UNIT-1 PC HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

TASK-1 IDENTIFY PHERIPHERALS OF A COMPUTER

Q. What is a computer? Briefly explain about various hardware components with the
help of a block diagram.
A computer is an electronic device which takes input of data and instructions from the
user, processes the data according to user instructions and produces output in user
understandable form. To perform these activities a computer requires both hardware and
software.
Hardware is the physical components of a computer that we can see and touch.
Software is opposite to Hardware that we cannot see or touch. Software is a set of
instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and execute specific tasks.
Block diagram of computer.

Input Devices: Input devices are the parts of the computer that we interact with daily and
are used to input data to the computers. An input device is a hardware device that transfers
data to a computer system and allows us to control it. The following are the most common
input devices.
Keyboard: For entering data into a computer, the keyboard is the most common and
commonly used input device. It contains various keys for entering letters, numbers,
and characters. Although there are some additional keys for completing various
activities, the keyboard layout is identical to that of a standard typewriter. It is
generally available in two different sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys and for Windows
 and the Internet, it is also available with 104 keys or 108 keys. It is connected to a
computer system with the help of a USB or a Wireless device. See figure-1.
Mouse: The mouse is the most used pointing device. While clicking and dragging,
the mouse moves a little cursor across the screen. If you let off of the mouse, the
cursor will come to a halt. You must move the mouse for the computer to move; it
will not move on its own. As a result, it’s a device that accepts input. Or we can say
that a mouse is an input device that allows you to control the coordinates and
movement of the on-screen cursor/pointer by moving the mouse on a flat surface.
The left mouse button can be used to pick or move items, while the right mouse
button displays additional menus when clicked. It is connected to a computer system
with the help of a USB or a Wireless device. See figure-2.
Joystick: A pointing device used to move the cursor around the screen is the
joystick. They are more precise and long-lasting than a mouse, which is why they
are still utilized. It’s utilized in computer games to move the characters and symbols
around. It is connected to a computer system with the help of a USB . See figure-3.
Light Pen: A light pen is a pointing device that has the appearance of a pen. It can
be used to draw on the monitor screen or to pick a menu item. When drawing
graphics, a light pen comes in very handy. Objects on the display screen are selected
with a light pen. It is connected to a computer system with the help of a USB. See
figure-4
Scanner: A scanner is a type of input device that works in the same way as a
photocopier. It’s used when there’s data on paper that needs to be transferred to the
computer’s hard disc for further processing. The scanner collects images from the
source and translates them to a digital version that can be saved on the hard disks. It
is connected to a computer system with the help of a USB. See figrure-5.
Central Processing Unit: As shown in the diagram input is given to the CPU through input
devices. This input goes to memory and the control unit gets instructions from memory.
The control unit now decides what to do with the input or instructions and transfers it to
ALU. Now, ALU performs various operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, logical operations, etc. After that, the final result gets stored in memory and
finally passed to output devices to give the output. So, this is how the CPU works. The
following components are part of CPU.
Microprocessor: A Microprocessor is an important part of a computer architecture
without which you will not be able to perform anything on your computer. It is a
programmable device that takes in input performs some arithmetic and logical
operations over it and produces the desired output. In simple words, a
Microprocessor is a digital device on a chip that can fetch instructions from
memory, decode and execute them and give results. There are two major companies
manufacturing Microprocessor one is Intel and another is AMD. Both companies
produce Microprocessors with 32-bit and 64-bit architecture. See figure-6.
Primary Memory: is also known as the main memory of the computer system. It is
used to store data and programs or instructions during computer operations. It uses
semiconductor technology and hence is commonly called semiconductor memory.
Primary memory is of two types. One is RAM (Random Access Memory). It is a
volatile memory. Volatile memory stores information based on the power supply. If
 the power supply fails/ interrupted/stopped, all the data and information on this
memory will be lost. Another one is ROM (Read Only Memory). It is a non-
volatile memory. Non-volatile memory stores information even when there is a
power supply failed/ interrupted/stopped. ROM is used to store information that is
used to operate the system. See figure-7
Secondary memory: is computer memory that is non-volatile, persistent and not
immediately accessible by a computer or processor. It allows users to store data and
information that can be retrieved, transmitted, and used by apps and services quickly
and easily. Secondary storage is another name for secondary memory. Secondary
memory can be classified into three types: magnetic storage, optical storage and
solid-state storage. Magnetic storage devices, such as hard disk drives and
magnetic tapes, use magnetic fields to store and retrieve data. Optical storage
devices, such as CD/DVD, uses a laser to store and retrieve data from optical
media. Solid-state storage devices, such as solid-state drives and flash memory,
use semiconductor-based memory chips to store data. See figure-8
Motherboard: A motherboard is the main printed circuit board in general-purpose
computers and other expandable systems. It holds and allows communication between
many of the crucial electronic components of a system, such as the central processing
unit and memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals. See figure-9.
Output Devices: Any peripheral that accepts data from a computer and prints, projects, or
reproduces it is known as an output device. The output may be audio, video, hard copy –
printed paper, etc. the following are the most common output devices.
Monitor: A monitor is an electronic output device used to display information being
entered and processed on a computer. The primary use of a monitor is to display
images, text, video, and graphics information generated by the computer via a
computer’s video card. It can be referred to as the main output device of a computer
device. Monitors come in three different types known as CRT/LCD/LED. See figure-
10.
Printer: A printer is a device that accepts text and graphics output from a computer,
and it transfers this information to paper, sheets. Printers can print any information
that has been passed to it, whether it be Text, Numbers or Images. It depends on the
type of printer that what quality or color the printed matter would be. Printers are of
two types Impact and Non Impact. Impact printer works with paper via direct
contact with an ink ribbon. It has similar mechanisms as of typewriter. Ex: Dot-
Matrix, Daisy-Wheel and Line Printers. Non-Impact Printers do not need to touch
the ink ribbon to print the documents. Maintenance of Non-Impact printers is easier
than Impact printers. Ex: Inkjet, Laser and LED Printers. See figure-11.
Speakers: these are standard output devices used with computer systems that enable
the listener to listen to a sound as an outcome. Some speakers are used once they have
been linked to a computer, while others may be connected to any type of sound
system. See figure-12.
Support Hardware: there are two other support hardware components that are required to
build a computer. One is System Cabinet and another is Power Supply Unit.
System Cabinet: A computer Cabinet also known as a "computer chassis", "tower",
"system unit", "base unit" or simply "case" and sometimes incorrectly referred to as
the "CPU" or "hard drive", is the enclosure that contains most of the components of a
computer (usually excluding the display, keyboard and mouse). See figure-13.
Power Supply Unit: SMPS is an electronic power supply system that makes use of a
switching regulator to transfer electrical power effectively. It is a PSU (power supply
unit) and is usually used in computers to change the voltage to the appropriate range
for the computer. See figure-14.
Heat Sink and CPU cooling fan: A Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the main microchip
in a computer, while a CPU fan is the dedicated fan that helps keep the processor cool. Processors
generate heat from internal electrical energy. The more demand placed on a CPU, the harder it
works, and the warmer it gets. If the CPU gets too warm it can make errors and eventually ‘melt’
becoming completely inoperable. A CPU fan works in conjunction with a heat sink to prevent this.
See Figure-15.
 TASK-1 SOFTWARE

Q. What is a computer? Briefly explain about various types of software with the help of
a block diagram.
A computer is an electronic device which takes input of data and instructions from the
user, processes the data according to user instructions and produces output in user
understandable form. To perform these activities a computer requires both hardware and
software.
Hardware is the physical components of a computer that we can see and touch.
Software is opposite to Hardware that we cannot see or touch. Software is a set of
instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and execute specific tasks.
Block diagram of Software

Types of Software:

System Software
System software is software that directly operates the computer hardware and provides the
basic functionality to the users as well as to the other software to operate smoothly. Or in
other words, system software basically controls a computer’s internal functioning and also
controls hardware devices such as monitors, printers, and storage devices, etc. It is like an
interface between hardware and user applications.

Types of System Software

1. Operating System: It is the main program of a computer system. When the

computer system is ON it is the first software that loads into the computer’s
memory. Basically, it manages all the resources such as computer memory,
CPU, printer, hard disk, etc., and provides an interface to the user, which helps
the user to interact with the computer system. It also provides various services
 to other computer software. Examples of operating systems are Linux, Apple
MacOS, Microsoft Windows, etc. See Figure-1
2. Device Driver: A device driver is a program or software that controls a device
and helps that device to perform its functions. Every device like a printer,
mouse, modem, etc. needs a driver to connect with the computer system
eternally. So, when you connect a new device with your computer system, first
you need to install the driver of that device so that your operating system
knows how to control or manage that device.
3. BIOS: pronounced "BYE-oss," stands for Basic Input Output System and is
software stored on a small memory chip in your system's motherboard. When
you boot up your system and look at the screen at the right time, you may see
a startup message that uses the term "BIOS."

Application Software
Software that performs special functions or provides functions that are much more than the
basic operation of the computer is known as application software. Or in other words,
application software is designed to perform a specific task for end-users. It is a product or a
program that is designed only to fulfill end-users’ requirements. It includes word processors,
spreadsheets, database management, inventory, payroll programs, etc.

Types of Application Software

1. General Purpose Software: This type of application software is used for a variety of
tasks and it is not limited to performing a specific task only. These are categorized
into different types based on their purpose as follows. See figure-2
i) Word processors: is used to prepare documents such as writing reports,
memos, and letters to customers, etc. Different word processors are available
today; some are proprietary, such as Microsoft Word, Star Office Writer,
WordPerfect Office, and others are open source, such as Openoffice.org
Writer, etc.
ii) Spread Sheets: is designed to add, display, analyze, organize, and manipulate
data arranged in rows and columns. It is the most popular application for
accounting, analytics, data presentation, etc. Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets,
Apache Open Office, Libre Office, etc. are some spreadsheet software.
iii) Presentation: is used to show information, normally in the form of a slide
show to show to customers or staff. Some of the best presentation software
include , Microsoft Powerpoint, Canva and Google Slides.
iv) Languages: is used by programmers (developers) to communicate with
computers. It is a set of instructions written in any specific language ( C,
C++, Java, Python) to perform a specific task.
v) Databases: is used to create, edit, and maintain database files and records,
enabling easier file and record creation, data entry, data editing,
updating, and reporting. The software also handles data storage, backup and
reporting, multi-access control, and security. Some of them are Oracle,
MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Access, MongoDB.
vi) Browsers: are used to access information on the World Wide Web is called
a Web Browser. When a user requests some information, the web browser
fetches the data from a web server and then displays the webpage on the user's
screen.
 vii) Multimedia: is defined as the combination of text, audio, images,
animation, or video to produce interactive content. Well known examples
of media player software include Windows Media Player, VLC media
player, iTunes, Winamp, Media Player Classic, Media Monkey,
foobar2000, AIMP, Music Bee and JRiver Media Center.
2. Customized Software: This type of application software is used or designed to
perform specific tasks or functions or designed for specific organizations. For
example, railway reservation system, airline reservation system, invoices
management system, etc. See Figure-3.
3. Utility Software: This type of application software is used to support the
computer infrastructure. It is designed to analyze, configure, optimize and
maintains the system, and take care of its requirements as well. For example,
antivirus, disk fragmenter, memory tester, disk repair, disk cleaners, registry
cleaners, disk space analyzer, etc. See Figure-4.
 UNIT-1 PC HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

Task-2 Assembling and Disassembling PC

Q. What is Disassembling? Write down the procedure for Disassembling a PC.

Disassembly Is The Process Of Breaking Down A Device Into Separate Parts.

Procedure for Computer Dissembling

Step 1: Unplugging

Unplug The Power Cord From The PC.

Unplug All The Peripherals Attached To The Computer, Such As The Keyboard, Mouse,
Monitor, Headphones. See figure-1.

Step 2: Open The Case

First Remove The Screws Of The Left Side Cover And Slide The Side Cover. See figure-2.

Step 3: Disconnect All The Connectors

Disconnect all the connectors connected to the motherboard. These include SATA/IDE data
cable of HDD as well Optical drives, Front panel Power, USB and Audio connectors. See
figure-3.

Step 4: Remove The Fan

Unscrew the 4 Screws attached to FAN and remove the FAN. Seefigure-4.

Step 5: Remove The Power Supply

Remove the Power Supply connectors those are Connected To The Motherboard By A 20/24-
pin Connector and 4-pin Connector. Also remove the SATA/IDE power connectors from
SATA/IDE HDD as well as Optical Drives. Then Unscrew the 4 screws attached at the back
of the cabinet. Push it inside and remove the Power Supply. See figure-5.

Step 6: Removing HDD And Optical Drive

Remove The SATA/IDE data cables connecting to the HDD And Optical Drive. Make sure
the SATA/IDE power connecters are also removed. Unscrew the 2 or 4 screws attached to the
sides of slots. Pull back HDD from the slot carefully. Push forward Optical Drives from the
slot carefully to remove them. See figure-6

Step 7: Remove RAM (Random Access Memory) Modules

Gently push the 2 levers at the sides outward one by one that will pop out the module from
the slot. Catch the module at plastic edges and take it out. See figure-7.
Step 8: Remove Expansion Cards

To remove the expansion cards, first disconnect the cables attached to it from motherboard or
other peripheral devices if any. Then unscrew the screw attached to the cabinet at the back
side and pull it upward carefully to remove the card. See figure-8

Step 9: Remove Motherboard

Make sure all the data cables, power cables and front panel connectors removed. If not
remove them first. Then unscrew 4 or more screws attached to cabinet and slide inward and
take it out from the cabinet. See figure-9

Q. what is Assembling? Write down the procedure for Assembling a PC.

Computer assembly is a process in which all the internal components required for the
computer system are fitted so as to make the computer functional. There is a proper sequence
of attachment of each and every component into the computer system. As we know,
computer assembly is a systematic process. First, arrange the computer parts.

Procedure for Computer Assembling

Step 1: Open The Case

To open the case, first remove the screws of the left side cover and slide the side. See figure-1

Step 2: Install The Power Supply

Place the Power Supply unit inside the cabinet top upper side and push it outward to attach it
to the cabinet properly. Then hold the unit firmly and screw the 4 screws tightly at the back
of the cabinet. See figure-2

Step 3: Attach The Components To Motherboard

The motherboard has to be prepared before its installation. To prepare the motherboard, you
first need to install the CPU, then the HEAT SINK AND CPU FAN assembly on the CPU.
Then Install the RAM.

 Installing CPU: to install the CPU first push down and slide outward to
remove the lever then lift the cap off the socket then place the CPU on socket
carefully that match’s pin number one on socket and CPU. Then place the cap
on CPU, hold it and fix the lever by pushing it down and slide inward. See
figure-3
 Installing Heat sink and fan assembly
Pour some thermal paste on CPU spread it little bit, then place the CPU fan
assembly on CPU in such a way that the four screws matches with four screw
position on motherboard and fix the four screws tightly. Connect the fan
power connector to the motherboard CPU fan connector. See figure-4
  Installing RAM
Push the two levers outward gently and place the module in such a way the
key positions on module matches with the key positions on motherboard. Then
push the module down ward in 90 degrees firmly on both edges one by one.
Make sure the levers properly locked the module. See figure-5

Step 4: Install motherboard

After Preparing The Motherboard, You Can Install In The Computer Case. To install
motherboard place the board in such a way that I/O ports on board goes to rear side of the
cabinet’s I/O panel. Make sure the screw positions on board matching with mounting stands
inside the cabinet. Then mount the board by fixing screws in all mounting position. See
figure-6

Step 5: Install internal drives

Place the HDD in lower bottom of drive slot by sliding in it from inside the cabinet and fix it
with at least two screws on any side of the slot. To install Optical drive push the drive from
front side of the cabinet and fix it with at least two screws on any side of the slot. Connect the
power cable coming from the SMPS to the power socket of hard disk drive. Connect SATA
data cable from hard disk drive socket to the motherboard socket. See figure-7

Step 6: Connect all internal cables

Connect cables running from front panel (Front panel power switch, reset switch, HDD LED,
Power LED, Front panel USB and Audio) to mother board. Check the matching interfaces on
mother board and connect them in properly. See figure-8

Step 7: Install motherboard power connections

Connect 20/24 pin mother board power connector from SMPS to Motherboard. Connect 4 pin
CPU Cooling power connector from SMPS to Motherboard. See figure-9

Step 8: Connect external cables to the computer

Connect external cables to the computer those are coming from various devices such as
keyboard, mouse, monitor, LAN, etc.. See figure-10.
 UNIT-1 PC HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

Task-3 Installing Windows Operating System

Q. what is an operating system? What is Windows Operating System? Write down the
procedure for installing Windows 7?

An operating system is system software that manages computer hardware and software
resources, and provides common services for computer programs.

Windows 7 is an operating system that Microsoft has produced for use on personal
computers. It was released commercially in October 2009 as the successor to Windows
Vista.

System Requirements:

• 1 GHz or faster 32-bit or 64-bit processor

• 1 GB RAM (for 32-bit) or 2 GB RAM (for 64-bit)
• 16 GB of available disk space (for 32-bit) or 20 GB of available disk space (for
64-bit)
• DirectX 9 graphics device with Windows Display Driver Model 1.0 or higher

Procedure for Installing Windows 7

1. Download the ISO images from Microsoft website, burn it to a CD or a USB stick
with the help of Universal USB Installer.

2. After system boot choose your CD/DVD or USB drive displayed on your system BIOS
options.

3. The CD/DVD or USB content is loaded into your RAM memory until it reaches the first
stage of Installation process.

1. if you’re doing a clean install, simply boot up your computer with the
Windows 7 installation DVD inside the DVD drive and instruct your computer
to boot from the DVD (you may need to press a key, such as F11 or F12,
while the computer is starting to enter the boot selection screen). See figure-1.
2. When the installer has booted up, you will be You will be asked to select the
language to install, the time and currency format, and your keyboard type. See
figure-2.
3. With the selections made, you can now install Windows 7 by clicking the
“Install now” button. You will be asked to accept the license agreement. See
figure-3.
4. On the next screen, you have a choice between upgrading your existing
Windows or installing a fresh copy of Windows. If you are using Windows XP
or earlier, the first option will not work for you—select the Custom
(advanced) option. See figure-4
5. For a fresh installation, you will be asked to select a disk for installing
Windows 7. To create a new partition click “New”. In the “Size” box, enter
the size for the new partition. When done, click “Apply”. The setup program
 will let you know that it will create an additional partition on that drive. Select
the appropriate disk and click Next. See figure-5.
6. Windows will now take some time to copy all the files into the selected disk
and proceed with the installation. This will take about 20–30 minutes,
depending on the speed of your computer. See figure-6.
7. When the installation is complete, Windows 7 will restart.
8. After Windows 7 has been restarted, you should see the screen to provide a
username; your computer name will be created based on what you have
entered (you can change it to another name if you want to after the
installation). Click Next. See figure-7.
9. You will be asked to enter a password to protect your user account. You are
strongly advised to provide one. In the next screen, you will be asked to enter
a product key to activate Windows 7. See figure-8.
10. Next, you will set up the current date and time, and finally, if your computer
has a network card, Windows 7 will prompt you to select your current location
(wireless network users will be asked to select a wireless network to connect
to). Choose a location that best describes the environment you are in. See
figure-9.

That’s it! You are now ready to explore Windows 7.

 UNIT-1 PC HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

Taks-4 Installing Ubuntu Operating System

Q. what is an operating system? What is Linux Operating System? Write down the
procedure for installing Ubuntu 20.04?

An operating system is system software that manages computer hardware and software
resources, and provides common services for computer programs.

Linux is a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an
operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Ex.
Ubuntu, BOSS, Fedora, Redhat, etc..

Ubuntu is a Linux-based operating system. It is designed for computers, smartphones, and

network servers. The system is developed by a UK based company called Canonical Ltd. All
the principles used to develop the Ubuntu software are based on the principles of Open
Source software development.

Systems Requirements for Ubuntu 20.04 Desktop Edition

 2 GHz dual core processor 4 GiB RAM (system memory)

 25 GB (8.6 GB for minimal) of hard-drive space (or USB stick, memory card or
external drive but see LiveCD for an alternative approach)
 VGA capable of 1024x768 screen resolution
 Either a CD/DVD drive or a USB port for the installer media
 Internet access is helpful

1. Download the ISO images from Ubuntu website, burn it to a CD or a USB stick with the
help of USB Linux Installer.

2. After system boot choose your CD/DVD or USB drive displayed on your system BIOS
options.

3. The CD/DVD or USB content is loaded into your RAM memory until it reaches the first
stage of Installation process.

Booting Ubuntu. See figure-1

4. The next step asks you Install it or just give it a try …choose Install Ubuntu. The Try
Ubuntu option will load the system into a Linux Live Mode ( Live CD ) for running in a test
mode without any changes applied on your machine. See figure-2

5. The preparation step verifies HDD space and network connection. Leave it as default (
third-party software and updates will be installed later) and choose Continue. See figure-3

Preparing to Install Ubuntu

6. The next step is one of the most important steps and has four options. See figure-4

Erase disk and install Ubuntu is a customized version of disk partition table made
by Ubuntu developers and requires no previous knowledge of file systems and
partitions what so ever. Also be advised that choosing this options on machines with
previous Operating Systems already installed will erase all your data completely – so
a previous important data backup is necessary.

Encrypt the new Ubuntu installation for security is a option that ensures that all
your physical data are encrypted – Laptop users have a benefit in case of a stolen
device.

Use LVM with Ubuntu is a option for advanced users and requires some knowledge
of Linux Logical Volume Management and how space is distributed along many hard-
disks or physical partitions – choose this if you really know what you’re doing.

Something else option allows a full user control over partition table – so choose this
Installation Type.

7. For a basic partition table create the following scheme. See figure-5

1. Boot partition “/boot”, ext4 formated with a least 500Mb disk space.

To create partitions choose New Partition Table –> Continue and choose your free
space from first hard-disk (/dev/sda)

Hit the “+” button and on next window prompt choose the following settings for fist
partition.

1. Partition size in MB – min 500M

2. Partition Type as Primary
3. Location at the beginning
4. Select Use as Ext4 journaling file system
5. Root as Mount Point “/boot“

2. Root partition “/”, ext4 formated with a least 20G disk space.

To create partitions choose New Partition Table –> Continue and choose your free
space from first hard-disk (/dev/sda)

Hit the “+” button and on next window prompt choose the following settings for fist
partition.

1. Partition size in MB – min 20G

2. Partition Type as Primary
3. Location at the beginning
4. Select Use as Ext4 journaling file system
5. Root as Mount Point “/“
 3. Swap partition with 2xRAM size.

The second partition create it as a Logical Swap Area Space with a value of twice of
your RAM.

To create partitions choose New Partition Table –> Continue and choose your free
space from first hard-disk (/dev/sda)

Hit the “+” button and on next window prompt choose the following settings for fist
partition.

1. Partition size in MB – min 2xRAM size.

2. Partition Type as Logical
3. Location at the beginning
4. Select Use as Swap Area

4. Home partition “/home“, ext4 formated with the rest of free space designed for
Users.On the Third Partition allocate the hole left free space for Users homes also
as Logical. The reason for choosing Logical types is that old HDD’s can hold only
three partitions as Primary on MBR, the fourth demanding for an Extended Partition.

To create partitions choose New Partition Table –> Continue and choose your free
space from first hard-disk (/dev/sda)

1. Partition size in MB – leftover free space

2. Partition Type as Logical
3. Location at the beginning
4. Select Use as Ext4 journaling file system
5. Root as Mount Point “/home“

8. After your disk has been sliced hit on Install Now button. On the next stage choose
your Location from map – Location will have an impact on your system time also so be
advised to choose your true location. See figure-6

9. Select your Keyboard – On this step you also have the option for Detecting your
keyboard by pressing some of the keyboard buttons. See figure-7

10. The last interactive step of Installation process requires to enter your
system administrative name ( user with sudo rights), your System hostname ( you can
choose FQDN also ) and your password ( choose a strong one with at least 6 characters ).
See figure-8

For automatically logon without password choose Log in automatically and also you can
choose to Encrypt hole home folder for a better security and privacy but this will have
an impact on your system speed. See figure-9 &10
11. That is all for setting your Ubuntu OS. The installer now starts copying system files
to your hard drive while it presents you with some information about your brand
new Ubuntu LTS for 5 years support system. See figure-11

Also if you have another Operating System installed and you did not mess with it’s
partition during Ubuntu setups, the installer will automatically detect it and present it
by Grub Menu on next reboot.
 UNIT-1 PC HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

Taks-5 Installing BOSS Operating System

Q. what is an operating system? What is Linux Operating System? Write down the
procedure for installing BOSS 9?

An operating system is system software that manages computer hardware and software
resources, and provides common services for computer programs.

Linux is a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an
operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Ex.
Ubuntu, BOSS, Fedora, Redhat, etc..

Indian peoples always rely on other nations for using Operating Systems like Windows and
Linux distributions like CentOS, Ubuntu, etc., in their computers, smartphones, and other
gadgets in which, none of which were developed in India. Therefore, if we want to use an OS
developed in India, then the BOSS operating system should be our go-to option.

BOSS Operating System, also known as Bharat Operating System Solution, is

a GNU/Linux distribution that is derived from Debian Linux.

This distribution was developed in India by the Centre for Development of Advanced
Computing (C-DAC), Chennai, in the year 20062006 for the enhancement of Free/Open
source software used throughout the entire nation.

The BOSS operating system has been recommended by the Indian government for its
adoption and implementation on the national level. It has been LSB certified (Linux Standard
Base) by the Linux foundation.

Procedure for installing BOSS 9:

Step: 1.

Download the ISO images from BOSS website, burn it to a CD or a USB stick with the help
of USB Linux Installer.

Step: 2

After system boot choose your CD/DVD or USB drive displayed on your system BIOS
options.

Step: 3

When booting starts, a screen contains options to install BOSS in the system. We have to
select Graphics Install from the menu and then press enter to boot, as shown in the image
below. See figure-1

Step: 4
Now a screen is displayed in which we have the option of English language along with local
languages, from which we have to choose the language for installation. We will choose the
most suitable option which suits best for us. We will choose English here and then click on
continue, as shown in the below image. See figure-2

Step: 5
We have to choose our location according to which the system detects the time zone of the
location. We will choose India here and then click continue. See figure-3

Step: 6
Then we will choose the configuration of the keyboard. Here we will choose American
English and then click continue. See figure-4

Step : 7
Now, we will have to enter the hostname for the system. The hostname is used to recognize
our system, so we should name it carefully. Then again, click on continue to move ahead. See
figure-5

Step: 8
Now we will get an option to assign the domain name to the system, but we will leave the
field for the domain name blank. Then click continue to move ahead. See figure-6

Step: 9
Now, we have to set the user's full name, which we can skip. Then click on continue, and
now we have to set up the username and password for the system. Then again,
click continue as shown below images. See figure-7 and figure-8

Step: 10
The system will take some time to complete the process we have done until now. Then we
will have to partition the disks using the entire disk or creating partitions for installation. But
here, we will choose Guided-use entire disk. After selecting the partition scheme, click
on continue. See figure-9

Step: 11

We have selected the disk we use for installation purposes. After selecting the disk, again
click on continue. See figure-10

Step : 12
Then we will choose All files in one partition which is recommended for the new users. We
can select the /home, /usr, /var, and /temp options if we want to have a separate partition.
Then after selecting, click on continue. See figure-11

Step : 13
Now, Click on option finish partitioning and write changes to disk and then click
on continue to move ahead in the installation process. See figure-12

Step: 14
Then, on the next window, select Yes for the question "Write the changes to disk ?" and click
on continue. See figure-13
Now, we will have to install the GRUB boot loader, for which we have to select Yes and
again click on continue. See figure-14

Step: 15
Then we will select the hard disk volume to install the GRUB boot loader, where our
operating system is already installed. Click on continue. See figure-15

Step: 16
Now the installation is completed, we will click on continue and wait for a few seconds until
the system reboots. See figure-16

Step: 17
Now, choose the operating system we want to boot into and enter the password we created
during the installation process to start using the operating system. Now the BOSS operating
system is ready to use. See figure-17
 Unit-2 Internet and World Wide Web
Task-1 Orientation and Connectivity Boot Camp
Q. What is internet? What is internet of things? How to setup internet?
The Internet is a vast network that connects computers all over the world. Through
the Internet, people can share information and communicate from anywhere with an Internet
connection. There are various uses of the Internet by which companies and individuals are
making their daily tasks more productive and more comfortable. See figure-1
The Internet of things describes devices with sensors, processing ability, software
and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over
the Internet or other communications networks. The following are some of the hardware and
software components required to access internet. See figure-2
Web Server: A web server is software and hardware that uses HTTP (Hypertext
Transfer Protocol) and other protocols to respond to client requests made over
the World Wide Web. The main job of a web server is to display website content
through storing, processing and delivering WebPages to users. See figure-3
Web Application: Any service offered over the Internet, by definition, is a form of
Web application. Examples of Web applications therefore include online forms,
shopping carts, video streaming, social media, games, and e-mail. See figure-4
Network hardware: is a set of physical or network devices that are essential for
interaction and communication between hardware units operational on a computer
network. These are dedicated hardware components that connect to each other and
enable a network to function effectively and efficiently. See figure-5
Network media: refers to the communication channels used to interconnect nodes on
a computer network. Typical examples of network media include copper coaxial
cable, copper twisted pair cables and fiber-optic cables used in wired networks, and
radio waves used in wireless data communications networks. See figure-5
Network Devices: The most common types of network devices include Network
Interface Card (NIC), hubs, switches, routers, bridges, gateways, modems, repeaters,
and access points. See figure-6
An internet service provider (ISP) is a company that provides access to the internet.
ISPs can provide this access through multiple means, including dial-up, DSL, cable,
wireless and fiber-optic connections. See figure-7
Web Client: A web client is a client-side application used for connecting to a web
server over HTTP. It is typically a web browser or web app which displays web pages
received from the server and allows users to interact with the web server. See figure-
8
IP Address: Every device has an IP address with two pieces: the client or host
address and the server or network address. IP addresses are either configured by a
DHCP server or manually configured (static IP addresses).
Subnet Mask: The subnet mask splits the IP address into the host and network
addresses, thereby defining which part of the IP address belongs to the device and
which part belongs to the network.
 Default Gateway: The device called a gateway or default gateway connects local
devices to other networks. This means that when a local device wants to send
information to a device at an IP address on another network, it first sends its packets
to the gateway, which then forwards the data on to its destination outside of the local
network.
DNS Address: The Domain Name System (DNS) is the phonebook of the Internet.
Humans access information online through domain names, like nytimes.com or
espn.com. Web browsers interact through Internet Protocol (IP) addresses.
DNS translates domain names to IP addresses so browsers can load Internet resources.

Setting Up Internet Connection: this involves three steps.

1. The ISP Service person Will Setup router. See figure-9.
2. Then he configure WAN(Public IP), LAN(Private IP) , DHCP a WiFi
Passwords. Then you can start using Internet.
3. Then he enables DHCP In client system as shown bellow. See figure-10.

a. Click Start Menu > Control Panel > Network and Sharing
Center or Network and Internet > Network and Sharing Center.
b. Click Change adapter settings.
c. Right-click on Wi-Fi or Local Area Connection.
d. Click Properties.
e. Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4).
f. Click Properties.
g. Select Obtain IP Address automatically.
h. Select obtain DNS server Address automatically.
i. Click OK.
 Unit-2 Internet and World Wide Web

Task-2 Web Browsers

Q. What is a web browser? How to access a website?

Web Browser: is an application software that allows us to view and explore information on
the web. User can request for any web page by just entering a URL into address bar. Web
browser can show text, audio, video, animation and more. It is the responsibility of a web
browser to interpret
ret text and commands contained in the web page.

Earlier the web browsers were text-based

text while now days graphical-based
based or voice
voice-based
web browsers are also available. Following are the most common web browser available
today. Ex. Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Firefox, Microsoft Edge, etc..

Accessing Website: Each website has a unique address, called a URL (short for Uniform
Resource Locator). It's like a street address that tells your browser where to go on the
Internet. When you type a URL into the browser's address bar and press Enter on your
keyboard, the browser will load the page associated with that URL
URL.

URL(Uniform Resource Locator) format. It is the resource address on the internet. The
URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is created by Tim Berners-Lee and the Internet
Engineering working group in 1994. URL is the character string (address) which is used to
access data from the internet. The URL is the type of URI (Uniform Resource Identifier).

A URL contains the following information which

whic is listed below:

• Protocol name
• A colon followed by double forward-slash
forward (://)
• Hostname (domain name) or IP address
• A colon followed by port number (optional – unless specified otherwise, “:80” is the
default when using HTTP, and “:443” is the default whe
when using HTTPS)
• Path of the file
 Unit-2 Internet and World Wide Web

Task-3 Search Engine

Q. What is a Search engine? How Search Engine works? How to search for information
on web?

Search Engine refers to a huge database of internet resources such as web pages,
newsgroups, programs, images etc. It helps to locate information on World Wide Web. User
can search for any information by passing query in form of keywords or phrase. It then
searches for relevant information in its database and return to the user. Sompe of the popular
search engines are Google, Bing, Yahoo!, Ask.com, etc..

Search Engine Working

Web crawler, database and the search interface are the major component of a search engine
that actually makes search engine to work. Search engines make use of Boolean expression
AND, OR, NOT to restrict and widen the results of a search. Following are the steps that are
performed by the search engine:

1. The search engine looks for the keyword in the index for predefined database instead
of going directly to the web to search for the keyword.
2. It then uses software to search for the information in the database. This software
component is known as web crawler.
3. Once web crawler finds the pages, the search engine then shows the relevant web
pages as a result. These retrieved web pages generally include title of page, size of
text portion, first several sentences etc.

Searching for Websites or Information

1. Open Groogle Chrome Browser

2. Type https://google.co.in or simply google.co.in in address bar and press enter.
3. Type keyword like "weather“ in search box that appears and press enter.
4. The results display differently depending on what you're looking for. For example, if
you searched for the word "weather" in Google or Bing, you'll see a weather chart
with the local conditions at the top of your results. If you scroll down a little, you'll
probably see some news articles about the weather, as well as links to popular weather
websites.
5. If you search for an address or location, you'll usually see a map and/or information
about the business or landmark.
6. If you scroll down through the first page and don't find what you're looking for, click
or tap the next page number or Next at the bottom to view the next set of results.
7. The best results are often on the first page, but sometimes you'll need to dig a little
deeper to find that magic result.

Note: If you've found a website that looks like what you want, click or tap it to open in your
browser. To go back to the search results, click or tap your browser's back button.
 Unit-2 Internet and World Wide Web

Task-4 Internet Hygiene

Q. What is internet or Cyber hygiene? What are Cyber threats? What you can do to
protect yourself From Cyber Threats?

Cyber hygiene: refers to the steps that users of computers and other devices can take to
improve their online security and maintain system health. Cyber hygiene means adopting a
security-centric mindset and habits that help individuals and organizations mitigate potential
online breaches.

Cyber threats: There are many different types of cyber security threats, but they can

generally be broken down into four main categories:

1. Malware

Malware is a type of malicious software that is designed to damage or disable

computers and computer systems. It can spread via email attachments, file-

sharing networks, online advertisements, and infected websites.

2. Phishing

Phishing is a type of online fraud that involves tricks or deception to get victims to

reveal personal information such as credit card numbers, passwords, and account

numbers. Phishing attacks are typically carried out via email but can also occur

through instant messages, social media messages, and text messages.

3. Ransomware

Ransomware is a type of malware that can encrypt or lock files on your computer and

demand a ransom to decrypt them. This type of ransomware attack can be devastating

for businesses, as it can result in the loss of important data or systems being taken

offline.

4. Social engineering

Social engineering is a type of attack that relies on human interaction to trick victims

into revealing information or performing actions that they wouldn’t normally do.

These social engineering attacks can include anything from phony phone calls and

emails to fake websites and social media profiles.

Protecting yourself from cyber threats:

Here are some steps you can take to protect yourself from cyber attacks.

 Be on the lookout for suspicious links, attachments, and downloads

Malware and ransomware can be embedded in links, attachments, and
downloads. Make sure a link is authentic before clicking on it.
 Create and use strong passwords
You should always use strong and long passwords that are difficult to hack.
Use unique passwords, meaning a different one for each account. Passwords
should be at least 8 characters in length and contain numbers, special
characters, and capitalized letters.
 Use multi-factor authentication whenever possible
Multi-factor authentication adds an extra layer of security. If a service you are
using offers multi-factor authentication, use it.
 Use secure internet communications
Use sites that use “HTTPS” if you will access or provide any personal
information. Don’t use sites with invalid certificates.
 Update your anti-virus software regularly
Make sure your anti-virus software is up to date and updates are installed
regularly.
 Report anything suspicious to your IT department
Report any suspicious emails, files, or links to your company’s IT department.