Computers, Materials & Continua Tech Science Press

DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.014604
Review

Medical Diagnosis Using Machine Learning:

A Statistical Review
Kaustubh Arun Bhavsar1 , Jimmy Singla1 , Yasser D. Al-Otaibi2 , Oh-Young Song3, * ,
Yousaf Bin Zikria4 and Ali Kashif Bashir5

1
Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, 144411, India
2
Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology in Rabigh,
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
3
Software Department, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea
4
Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Korea
5
Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6BH, UK
*
Corresponding Author: Oh-Young Song. Email: [email protected]
Received: 02 October 2020; Accepted: 20 October 2020

Abstract: Decision making in case of medical diagnosis is a complicated pro-

cess. A large number of overlapping structures and cases, and distractions,
tiredness, and limitations with the human visual system can lead to inap-
propriate diagnosis. Machine learning (ML) methods have been employed to
assist clinicians in overcoming these limitations and in making informed and
correct decisions in disease diagnosis. Many academic papers involving the
use of machine learning for disease diagnosis have been increasingly getting
published. Hence, to determine the use of ML to improve the diagnosis in
varied medical disciplines, a systematic review is conducted in this study. To
carry out the review, six different databases are selected. Inclusion and exclu-
sion criteria are employed to limit the research. Further, the eligible articles
are classified depending on publication year, authors, type of articles, research
objective, inputs and outputs, problem and research gaps, and findings and
results. Then the selected articles are analyzed to show the impact of ML
methods in improving the disease diagnosis. The findings of this study show
the most used ML methods and the most common diseases that are focused
on by researchers. It also shows the increase in use of machine learning for
disease diagnosis over the years. These results will help in focusing on those
areas which are neglected and also to determine various ways in which ML
methods could be employed to achieve desirable results.

Keywords: Decision making; disease diagnosis; machine learning;

medical disciplines

1 Introduction
Diagnosis is a way to classify medicines that are fundamental to how a medicine performs
its part in society. It is central to the medical system. It organizes disease: defining care choices,

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided
the original work is properly cited.
108 CMC, 2021, vol.67, no.1

forecasting results, and offering an informative mechanism [1]. Appropriate and effective treatment
usually involves a thorough diagnosis. The accompanying improvements in diagnostic testing and
imaging have certainly improved the entire process of diagnosis. But the human method of sci-
entific judgment leading to correct diagnosis remains key to superior quality and healthy medical
services even in this era of rapid technical transition [2]. However, the diagnostic error that harms
patient does happen frequently. Generally, multiple factors give rise to diagnostic errors, usually
including both perceptual and system-related causes. Certain common factors involve misjudging
the significance of observations, misinterpretation, errors originating from heuristics usage, and
errors in judgment, particularly when diagnostic hypotheses are developed and assessed [3–5].
Since treatment options are becoming efficient and expensive, the health and financial risk of
misdiagnosing an easily curable illness is significantly greater. Thus, there is a loss in improved
patient care [6].
These diagnostic errors could be minimized using techniques like fuzzy logic [7], or machine
learning (ML) and thus could improve healthcare services. The kind of analytics a clinician can
get using ML, at the time of patient treatment, can provide them with more knowledge and, thus,
better care [8]. ML tackles the concern of how these systems can be designed that develop with
experience continuously. It is known as one of the fastest-growing technical disciplines of today,
standing at the junction of computing and analytics and at the heart of artificial intelligence (AI)
and data science [9]. Till today, the primary winners of the 21st-century boom in the development
of big data, ML, and data science are markets that have been able to obtain such data and employ
the workers needed to turn their products. The algorithms built in and around these markets
provide considerable potential around improving research in medical and clinical care, particularly
provided that clinicians are widely using electronic health records (EHR). Diagnosis and outcome
estimation are two fields that gain from the use of ML techniques in the healthcare sector [10].
ML can not only handle varying raw data combinations and apply context weighting but also
measure the predictive capacity of any possible combination of factors for determining diagnostic
and prognostic components [11]. For example, assisting clinicians for ‘second opinion,’ as based
on clinical data, ML models can diagnose aphasia speech type [12], urinary tract infection [13],
or even predicting breast cancer [14], among others. The capability to process large data sets far
beyond limits of human abilities, and then to efficiently process that data into clinical knowledge
that enables doctors to prepare and deliver treatment, eventually leading to improved results,
lower medical costs, and enhanced patient satisfaction. ML has the capability and is currently
behind the creation of guidelines for precision medicines, treatment counsel, and disease diagno-
sis [8]. Utilization of these capabilities of ML can even be seen in healthcare internet of things
(H-IoT); to analyze and process massive amount of healthcare data generated through sen-
sors [15]. Therefore, extensive research in the context of treatment for specific diseases has been
conducted for its usefulness. Hence, the main aim of this paper is to analyze the experiments in
which ML approaches are used in relation to different medical fields and diseases to determine
their pattern and usefulness in the diagnosis of disease, through a systematic analysis. Tab. 1
represents the uniqueness of our paper using comparative analysis with other published review
papers in the medical domain. This paper provides in-depth analysis and results of the use of ML
in disease diagnosis. This research paper provides detailed analysis, covering all the major medical
domains to the best of our knowledge.
CMC, 2021, vol.67, no.1 109

Table 1: Comparative analysis with other published review articles in medical domain
Article Year Data types Technologies Medical Classification and In-depth analysis
considered considered domains summarization of of reviewed
considered existing work articles
• Imaging • Machine • Cardiology • Publication year • Frequency of
• Tabular learning • Critical care • Authors published articles
• Dermatology • Type of articles over the past years
• Endocrinology • Research objective • Distribution of
• Gastroenterology • Inputs and outputs academic papers by
• Hepatology • Problem and journal and
• Infectious research gaps conference type
• Nephrology • Findings and • Distribution of
• Neurology results papers by database
• Oncology providers
• Ophthalmology • Distribution of
• Pediatrics ML methods
• Periodontology applied in
• Pulmonology published articles
• Rheumatology • Distribution of
• Urology ML based on
• Vascular surgery clinical aspects
• Virology.
[16] 2019 X × × × ×
[17] 2020 × X × × ×
[18] 2017 X X × × ×
[19] 2020 X X × × ×
This article X X X X X

1.1 Comparison with Related Survey Articles

Yanase et al. [16] presented a survey from a computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) system per-
spective in medicine. The article covers the in-depth workflow of CAD systems and their history.
The paper also represents applications in the medical domain from a data type perspective,
including tabular, imaging, sound, and signal types of data. Caballe et al. [17] detailed the benefits
and limitations of using different ML methods in disease diagnosis. The paper covers classifi-
cation, regression, and clustering techniques. However, it does not include a summarization of
literature and an in-depth analysis of reviewed articles. Jiang et al. [18] surveyed research articles
in healthcare from AI perspective. In addition to ML, the paper also covers natural language
processing techniques applied in healthcare. The paper covers only three medical domains: cancer,
neurology, and cardiology. Schaefer [19] presented an overview of the application of ML in rare
diseases. It reviews articles in healthcare covering diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. None of
the articles summarizes the existing work. Also, they cover only a few medical domains and do
not provide an in-depth analysis of reviewed articles.

1.2 The Process of Applying Machine Learning in Disease Diagnosis

Medical diagnosis is a complex task largely considered as an empirical task but understood
poorly as a cognitive task [20]. Thus, as complex as it may be seen, diagnosis using a computer,
i.e., using ML in our case, is divided into multiple steps. The first step of disease diagnosis is data
acquisition. This data could be in varied forms, including but not limited to medical interview,
110 CMC, 2021, vol.67, no.1

clinical, demographic, imaging, speech, patient historical data, or even heart sound [21–23]. The
next step involves processing. In this, the data is prepared, i.e., missing values, dimensionality
reduction, dealing with noisy data, and so on is made in this step [24,25]. Next, the target variable
and the predictors are identified. This data is then fed to one of the models for training. Once
the model is trained, it is then used for diagnosis.

1.3 The Benefits of Using Machine Learning for Disease Diagnosis

Limitations posed due to a large number of overlapping structures and cases, and distractions,
tiredness, and limitations with the human visual system, provision of ‘second opinion’ can come
handy [26]. This has encouraged the use of CAD systems for diagnostic processes. CAD is a con-
cept that gives equal roles to physicians as well as to the computers, i.e., it assists the physicians
in taking the best clinical decisions/practices [27]. Moreover, due to increasing complexity among
patients, high diagnostic errors, and availability of a large amount of data, EHR systems are being
used to assist in making the clinical decision [28].
With the availability of intelligent tools for data analysis, ML methods help in demystifying
interesting relationships in the data [29]. As a second opinion, it could corroborate with clinicians’
decisions or refute it [30]. Integration of ML based tools that monitor continuously increasing
volume of data streams for patterns, assisting in decision making for clinicians, or automatically
adjusting settings of bedside devices have improved outcomes of patient treatment and substan-
tially reduced the overall cost of treatment [31,32]. On the downside, ML promises to provide the
best clinical assistance but so far has not proven useful, according to the article [33,34], probably
due to opacity in ML algorithms and analytics. Moreover, data quality and generalizability of the
ML models remain amongst the other problems [35,36].

1.4 Article Structure

The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 proposes the methodology employed to carry out
this study. It discusses the database chosen and eligibility criteria for the selection of papers. In
Section 3, we present the analysis and synthesis of the eligible papers. A discussion of the analysis
done is discussed in Section 4. Finally, we draw a conclusion. Fig. 1 presents the taxonomy of
this article. Abbreviations and their corresponding full forms used in this article are presented
in Tab. 2.

2 Research Methodology
Methodology, in which the author finds relevant studies, selects and investigates those studies,
analyzes the data, and summarizes the findings to reach precise conclusions, is called systematic
review [37,38]. The use of evidence from dependable research to make healthcare decisions facili-
tates the use of best practices with lesser mistakes for clinical decision making. Hence, systematic
reviews, as well as clinical practice, are considered as the finest source of evidence [39]. The
following section includes literature search, study selection, and eligible papers, and extraction and
analyzation of data.

2.1 Literature Search

To select relevant and eligible papers for systematic review, six databases were selected in
this step.
CMC, 2021, vol.67, no.1 111

Figure 1: The taxonomy of this article

112 CMC, 2021, vol.67, no.1

Table 2: List of abbreviations

Abbr. Full forms
AI Artificial intelligence
ANN Artificial neural network
AUC Area under curve
BC Bayesian classifier
CAD Computer-aided diagnosis
CART Classification and regression trees
CNN Convolution neural network
DL Deep learning
DT Decision tree
EHR Electronic health record
FNN Feedforward neural network
GA Genetic algorithm
GB Gradient boosting
LDA Latent dirichlet allocation
LR Logistic regression
LSTM Long short-term memory
ML Machine learning
NB Naïve Bayes
PCA Principal component analysis
PSA Particle swarm algorithm
RF Random forest
RNN Recurrent neural networks
SVM Support vector machine
XGBoost Extreme gradient boosting

These databases were: IEEE, PubMed, Science Direct, SciPub, Springer Link, and Web of
Science. The articles searched were from the year 2015 up to now. Phrases and keywords such as
“disease diagnosis,” “disease diagnosis using machine learning,” “Chronic kidney diagnosis using
machine learning,” “Parkinson diagnosis using machine learning,” etc. were used to find relevant
articles. The articles were filtered based on relevancy and publication date. From our eligible
papers selected, the frequency and number of articles published by publishers are shown in Tab. 3.
Accordingly, with 22.73% Elsevier had the highest number of publications. BMC, Hindawi, IEEE,
Public Library of Science, and Springer stood second with 6.82% of publications. Nature was
ranked third with 4.55% of publications. In comparison, the rest of the publishers ranked fourth
with 2.27% of publications each.

2.2 Study Selection and Eligible Papers

Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to select appropriate and relevant articles. The
research only concentrates on disease diagnosis using ML. It excludes paper using fuzzy logic or
image processing. Accordingly, articles were screened for selection based on their title and abstract.
Only journal and conference papers were considered. Books, book chapters, thesis, reports, review
articles, and letters to editors were thus excluded from our research.
CMC, 2021, vol.67, no.1 113

Table 3: The frequency of published articles by publisher

Publisher Articles Percentage
Avicena publishing 1 2.27
BMC 3 6.82
BMJ 1 2.27
Edusoft publishing 1 2.27
Elsevier 10 22.73
Frontiers Media SA 1 2.27
Hindawi 3 6.82
IEEE 3 6.82
Isfahan cardiovascular research center 1 2.27
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 1 2.27
MDPI 1 2.27
Mosby Inc. 1 2.27
Nature 2 4.55
Public library of science 3 6.82
Science publications 1 2.27
Springer 3 6.82
36 81.82

Language, time and article qualities were considered for eligible papers. Thus we selected
papers written only in the English language and published from the year 2015 up to now. Our
research was focused on including all kinds of medical disciplines. However, diseases related to
animals and plants were excluded from it. According to our inclusion criteria, articles using
methods and techniques that improved the accuracy of disease diagnosis were included.

2.3 Extraction and Analyzation of Data

The included articles were examined to extract and analyze the data with respect to our
research objectives. Thus, to meet our objectives, we analyzed the articles according to frequency
of articles over the past years, type of academic papers, according to database providers, and
according to ML model employed in those articles.

3 Results
The following section represents the findings and results of the analysis and synthesis of the
included articles. This result, which is the outcome of a systematic study of the papers, shows the
efficiency of applying ML in disease diagnosis. In the following section, the impact of ML and
its use in different medical disciplines is studied.

3.1 The Frequency of Published Articles over the Past Years

Our research includes 44 academic papers that met our inclusion criteria. These 44 papers
include research papers as well as conference papers. The frequency of published articles is shown
in Fig. 2. The articles included are taken from the year 2015 up till now. The graph indicates
that since 2015 there has been a significant rise in published articles. This shows that the research
for disease diagnosis using ML has been increasing. In fact, from the included articles, almost
114 CMC, 2021, vol.67, no.1

40% were published in the year 2019. Hence, it is evident that researchers are showing interest in
applying ML techniques in disease diagnosis.

Figure 2: The distribution of papers by publication year

3.2 Distribution of Academic Papers by Journal and Conference Type

Total articles included in this systematic review, including from journals and conferences,
are 35 (i.e., 27 from journals and 8 from conference papers). Fig. 3 represents the distribution
of papers by publication year and type. As seen in this figure, journal articles published are
comparatively higher than conference papers. As we find no conference paper in the year 2015 and
2016 in our chart, we can say that overall fewer articles must have been published in conferences
than in journals. However, during 2017 there is a considerable increase in articles published
in conferences.
Eligible articles have been categorized by journals and conferences. The distribution of papers
by journals is represented in Tab. 4 and by conferences in Tab. 5. From our reviewed articles,
almost 81.82% of articles are of journals, and 18.18% of articles are from conferences. ‘Computer
Methods and Programs in Biomedicine,’ ‘Computers in Biology and Medicine,’ ‘IEEE Access’
and ‘PLoS ONE’ journals published 6 articles each, which were the highest and concentrated of
around 6.82% each. On average, 2.27% of articles were published by each journal.

Figure 3: The distribution of papers by publication year and type

CMC, 2021, vol.67, no.1 115

Table 4: Distribution of papers based on journal name and publisher

Journal Count Percentage Publisher

Acta informatica medica 1 2.27 Avicena publishing
ARYA atherosclerosis 1 2.27 Isfahan cardiovascular
research center
BMC medical informatics 1 2.27 BMC
and decision making
BMC medical research 1 2.27 BMC
methodology
BRAIN 1 2.27 Edusoft publishing
Brain informatics 1 2.27 Springer
Circulation 1 2.27 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Computational and 1 2.27 Hindawi
mathematical methods in
medicine
Computer methods and 3 6.82 Elsevier
programs in biomedicine
Computers in biology and 3 6.82 Elsevier
medicine
Critical care 1 2.27 BMC
EBioMedicine 1 2.27 Elsevier
Frontiers in genetics 1 2.27 Frontiers media SA
Gastrointestinal endoscopy 1 2.27 Mosby Inc.
IEEE access 3 6.82 IEEE
Journal of clinical pathology 1 2.27 BMJ
Journal of computer science 1 2.27 Science publications
Journal of healthcare 2 4.55 Hindawi
engineering
Multimedia tools and 1 2.27 Springer
applications
Nature machine intelligence 1 2.27 Nature
New horizons in translational 1 2.27 Elsevier
medicine
Ophthalmology 1 2.27 Elsevier
PLoS ONE 3 6.82 Public library of science
Scientific reports 1 2.27 Nature
Sensors 1 2.27 MDPI
Soft computing 1 2.27 Springer
The American journal of 1 2.27 Elsevier
cardiology
Total 36 81.82
116 CMC, 2021, vol.67, no.1

Table 5: Distribution of papers based on conference name and publisher

Conference paper Count Percentage Database provider
2017 13th international conference 1 2.27 IEEE
on signal-image technology &
internet-based systems (SITIS)
2017 IEEE 19th international 1 2.27 IEEE
conference on e-health
networking, applications and
services (Healthcom)
2017 international conference on 1 2.27 IEEE
intelligent computing and control
systems (ICICCS)
2017 second international 1 2.27 IEEE
conference on informatics and
computing (ICIC)
2018 10th computer science and 1 2.27 IEEE
electronic engineering conference
(CEEC)
2018 IEEE congress on 1 2.27 IEEE
evolutionary computation (CEC)
2019 7th mediterranean congress 1 2.27 IEEE
of telecommunications (CMT)
2019 IEEE international autumn 1 2.27 IEEE
meeting on power, electronics and
computing (ROPEC)
Total 8 18.18

3.3 Distribution of Papers by Database Providers

Searching and selection of papers were made through 6 different databases. These databases
and their contribution can be seen in Tab. 6. With 40.91% PubMed was ranked first. It concen-
trated on 18 papers. Moreover, IEEE was ranked second with 25.00%. Science Direct was ranked
third with 22.73%. Springer Link and Web of Science were ranked fourth with 4.55% each. And
SciPub was ranked fifth with 2.27%.

3.4 The Distribution of Machine Learning Methods Applied in Published Articles

The objective of this study is to carry out a systematic review of the use of ML methods in
disease diagnosis. Also, the distribution of various ML methods for diagnosis is analyzed. From
these eligible articles, we can observe that some of these articles incorporated ML to improve the
disease diagnosis. Hence, we categorized selected papers into 12 different ML methods, as can
be seen in Tab. 7. Among the researchers, support vector machine (SVM) has been ranked one
with 22.73%. This shows the efficiency of the SVM method to improve the diagnostic process
of diseases. Convolution neural network (CNN) method was ranked second with 15.91%. Other
methods, which included proprietary algorithms using ML methods and a combination of various
ML methods, ranked third with 13.64%. With 11.36%, random forest (RF) was ranked fourth.
Artificial neural network (ANN), deep ANN, and eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) were
CMC, 2021, vol.67, no.1 117

ranked fifth with 6.82%. The classification and regression trees (CART) method was ranked
sixth with 4.55%. However, bayesian classifier (BC), decision tree (DT), and gradient boosting
(GB) were ranked last at 2.27%. This shows that these three ML methods are least preferred in
improving the disease diagnosis process.

Table 6: The frequency of published articles by database providers

Database provider Count of papers Percentage
IEEE 11 25.00
Pubmed 18 40.91
Science Direct 10 22.73
SciPub 1 2.27
SpringerLink 2 4.55
Web of Science 2 4.55
Total 44 100.00

Table 7: The frequency of applied machine learning methods related to disease diagnosis
Machine learning method Frequency Percent References
Artificial neural network (ANN) 3 6.82 [13,40,41]
Deep artificial neural network (deep ANN) 3 6.82 [42–44]
Bayesian classifier (BC) 1 2.27 [45]
Classification and regression tree (CART) 2 4.55 [46,47]
Convolution neural network (CNN) 7 15.9 [48–54]
Deep convolution neural network (deep CNN) 2 4.55 [55,56]
Decision tree (DT) 1 2.27 [57]
Gradient boosting (GB) 1 2.27 [58]
XGBoost 3 6.82 [59–61]
Random forest (RF) 5 11.36 [62–66]
Support vector machine (SVM) 10 22.73 [67–76]
Other/hybrid 6 13.64 [12,14,77–80]
Total 44 100.00

We have summarized the distribution of ML methods by year in Fig. 4. Accordingly, we

observe that the use of hybrid methods has been increasing over the years (1 in 2015, 2 in 2017,
and 4 in 2019) to improve the accuracy of the ML models. From the year 2016, we observe that
SVM has always been used over the years, with the highest of 3 articles each in the year 2017
and 2019. This shows its popularity over the years among the researchers. Furthermore, with one
article each 2018, 2019, and 2020 XGBoost has shown its consistent use to improve the diagnosis.
Also, we observe an increase in the use of the CNN method from 2017.
118 CMC, 2021, vol.67, no.1

Figure 4: The distribution of machine learning methods by year

3.5 Distribution of ML Methods Applied in Published Articles Based on Clinical Aspects

In the context of disease diagnosis using ML, we would like to know which diseases were
considered more. Moreover, in which medical disciplines were researchers more interested is one of
the objectives of this research. For this reason, the eligible articles in this research were classified
by diseases and the implementation of ML methods. To better understand the distribution of ML
for disease diagnosis, we analyzed the articles based on medical disciplines. Fig. 5 represents the
pie chart for the frequency of medical disciplines. Based on the diseases, 18 medical disciplines
were identified. From Fig. 5, it is observed that 13.64% of studies were carried out in cardiology
and endocrinology. Probably due to the large number of diseases associated with them. Infectious
disease, oncology, and pulmonology were ranked second with a 9.09%. With a 6.82%, derma-
tology and nephrology were ranked third. Neurology, rheumatology, and urology were ranked
fourth with 4.55%. At last were ranked critical care, gastroenterology, hepatology, ophthalmology,
pediatrics, periodontology, vascular surgery, and virology with 2.27% each.

4 Discussion
We conducted this study to review the impact of ML in disease diagnosis. As per our
knowledge, fewer articles have been published that systematically analyze academic articles using
ML for disease diagnosis. Hence, the results and analysis of this study can be considered to assess
the impact of ML in the medical domain and its efficiency in improving the disease diagnosis. This
study considered the articles from the year 2015 to 2020. We identified 44 articles applying ML
methods to improve disease diagnosis over this period. One of the objectives of this study was to
determine which ML methods were used most by researchers for diagnosis, as the answer to this
question determines the efficiency of the methods. Hence, the articles were classified accordingly.
One of the ways in which articles were classified was based on the number of articles published
each year. According to this classification, we observed that the number of publications using
CMC, 2021, vol.67, no.1 119

ML for disease diagnosis has been rising over the years. We find that 4.55% of articles were
published in 2015, whereas in 2019, 40.91% of articles were published. This article was written in
mid-2020. Thus, we were able to retrieve a few articles from this year. This increase in the use of
ML methods is due to its efficiency in improving the accuracy and sensitivity of models to give
correct results.

Figure 5: The frequency of medical disciplines

We identified 12 different ML methods that were applied in our eligible papers. Although
we say that these 12 methods are mostly used ML methods for disease diagnosis, we limit our
findings only to medical diagnosis and do not generalize it. From our analysis, as presented in
Fig. 6, we find that researchers prefer SVM, CNN, and RF over other ML methods.

Figure 6: The frequency of machine learning methods impact

120 CMC, 2021, vol.67, no.1

However, there is also an increase in the use of hybrid/other methods. This is mainly because
using the combination of various methods augments the efficiency of the model. Our study also
examined the articles from a medical discipline point of view, i.e., we classified the eligible articles
according to medical disciplines. This classification helped us understand which medical disciplines
were chosen largely. From this study, it was evident that cardiology and endocrinology had the
highest number of publications. This must be due to the fact that most of the diseases come
under these two disciplines and also because of the easily available large amount of data to carry
out the research. Moreover, going only by diseases explored, we find that variety of ML has been
applied to a variety of diseases. This shows the effectiveness of ML in improving the accuracy of
disease diagnosis. Thus, we could apply ML in any medical discipline and get the best results.
The findings of this investigation show which diseases and medical disciplines are mostly
targeted by researchers and which get neglected. We also find the efficiency of ML methods in
disease diagnosis. Therefore, this study could assist researchers in carrying out further work in the
medical domain.

5 Conclusion
The main goal of this systematic study was to review the articles using ML for disease
diagnosis and, thus, the competence of ML in improving the diagnosis of disease. For the
same, we retrieved articles from year 2015 to 2020. We identified six databases including IEEE,
PubMed, Science Direct, SciPub, Springer Link, and Web of Science. Further, we classified the
articles based on publisher and database. Through this study, we found which databases and
publishers are publishing the greatest number of articles relating to ML in disease diagnosis. We
also investigated the most used ML methods and their impact on disease diagnosis. Thus, we
find that all the studies have shown improvement in their results. We find that using ML not
only reduces the overall cost of the treatment and assist clinicians as ‘second opinion,’ but also
helps in early detection of diseases having complex structures and patterns. We also identified
12 mostly used ML methods in disease diagnosis and their effectiveness in improving the results.
We also investigated the medical disciplines using ML to a large extent. Different ML methods
were analyzed to understand their effectiveness in improving disease diagnosis.
Whatsoever, this study has certain limitations. The first limitation is that this systematic review
was carried on from year the 2015 to 2020, i.e., for a fixed duration. Also, it has to be noted
that this study was carried out up till mid of 2020. But still, through our results, we find that
there is growing acceptance and adoption of ML in disease diagnosis over the years. The second
limitation of our study is that we did not include articles using fuzzy logic or image processing
entirely. In the future, we can include these techniques to get a generalized view and idea of the
impact of each of these techniques in disease diagnosis. The third limitation of our study is that
our investigation focused solely on the diagnosis of diseases. We did not include articles relating
to prognosis or treatment path. In the future, the researchers can investigate the articles to study
the impact of ML in prognosis as well as for treatment path.
This study could provide basic knowledge for future studies. We excluded the articles written
in other languages and articles other than journals and conference papers. Thus, in the future we
can consider neglected resources for investigation as studies of these resources could be valuable.
Moreover, we could also identify and diagnose relationship among multiple diseases and diagnose
them simultaneously to benefit patients suffering from multiple diseases, investigate with more
parameters when building ML models, appropriate selection of models could decrease the time
CMC, 2021, vol.67, no.1 121

of implementation, e.g., CNN works better for image data, standardization of data for unbiased
results, using deep learning, and ensemble models for better results.

Acknowledgement: Authors wish to thank Dr. Dinesh Grover, Retired Professor, Punjab Agricul-
tural University, Punjab, India for his guidance in writing this review paper.

Funding Statement: This research was supported in part by the MSIT (Ministry of Science
and ICT), Korea, under the ITRC (Information Technology Research Center) support program
(IITP-2020-2016-0-00312) supervised by the IITP (Institute for Information & Communications
Technology Planning & Evaluation), and in part by the MSIP (Ministry of Science, ICT & Future
Planning), Korea, under the National Program for Excellence in SW) (2015-0-00938) supervised
by the IITP (Institute for Information & communications Technology Planning & Evaluation).

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding
the present study.

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