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    MECH 3400 Homework 2_Fall21_Solutions

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    MECH 3400 Homework 2_Fall21_Solutions

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    MECH 3400 Homework 2_Fall21_Solutions

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    of 5

    MECH 3400 Homework 2 (due on 19/10)

    1. To examine the composition of a continuous fiber reinforced composite, a sample of the


    material is cut and analyzed. The sample has a weight of 200g and a volume of 150 cm3.
    The matrix material has a density of 1.42g/cm3. The fiber materialis graphite with a
    density of 2.02 g/cm3 and an average diameter of 7 μm. The longitudinal modulus of the
    matrix and fiber are 3.5 GPa and 600 GPa respectively. A part of the cross section of the
    sample is shown below:
    a. Using the diagram, estimate the fiber volume fraction of the composite. (To
    eliminate ambiguity, we have highlighted the fiber that you can count as a quarter
    and those that can be count as half) (10%)
    𝑊 200
    Ans: Density of composite: 𝜌𝑐 = 𝑐 = = 1.33 𝑔⁄𝑐𝑚3 .
    𝑉𝑐 150
    From the diagram there are 25 fibers, such that the area of fiber: 𝐴𝑓 =
    𝑑 2
    25𝜋 ( 2 ) = 962.11𝜇𝑚2 .
    The total section area of the composite: 𝐴𝑐 = 60 × 60 = 3600 𝜇𝑚2.
    𝐴𝑓 962.11
    𝑉𝑓 = = = 0.267.
    𝐴𝑐 3600
    b. Are there any voids in this composite material? If so, calculate the void volume
    fraction. (10%)
    Ans: The mass of the composite: 𝑊𝑐 = 𝑊𝑓 + 𝑊𝑚 , which can be also written as:
    𝜌𝑐 = 𝜌𝑓 𝑉𝑓 + 𝜌𝑚 𝑉𝑚 .
    𝜌𝑐 −𝜌𝑓 𝑉𝑓 1.33−2.02×0.267
    The volume fraction of matrix can be obtained: 𝑉𝑚 = = =
    𝜌𝑚 1.42
    0.5568.
    The void volume fraction: 𝑉𝑣 = 1 − 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑚 = 0.1762 > 0, indicating that there
    are voids.
    c. Disregard the cross section diagram given (so disregard the answer find in part a
    and b), but with the matrix material and fiber given, calculate the highest possible
    longitudinal modulus of the composite material by using mechanics of materials
    approach. (Note that it is only consider to be a composite material when it contain
    both matrix and fiber, and choose an arrangement of fibre packing geometries)
    (15%)
    Ans: The highest longitudinal modulus 𝐸1 occurs when 𝑉𝑓 reaches its maximum
    value. 𝑉𝑓 can be maximized when packed in hexagonal arrangement, 𝑉𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
    0.907.

    The derivation for achieving maximum fiber volume ratio is shown as follow:
    𝐸1𝑐 = 𝐸1𝑓 𝑉𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝐸𝑚 (1 − 𝑉𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) = 600 × 0.907 + 3.5 × (1 − 0.907) =
    544.53 𝐺𝑃𝑎.

    Count as half of a fiber

    Count as quater of a fiber


    60μm

    60μm

    2. In the general Halpin-Tsai expression for composite properties, prove that the value of
    parameter ξ = 0 corresponds to the series model, and ξ →∞ corresponds to the parallel
    model. (10%)
    𝑃𝑚 [𝑃𝑓 +𝜀𝑃𝑚 +𝜀𝑉𝑓 (𝑃𝑓 −𝑃𝑚 )]
    (Hint: the general Halpin-Tsai expression is 𝑃𝑐 = , try to derive the
    𝑃𝑓 +𝜀𝑃𝑚 −𝑉𝑓 (𝑃𝑓 −𝑃𝑚 )
    asymptotic forms by pushing ξ to 0 or infinity.)

    Ans:

    3. Calculate the transverse modulus 𝐸2 of a unidirectional continuous glass fiber reinforced


    epoxy composite using a) the series model (5%); b) the modified series model via Eq. 3.31
    in the textbook (10%); c) the Halpin-Tsai empirical relation with 𝜉 = 1 (10%). (Necessary
    elastic properties are 𝐸2𝑓 = 75GPa, 𝐸𝑚 = 3.6GPa, 𝜈𝑚 = 0.35 (this is Poisson’s ration),
    𝑉𝑓 = 0.7 and 𝑉𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 0.02. (25%)
    Ans:
    𝐸2𝑓 𝐸𝑚 75×3.6
    a) 𝐸2 = 𝑉 = 0.7×3.6+(1−0.7−0.02)×75 = 11.48 𝐺𝑃𝑎.
    𝑓 𝐸𝑚 +𝑉𝑚 𝐸2𝑓
    𝐸 3.6 𝐸2𝑓 𝐸𝑚 75×4.10
    b) 𝐸𝑚 = 1−𝜐𝑚2 = 1−0.352 = 4.10 𝐺𝑝𝑎, 𝐸2 = 𝑉 = 0.7×4.10+(1−0.7−0.02)×75 =
    𝑚 𝑓 𝐸𝑚 +𝑉𝑚 𝐸2𝑓
    12.88 𝐺𝑃𝑎.
    (1+𝑉 )𝐸 +𝑉𝑚 𝐸𝑚 (1+0.7)×75+(1−0.7−0.02)×3.6
    c) 𝐸2 = 𝐸𝑚 (1+𝑉𝑓 )𝐸2𝑓+𝑉 = 3.6 × (1+0.7)×3.6+(1−0.7−0.02)×75 = 17.06 𝐺𝑃𝑎.
    𝑓 𝑚 𝑚 𝐸2𝑓
    4. Two types of carbon fiber epoxy composite materials are made available. Both are made
    of the same carbon fiber and the same epoxy; one is made with continuous fiber, the
    other is made with aligned chopped fiber. The fiber and matrix have the properties given
    below:

    Carbon fiber Epoxy


    Density 1.8 g/cm3 1.27 g/cm3
    Longitudinal modulus 255 GPa 4.3 GPa
    Shear modulus - 1.60 GPa
    Diameter 4 μm -
    The composite with continuous fiber hasa longitudinal modulus of E1=169GPa.We cut a
    sample from the composite and the sample has a weight of 400g. This sample is then
    subjected to resin digestion in an acid solution and the remaining carbon fiber has a
    weight of 294g.

    a) Assuming no void, please calculate the volume fraction of the fiber in thecomposite
    material with continuous fiber. (10%)
    b) Assume that the composite with discontinuous fiber has the same fiber volume fraction,
    but due to lower manufacturing quality, this type contains a void volume fraction of
    2%. Using the elastic stress transfer model (also known as the shear lag model),
    estimate the average fiber length if the longitudinal modulus of the composite with
    discontinuous fiberis 70% of that with continuous fiber. (Note, do not assume the
    matrix contribution is insignificant) Final answer in μm, to one decimal point accuracy
    (20%)
    Ans:

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