SYSTEM

Dr. Siti Khadijah Hubadillah

STML-COB
Room : 3016
04-9287041
[email protected]
 INTRODUCTION

Fire:
❑ The self-sustaining process of rapid oxidation of a fuel
which produces heat and light.
❑ Fire is an exothermic chemical reaction between oxygen
and fuel at certain temperature.
 FREE TRIANGLE
❑ There are four elements that must be present for a fire to
exist.
❑ There must be oxygen to sustain combustion, heat to
raise the material to its ignition temperature, fuel to
support the combustion and a chemical reaction
between the other three elements.
❑ Remove any one of the four elements to extinguish the
fire.
❑ The concept of fire protection is based upon keeping
these four elements separate.
SOURCES OF FIRE HAZARDS
❑ Solid fuels: wood, fabrics, synthetic materials, papers,
packaging materials, etc.
❑ Liquid fuels:
▪Flammable liquid: nitro phenol, ammonium nitrate,
potassium chlorate, paint & oil soaked rags, cotton or
cellulose soaked with sulphuric acid.
▪Heat utilization equipment's
▪Chemical process equipment’s
▪Lighting
▪Self combustible chemicals
▪Reactors
 CAUSES
❑ Improper storage of flammable oils, grease & fluids,
combustible wastes, etc.
❑ Smoking by employees
❑ Defective heating equipment, electrical equipment &
wiring.
❑ Explosive gas leakage.

❑ Ignition of gas vapours or combustible dust.

❑ Inadequate of electric motors
❑ Sparking in electric wires and equipment
 TYPES OF FIRES
❑ Class A – Ordinary materials such as paper, wood, cloth
❑ Class B – Flammable liquids or combustible liquids such
as gasoline, paint, propane, kerosene
❑ Class C – Electrical equipment fires, appliances,
switches, panels
❑ Class D – Certain metals such as magnesium, sodium,
potassium, titanium and aluminium
❑ Class K – Fires involving commercial cooking appliances
with vegetables oils, animals oils or fats at high
temperatures.
 FIRE PROTECTION AND
PREVENTION
❑ Fire protection includes procedures for preventing,
detecting and extinguishing fire.
❑ The procedures in these areas of fire preventing aim to
protect employees and property and to assure the
continuity of a plant’s operations.
❑ To accomplish these goals, it is necessary to develop a
plant wide fire protection program.
 INSPECTIONS
❑ Set up system of periodic fire inspections for every operation. Some
buildings, operations, and processes require daily inspection, while
others can be inspected weekly, monthly, or at other intervals.
❑ Buildings that are well designed and provided with protective
devices and construction elements intended to act as fire safety
features still need a periodic, detailed inspection program.
❑ In some establishment or plants, the safety and health committee
locates and reports fire hazards.
❑ In large plants, this job is handled by a special subcommittee of
the safety committee or by a person trained to manage free risk.
❑ The inspector, fire chief, or other individual from the plant who is in
charge of fire prevention and fire protection should establish
inspection schedules, determine the direction-finding reports and
have a complete list of all items to be inspected.
 INSPECTIONS
❑ Inspection of fire equipment should cover the following
items:
❑ control valves on piping that supplies water for fire protection
❑Hydrants
❑Fire pumps
❑Hose houses and associated equipment
❑Sprinkler system water supplies including tanks
❑Automatic sprinkler systems
❑Special type of protection
❑Portable fire extinguishers
❑Fire door, exits
❑Alarm and communication system and routines
❑Communication to fire department
 DETECTION OF FIRE
HAZARDS
❑ Many automatic fire detection systems are used today in
industry. Some include:
❑ Thermal expansion detectors
❑ Heat sensitive insulation
❑ Photoelectric fires
❑ Ionization or radiation sensors
❑ Ultraviolet or I.R detectors

These sound an alarm through which fire flames are detected.

 PREVENTION OF FIRE
HAZARDS
❑ Well planned design and layout
❑ Proper ventilated systems
❑ Chemical data sheets
❑ Proper training of personnel
❑ Proper maintenance of surroundings
❑Use of fire extinguishers, alarms, sensors,
detectors
❑Fire fighting equipment
❑Sprinkler systems
 Free resistant
FIRE construction
SAFETY Smoke Vertical
openings
DESIGN controls

Adequate
Length of
lighting
travel

Coordination
Means of with fire
egress department

Exit Vertical
enclosures transportation

Compliances Coordination
with code with mechanical
requirements for and electrical
specificuse system
groups
FIRE FIGHTING EQUPMENTS
❑ Standpipe and hose systems
❑ Fire alarm
❑ Sprinklers
❑ Fire Extinguisher
❑ Water
❑ Carbon dioxide
❑ ABC dry power
❑ Dry powder
❑ Foam Based extinguisher
❑ Clean agent fire extinguisher
❑ Other extinguisher
 STANDPIPE AND HOSE
SYSTEMS
❑ Standpipe systems consists of piping, valves, hose
connections, and nozzles to provide streams of water for
the fire suppression.

❑ Wet system
❑ Dry system
 1.WET SYSTEM
❑ A “wet” standpipe is filled with water and is pressurized
at all times.
❑ Whenever the system is activated, water will charge into
the connected hose immediately
❑ Wet standpipes can be used by building occupants
 2.DRY SYSTEM
❑ A “Dry” standpipe is NOT filled with water.
❑ The intakes of dry standpipe are usually located near a road or
driveway so that a fire engine can supply water to the system.
❑ This system can be used only by firefighters.
❑ Regulation in many countries require that standpipe systems can be
charged by hoses from two different pump trucks, which can be
accomplished by using both sides of a Siamese connection.
 FIRE ALARM
❑ It is a set of equipment working together to detect and alert people
through visual and audio appliances when smoke or fire is present.
❑ Active from smoke, heat detector, water flow sensors which are
automatic or from manual fire alarm pull station.
 AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER
SYSTEMS
❑ Automatic sprinkler systems are integrated fire suppression system
consisting of a water supply and a network of pipes, sprinkler heads,
and other components to provide automatic fire suppression in areas of
building.
❑ This system is the most effective for suppressing a Class A fires in
buildings containing ordinary combustible materials, such as wood,
paper and plastics.
❑ The design and installation of the system are strictly regulated by
insurance companies and in accordance with fire codes.
 SPRINKLERS
❑ The major component of an automatic sprinkler system is the
sprinkler, which discharge water in specific pattern for extinguishing
or controlling fire.
❑ A sprinkler head consists of three major components:
❑ Nozzle
❑ Detector : Fusible link type/Frangible bulb type
❑ Water spray pattern deflector
 DETECTORS
FUSIBLE LINK TYPE
The fusible link type of heat detector is constructed of a “eutectic alloy”
which melt at a specific temperature rather than gradually softening.
When the link temperature reaches its melting point, the link is pulled
apart by the water pressure and opens nozzle.
FRANGIBLE BULB TYPE
The frangible bulb type of detector contains a glass bulb
partially filled with a liquid that expands with temperatures. A
the rated temperature, the liquid will shatter the bulb and
open the nozzle.

FRANGIBLE BULB TYPE FUSIBLE LINK TYPE

 TYPES OF SPRINKLERS
WETPIPE SYSTEM DRYPIPE SYSTEM
• Wet-pipe sprinkler systems • Dry-pipe sprinkler systems
employ automatic sprinklers employ automatic sprinkler
attached to a piping system attached to a piping system
containing water and connected containing air or nitrogen.
to a water supply so that water • When sprinklers are open
discharges immediately from by a fire, the gas is relased
sprinklers opened by a fire. and the dry pipe valve is
• This type is most reliable and open by the water pressure.
simple. The water then flows into
• Only those sprinklers which the piping system and
have been operated by heat discharges only from thise
over the fire will discharge sprinklers which have been
water. open by heat over the fire.
 FIRE EXTINGUSHER
A fire extinguisher is a device which can be used to control a fire. Fire
extinguisher can help remove the fire and may stop it from burning.
 HOW TO USE FIRE EXTINGUSHER

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9igRiyURobE
 THINGS TO REMEMBER BEFORE
INSTALLATION OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER

• Brass valve chrome plated heavy duty

• BIS approved
• CE certified
• Maintenance should be done as per IS 2190-2020
• Must check the color band according to need
• Extinguisher / Equipments must be according to guidelines
given by concerned disaster authority.
 TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

• Water
• Carbon dioxide
• ABC type dry powder
• Dry powder
• Foam based extinguisher
• Clean agent fire extinguisher
• Other extinguisher
 1. WATER
• Water extinguishers are for Class A fires only.
• Extinguish effect: water extinguishes by absorbing the heat
and so cooling the fire. It has a greater cooling effect when
applied as a fine spray or mist.
• Limitations : do not use on fires involving liquids (oils, paints,
cleaning fluids, etc.) or can not be used on electrical fires.
• The discharge stream could spread the flammable liquid in a
Class B fire or could create a shock hazard on a Class C fire.
• Color Band-Red
• Easy and No maintenance and Service
• Used in schools, theaters, apartments, office, textile/wood
industry, warehouses
 2. CARBON DIOXIDE
• Carbon dioxide can be used on Class B & C fires.
• They are usually ineffective on Class A fires.
• Color Band : Black
• Features : Colorless, Odorless
• Used in : Rail yard / Warehouses Construction sites, airports,
electrical substation, power sector.
 3. A B C TYPE DRY POWDER
• ABC or multi-purpose extinguishers comprise of a special fluidized
and siliconized mono ammonium phosphate dry chemical.
• It is use for class A fires and breaks the chain reaction of Class B
fires.
• Easy and more economical to maintain and service.
• Used in : homes, offices, buildings, warehouses, cinema halls.
• Color band : blue
• Capacity : 1-9 kg
 4. DRY POWDER
• Dry chemical powder extinguisher utilize a specially siliconized
sodium bicarbonate.
• It insulates class B, C fires by forming a cloud and cutting off the
oxygen supply.
• Used in : Homes, offices, buildings, warehouses, pump room,
refinery
• Color band : Blue
• Capacity : 4-9kg
 5. FOAM BASED
EXTINGUSHER
• Foam has the ability to form an aqueous film which quickly over water-
insoluble hydrocarbon fuel surfaces causing rapid fire extinguishment and
vapour suppression for class B fires.
• Also it provides excellent penetrating and wetting qualities when used on
class A fires.
• Foam extinguishers are ideal for fires involving volatile liquids and freely
burning materials such as lubricant, oil fires, paper, cloth, wood, etc.

• Only for fighting class A and B fire.

• Easy and maintenance and service.
• Do not use on electrical fires.
• Used in : Paints, lubricants, chemical
industry, oil, fire/refinery,
kitchen/restaurant, boiler room
• Color band : Yellow
 6. CLEAN AGENT FIRE
EXTINGUSHER
• Clean agent replaces Halon 1211 as the agent of choice for
applications where the agent must be clean, electrically
nonconductive, environment-friendly, extremely low in toxicity and
exceptionally effective.
• Suitable for Class A, B and C fires.
• Low global Warming Potential.
• Low ozone depletion potential.
• Short Atmospheric lifetime.
• Useful for : computer rooms/ laboratories, essential communication
area, server-data room
• Sensitive expensive equipment
• Color Band : Green
 7. OTHER FIRE
EXTINGUSHER
• Sand bucket
• Water bucket