1)Explain the properties and characteristics of cloud computing

ANS:-There are many characteristics of Cloud Computing here

are few of them :

1. On-demand self-services: The Cloud computing services does not require

any human administrators, user themselves are able to provision,
monitor and manage computing resources as needed.
2. Broad network access: The Computing services are generally provided
over standard networks and heterogeneous devices.
3. Rapid elasticity: The Computing services should have IT resources that
are able to scale out and in quickly and on a need basis. Whenever the
user require services it is provided to him and it is scale out as soon as its
requirement gets over.
4. Resource pooling: The IT resource (e.g., networks, servers, storage,
applications, and services) present are shared across multiple
applications and occupant in an uncommitted manner. Multiple clients
are provided service from a same physical resource.
5. Measured service: The resource utilization is tracked for each application
and occupant it will provide both the user and the resource provider
with an account of what has been used. This is done for various reasons
like monitoring billing and effective use of resource.
2) Explain various layers and types of cloud

Here's a concise overview of the cloud computing layers you described:

Application Layer
- **Purpose**: Hosts cloud applications, leveraging automatic scaling for
enhanced performance and reduced costs.
- **Functionality**: Manages data transfer, checks availability of
communication partners, and coordinates application interactions.
- **Protocols**: Handles IP traffic protocols like Telnet and FTP, along with web
protocols (HTTP/HTTPS).
- **Examples**: Web browsers, SNMP, and various cloud-based applications.
### Platform Layer
- **Purpose**: Acts as the foundation for building and deploying applications.
- **Features**: Ensures scalability, dependability, and security, facilitating app
development and operational testing.
- **Components**: Comprises operating systems and application frameworks,
often deployed on virtual machines.
- **Example**: Google App Engine, providing API support for web app
components like storage and databases.
### Infrastructure Layer
- **Purpose**: Utilizes virtualization to create a pool of virtual resources from
physical hardware.
- **Functionality**: Central hub for resource management, enabling
automated provisioning and improving infrastructure efficiency.
- **Technologies**: Employs virtualization solutions like Xen, KVM, Hyper-V,
and VMware.
### Datacenter Layer
- **Purpose**: Manages physical resources such as servers, networking
equipment, and cooling systems.
- **Functionality**: Ensures that all resources are available and efficiently
managed within data centers.
- **Considerations**: Promotes a microservices architecture where data
services are decoupled to allow independent deployment, reducing
interdependencies among services.
This layered approach supports the robust, scalable, and efficient operation of
cloud environments, catering to various user needs and application
requirements.

3) Identify the challenges and risks related to various aspects such as security
and privacy.
challenges and risks- Providers, developers, and end users must consider these
challenges and risks to take good advantages of cloud computing. But some
issues to be faced like-
[1)Security ,privacy, and trust:- Security & Privacy affect the entire cloud
computing stack, since there is massive use of third -party services
&infrastructures that are used to host important data or to perform critical
operations. In this scenario ,to ensure the desired level of privacy for
applications hosted in the cloud.
2) Data lock-in and standardization:- A major concern of cloud computing users
is about having their data locked-in by a certain provider users may count to
move data & application out from u provider that does not meet their
requirements. They do not interoperate & user data are not portable the
answer of this concern is standardization. In this direction, there are efforts to
create open stands for cloud computing
3)Availability, fault-tolerance and Disaster recovery -It is expected that users
will have certain expectations about the service level to be provided once their
applications are moved to the cloud. The users seek for a warranty before they
can comfortably move their business to the cloud.
4)Resources management & Energy Efficiency-This is most important challenge
faced by providers of cloud computing services is the efficiency mgmt. of
virtualized resource pools .Physical resources such as CPU disk, space and
network bandwidth must be sliced and shared among virtual machines running
potentially heterogenous workloads.
4)Explain the evolution of cloud computing and virtualization.
1. Mainframe Era (1950s-1970s): Large computers used by businesses.
Time-sharing allowed multiple users to access them.
2. Virtualization (1970s): IBM created virtual machines, letting multiple
systems run on one computer.
3. Client-Server Model (1980s-1990s): Shift to networks where servers
handled requests from client computers.
4. Commercial Virtualization (1990s): Companies like VMware made it easy
to run multiple virtual machines on standard hardware.
5. Cloud Computing (2000s): Amazon Web Services (AWS) launched,
allowing businesses to rent computing power online.
6. Growth and Adoption (2010s): More businesses used cloud services,
mixing public and private clouds for flexibility. Container technology (like
Docker) became popular.
7. Maturity (2020s): Edge computing and serverless options emerged. AI
tools became integrated into cloud services.
Current Trends: Focus on sustainability, improved security, and exploring
quantum computing

.
5)Advantage of cloud computing in machine learning
a. Scalability: Easily scale resources up or down based on demand,
allowing for handling large datasets and complex models without
investing in physical hardware.
b. Cost-Effectiveness: Pay-as-you-go pricing models reduce upfront
costs. Users only pay for the resources they actually use.
c. High Performance: Access to powerful computing resources,
including GPUs and TPUs, which are essential for training complex
machine learning models.
d. Accessibility: Cloud platforms provide access to machine learning
tools and frameworks from anywhere, facilitating collaboration
among teams.
e. Storage Solutions: Large amounts of data can be stored securely
and accessed easily, which is crucial for training machine learning
models.
f. Built-in Tools and Services: Many cloud providers offer integrated
machine learning services (like AWS SageMaker, Google AI
Platform) that simplify model development, training, and
deployment.
g. Rapid Deployment: Quickly deploy machine learning models into
production without worrying about underlying infrastructure.
h. Automatic Updates and Maintenance: Cloud services handle
updates and maintenance, allowing data scientists to focus on
model development rather than infrastructure management.
i. Experimentation: Easy to run multiple experiments
simultaneously, enabling rapid iteration and optimization of
machine learning models.
j. Security and Compliance: Major cloud providers offer robust
security measures and compliance with regulations, ensuring data
protection.
6) Definition of cloud computing(2m)
Cloud computing is the delivery of a range of computing services, including
servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence,
over the internet (referred to as "the cloud"). It enables faster innovation,
flexible resources, and economies of scale. Typically, you only pay for the cloud
services you use, which helps to reduce operational costs, run infrastructure
more efficiently, and scale resources according to changing business needs.
7) Service oriented architecture (SOA)
Service oriented architecture brings us all understanding as the architecture
which oriented around services are discrete. software component
implemented using well define interface standard. service is delivered to a
directory or registory until it is create and validate to allow other developer to
access the services. The registory also provide a repository that contain
information all the public services For example- How to create the interface
what level of service are required how to retain the authority
DIAGRAM
7)Web services
Web services is a structure method for distributing cloud server
communication on the world wide web. web service is a software module that
provide a variety of task
8)grid computing
It is a processor architecture that combine resources from different field to
achieve the main purpose.The network computer can work together on a work
task.in grid computing.therefore work as a super computer computing grid has
a multiuser network that means this continues information processing
requirement.this grid is connected in a computing which run on operating
system or linux or free software using parallel nodes the cluster can vary in size
of small to multiple network
(DIAGRAM)
9)utility computing
Utility computing is model in which computing resources are provide based on
customer specific demand. Utility oriented utility computing to utilies and
business model that provide it customer with a service provider and charges
you for consumption the computing power,storage or application for example
IT.
The concept of utility applies to utilies services offered by utility provider such
as electricity, telephones, water and gas
Characteristics of utility computing
1)scalability
2)price of demand
3)standardization utility
4)Automation
10) Hardware virtualization
Hardware virtualization is a virtualization technique that provide enable
abstract computer hardware execution environment. where the guest
operating system can be executed.
the guest is define In this model through the operating system and the host via
physical computer. The hardware, the emulation of the virtual machine and the
hyper vizor virtual machine manager(VMM) The hyper vizor is usually a
software or hardware program that enables the physical hardware underline to
be abstracted.
Hardware label virtualization which represent a system hardware interface is
also referred to as system virtualization provide by virtual machine.
 CHAPTER 2(12M)
1)Explain the given component of cloud computing architecture

Cloud Computing Architecture: - Cloud computing architecture is the system

architecture of the software systems involved in the delivery of cloud
computing, comprising various cloud components and services. –
These components typically include a combination of the following: front-end
platforms (clients or devices), back-end platforms (servers and storage), a
cloud-based delivery network, and networking (Internet, Intranet, Intercloud).
Basic Components of Cloud Computing Architecture:
1. Front-End Platform: - The front-end platform is the client-side interface
and environment through which users interact with cloud services. - It
encompasses all the user-facing components and devices that facilitate
access to the cloud.
Components: - Client Devices: These are the physical devices used by end-
users to access cloud services.
Examples include: - Desktops and Laptops: Traditional computers used for
accessing web applications and services.
 Smartphones and Tablets: Mobile devices that provide portable access to
cloud services, often through dedicated apps or mobile-optimized websites.
2. Networking: - Networking in cloud computing refers to the
interconnected systems and protocols that facilitate communication and
data exchange between the front-end and back-end platforms, as well as
within the cloud infrastructure itself.
Components: - Internet: The global network that connects users to cloud
services, enabling access from anywhere in the world.
Intranet: A private network within an organization that connects its internal
systems and services, often used in private cloud setups. - Virtual Networks:
Software-defined networks (SDNs) that create flexible, scalable network
infrastructures within the cloud environment. Examples include:
2) Back-End Platform: - The back-end platform refers to the server-side
infrastructure and software that provide and manage cloud services. - It
includes the components that store data, run applications, and perform
computational tasks.
Components: - Servers: Powerful computers that provide the processing
power needed to run applications, manage data, and perform complex
computations
 APPLICATION-It may be any software platform that client wants to access
 Services-Manages that which type of service you access to clients
requirement SAAS, PAAS, IAAS
 Runtime cloud-Provides “execution & runtime environment” to the
virtual machine
 Storage-one of the most important components.it provides a huge
amount of storage capacity in the cloud to store and manage data
 Infrastructure-cloud infrastructure includes hardware & software
components such as “servers , storage, new devices, virtualization
software & other resources needed for cloud computing model
 Management- manages components(like application, service,
infrastructure)
 Security-It built backend component provides security mechanism in the
backend
Compare various cloud service model
IAAAS PAAS SAAS
IT provides a virtual IT Provides virtual It provides web
Data centre to store platform & tools software and apps
Information and create to create, to complete
Platforms For app test & deploy business tasks
development, apps
Testing & deploying

It provides access to It provides runtime environment IT provides software

Resources such as &deployment tools for as a service
Virtual machines, applications to the end-users
Virtual storage etc.

It is used by network It is used by develops it is used by end-users

Architects

IAAS provides only Paas provides infrastructure Saas provides infra-

Infrastructure platform structure + platform+
 software

3)Explain various cloud deployment models.

ANS-

1)Public clouds:- Public cloud services are available to clients from a third party service provider via
the internet public clouds provides an elastic, cost. effective means to deploy solution and take care
of deploying ,managing , & securing the infrastructure.

2)Companies can use it on demand, and with the pay-as-you-use option it is much like utility
consumption

3)Enterprises are able to offload commodity applications to third-party service providers eg-google
drive

2]Private clouds- Private clouds are deployments made inside the company’s firewall ( on-premise
data-centers) & traditionally own by on -site server.

2)private clouds offer some of the benefits of public cloud computing environment such as elastic
on-demand capacity, self-service provisioning and service-based access

They satisfy traditional requirements for greater control of the cloud infrastructure , improving
security, and resiliency because user access & the networks used are restricted & desginated.

Advantages- i)High security- In private cloud security concern are less.

ii)data privacy-Only authorized people access the data

iii)more customizable:- As companies get to customize their soln as per requirement

Disadvantages:- Private cloud is accessible within an organization so ,the area of operation is limited

ii) High cost- we need to invest hardware &software

3]Hybrid clouds:- A hybrid cloud is a combination of an interoperating public & private cloud

ii) In this model, users typically outsource non-business – critical information & processing to the
public cloud, while keeping business critical services & data in their control.

Advantages-i) Scalablity security,low cost as compared to private cloud

ii) flexibility

Disadvantages-i) Managing is difficult complex becoz more there are more than one type of
deployment model.

Dependency on infrastructure.

4]Community cloud:-A community cloud is controlled & used by a group of organization that have
shared interest , such as specific security requirements or a common mission.

ii)The members of the community share access to the data & application in the cloud

Advantages:-1)Cost reduction/cost effective:- It is cheaper than private cloud multiple companies

share the bill which lowest the cost.

ii)Sharing among companies

Disadvantages:- consistent maintenance cost.

Data is accessible between organization