Course Name: IoT and Embedded System

Class: TE Computer Engineering

Course In-charge: Ms. Swapnali Londhe
Join community by clicking below links

Insta Page

https://www.instagram.com/sppu_engineering_update

Telegram Channel

https://t.me/SPPU_TE_BE_COMP

WhatsApp Channel

https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaAhRMdAzNbmPG0jyq2x
 Unit II
Internet of Things: Concepts

CO2. Applying IoT Enabling Technology for Developing IoT

System
 Introduction to IoT Design
• Internet Of Things is Fully Networked and Connected Devices sending analytics data
back to cloud or data center.

• The definition of Internet of things is that it is the network in which every object or
thing is provided unique identifier and data is transferred through a network
without any verbal communication.

• Scope of IoT is not just limited to just connecting things to the internet, but it
allows these things to communicate and exchange data, process them as well as
control them while executing applications.
• A dynamic global network infrastructure with self- configuring capabilities
based on standard and interoperable communication protocols, where

physical and virtual “things” have identities, physical attributes, and use

intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into information

network that communicate data with users and environments.

 Characteristics of IoT
• Dynamic Global network & Self-Adapting : Adapt the changes w.r.t changing
contexts

• Self Configuring : Eg. Fetching latest s/w updates without manual intervention.

• Interoperable Communication Protocols : Communicate through various

protocols

• Unique Identity : Such as Unique IP Address or a URI

• Integrated into Information Network : This allows to communicate and exchange

data with other devices to perform certain analysis.
 Vision of IoT
• A vision where things (wearable, watch, alarm clock, home
devices, surrounding objects with) become smart and behave alive
through sensing, computing and communicating systems.

• A vision where embedded devices interact with remote objects or

persons through connectivity, for examples, using Internet or Near
Field Communication or other technologies.
 Trends in Adoption of Iot
1. AI-POWERED DATA ANALYTICS
2. INDUSTRIAL IOT APPLICATIONS ON THE RISE
3. NEW ADVANCEMENTS IN TECHNOLOGY
4. NON-VOLATILE OR PERSISTENT MEMORY

Benefits of IoT adoption include:

• Increased revenue.
• Improved efficiency.
• Cost-effectiveness.
• Enhanced productivity.
• Optimal asset use.
• Understanding customer behavior
• Better customer service.
• More mobility and agility.
• Trustworthy company image.
• Broadened business opportunities.
 IoT Devices

• Devices : Things that Talk

Sensors :
•Perform Input function
•Device that responds to a physical stimulus, measures the physical stimulus
quantity, and converts it into a signal, usually electrical, which can be read by an
observer or by an instrument
•Also called detector
•A sensor is basically an electrical device. It could be an M2M terminal, an RFID
reader, or a SCADA meter.
•A sensor can be very small and itself can be a trackable device
• Perform Input function
• Device that responds to a physical stimulus, measures the physical stimulus quantity,
and converts it into a signal, usually electrical, which can be read by an observer or by
an instrument
Actuators
• An actuator is a part of a device or machine that helps it to achieve physical movements by
converting energy, often electrical, air, or hydraulic, into mechanical force. Simply put, it is
the component in any machine that enables movement.
• An actuator requires a control device (controlled by control signal) and a source of energy.
The control signal is relatively low energy and may be electric voltage or current,
pneumatic, or hydraulic fluid pressure, or even human power.[3] In the electric, hydraulic,
and pneumatic sense, it is a form of automation or automatic control.

Soft actuator
Hydraulic
Pneumatic
Electric
 Sensor Type and Example
Sensor Type Example
Position, angle, displacement, position sensor, Accelerometer,
distance, speed, acceleration capacitive displacement sensor ….

Pressure barometer, boost gauge, pressure

sensor
Acoustic, sound, vibration Geophone, hydrophone, lace sensor,
microphone
Automotive, transportation Air-fuel ratio meter, engine
coolant temperature (ECT)
sensor, parking sensors, ……..
Environment, weather, leaf sensor, rain sensor, soil
moisture, Humidity moisture sensor

Flow, fluid velocity Gas meter, water meter

Optical, light, imaging, photon Contact image sensor, infra- red
sensor……..
 IoT Devices Vs Computers
IOT Devices Computers

IoT devices are special-purpose devices. Computers are general-purpose devices.

IoT devices can do only a particular task for which it is

Computers can do so many tasks.
designed.

The hardware and software built-in in the computers are

The hardware and software built-in in the IoT devices are
streamlined to do many tasks(such as calculation, gaming,
streamlined for that particular task.
music player, etc. )

IoT devices can be cheaper and faster at a particular task than A computer can be expensive and slower at a particular task
computers, as IoT devices are made to do that particular task. than an IoT device.

Examples: Music Player- iPod, Alexa, smart cars, etc. Exemples: Desktop computers, Laptops, etc.
 Social Benefits of IoT
• Improved efficiency: The IoT has made it possible to automate processes and connect devices, leading to
increased efficiency in industries such as manufacturing, logistics, and healthcare.

• Enhanced convenience: IoT has made it possible for people to remotely control devices such as thermostats,
lighting, and security systems, making their lives more convenient.

• Better health outcomes: IoT has enabled the creation of wearable devices that monitor vital signs and
provide real-time data to healthcare professionals, helping them to provide better care.

• Enhanced safety and security: IoT can help monitor and respond to emergency situations more quickly and
effectively, improving public safety. For example, smart home security systems can provide remote
monitoring and control, while smart city technology can detect and respond to natural disasters, traffic
congestion, and other emergencies.

• Environmental benefits: IoT can help reduce waste and conserve energy by optimizing resource utilization
and reducing emissions. For example, smart home technology can reduce energy usage and smart city
technology can optimize public transportation, reducing traffic and air pollution.

• New business opportunities: IoT has created new business opportunities in areas such as smart homes,
wearable technology, and industrial automation, leading to job creation and economic growth.
 Building Blocks of IoT

Sensors

Buliding
Gateway Blocks of Processors
IoT

Applications
 Buliding Blocks of IoT …..Sensors
• Sensors are the front end of the IoTdevices. They really mean “things” in IoT.

• Their main task is to get necessary data from surroundings and pass it further to
database or processing systems.

• They must be uniquely findable from there IP address because they are basic front end
interface in the large network of other devices.

• Sensors collect real time data and can either work autonomous or can be user controlled.
• Examples of sensorsare: gas sensor, water quality sensor, moisture sensor, etc.
 Building Blocks of IoT …..Processors
• Processors are the brain of the IoT system.
• The main job of processors it to process raw data collected by the
sensors and transforms them to some meaningful information and
knowledge. In short, we can say that its job is to give intelligence to
the data.
• Processors are easily controllable by applications and their one more
important job is to securing data. They perform encryption and
decryption of data.
• Microcontroller, embedded hardware devices, etc can process the
data using processors attached within the devices.
 Building Blocks of IoT …..Gateways
• Main task of gateways is to route the processed data and transfer it to
proper databases or network storage for proper utilization.

• In other words, gateway helps in communication of thedata and

network connectivity areessentialsfor IoT Communication
systems.

• Examples of gateways are LAN, WAN, PAN,

etc.
 Building Blocks of IoT …..Applications
• Applications are another end of an IoT system. Applications do
proper utilization of all the data collected and provide
interface to users to interact with that data. These applications
could be cloud based applications which are responsible for
rendering data collected. Applications are user controllable and are
delivery points of particular services.

• Examples of applications are: smart home apps, security

system control applications, industrial control hub applications,
etc.
 Physical Design of IoT

• Things in IoT
• IoT Protocols
• Refers to IoT devices which have unique identities that can perform
sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities.

• IoT devices can exchange data with other connected devices or collect
data from other devices and process the data either locally or send the
data to centralized servers or cloud – based application back-ends for
processing the data.
 Interoperability of IoT Devices
• Interoperability in the Internet of Things (IoT) is the ability of different devices, systems,
and platforms to work together within the same ecosystem.
• This capability enables devices to communicate and share data seamlessly, execute
coordinated tasks, and provide a cohesive user experience across diverse technologies and
applications.
• The concept of interoperability encompasses several key aspects:
Technical Interoperability: Hardware and software in bare words. It requires
common protocols, interfaces, and data formats so that devices can exchange
information effectively.
Syntactical Interoperability: The data exchange structure ensures the data format is
understood across different systems. For example, using standardized data formats like
XML or JSON can help achieve syntactical interoperability.
Semantic Interoperability: A more elevated interoperability topic. This is about
ensuring that the exchanged data is interpretable and meaningful to all parties
involved. It goes beyond the data structure to include the meaning of that data so that
information is understood in the same way by different systems. This often requires
common data models and ontologies.
Sensors :
Sensors and Actuators
•Perform Input function
•Device that responds to a physical stimulus, measures the physical stimulus quantity, and converts it into a signal, usually
electrical, which can be read by an observer or by an instrument
•Also called detector
•A sensor is basically an electrical device. It could be an M2M terminal, an RFID reader, or a SCADA meter.
•A sensor can be very small and itself can be a trackable device
Perform Input function
• Device that responds to a physical stimulus, measures the physical stimulus quantity, and converts it into a signal, usually
electrical, which can be read by an observer or by an instrument

Actuators :
• An actuator is a part of a device or machine that helps it to achieve physical movements by converting energy, often electrical,
air, or hydraulic, into mechanical force. Simply put, it is the component in any machine that enables movement.
• An actuator requires a control device (controlled by control signal) and a source of energy. The control signal is relatively low
energy and may be electric voltage or current, pneumatic, or hydraulic fluid pressure, or even human power.[3] In the electric,
hydraulic, and pneumatic sense, it is a form of automation or automatic control.

Soft actuator
Hydraulic
Pneumatic
Electric
 Need of Analog to Digital Conversion
• Analog to digital conversion plays a crucial role in the world we live in today.
Most signals (e.g. a song or speech) are analog in nature. However, if you want to
transmit them all over the world to multiple people at once, or if you want to
enhance its quality by removing background noise, you will need to convert them
into digital form.

• This need to convert analog data into its digital equivalent stems from the fact that
our computers and microprocessors can only handle digital data. By converting
analog data into its digital equivalent, you open the door to a million different
possibilities. Digital data can be read, stored, transmitted and even manipulated
 The Role of Analog to Digital Convertor
• he ADC plays an important role in the transmission of data from one device to
another. For example, if you’re sending a recording of your voice to a friend, you
will need both the ADC and the DAC.

• When you press record on your phone, you input analog information to the
recorder (in this case, your voice). The phone makes use of an ADC to
immediately convert this data to digital form so that it can be processed and
edited. The microcomputer then sends this digital data to your target audience
using a digital channel of communication like the internet.
However, digital data holds no meaning to your audience. They do not want to hear
or see a bunch of 0s and 1s! Therefore, this digital data must be converted back into
its original analog form. This is where the DAC comes into play. By transforming
this data into its analog form, your audience can play and listen to the recording you
sent them with ease! The entire process can be summarized by the following
flowchart:
Generic Block Diagram of an IoT Device

• An IoT device may consist of

several interfaces for
connections to other devices,
both wired and wireless.

• I/O interfaces for sensors

• Interfaces for internet
connectivity
• Memory and storage interfaces
• Audio/video interfaces
IoT Protocols
• Link Layer
• 802.3 – Ethernet
• 802.11 – WiFi
• 802.16 – WiMax
• 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
• 2G/3G/4G
• Network/Internet Layer
• IPv4
• IPv6
• 6LoWPAN
• Transport Layer
• TCP
• UDP
• Application Layer
• HTTP
• CoAP
• WebSocket
• MQTT
• XMPP
• DDS
• AMQP
 Logical Design of IoT
• Logical design of an IoT system
refers to an abstract
representation of the entities and
processes without going into the
low-level specifics of the
implementation.

• An IoT system comprises a

number of functional blocks that
provide capabilities sensing,
identification, actuation,
communication and management.
• Device : Devices such as sensing, actuation, monitoring and control functions.

• Communication : IoT Protocols

• Services like device monitoring, device control services, data publishing services and
device discovery

• Management : Functions to govern the system

• Security : Functions as authentication, authorization, message and content integrity,

and data security

• Applications
 IoT Enabling Technologies

• Wireless Sensor
Network

• Cloud Computing

• Big Data Analytics

• Embedded Systems
 WSN

• Distributed Devices with sensors used to monitor the environmental

and physical conditions

• Consists of several end-nodes acting as routers or coordinators too

• Coordinators collects data from all nodes / acts as gateway that

connects WSN to internet

• Routers route the data packets from end nodes to coordinators.

Example of WSNs in IoT & Protocols used
Example
• Weather monitoring system

• Indoor Air quality monitoring system

Protocols
• Soil moisture monitoring system
• Zigbee
• Surveillance systems

• Health monitoring systems

 Cloud Computing

• Deliver applications and services over internet

• Provides computing, networking and storage resources on demand
• Cloud computing performs services such as Iaas, Paas and Saas
• Iaas : Rent Infrastructure
• Paas : supply an on-demand environment for developing, testing,
delivering and managing software applications.
• Saas : method for delivering software applications over the Internet,
on demand and typically on a subscription basis.
 Big Data Analytics
• Collection of data whose volume, velocity or variety is too large and
difficult to store, manage, process and analyze the data using traditional
databases.
• It involves data cleansing, processing and visualization
• Lots of data is being collected and warehoused
• Web data, e-commerce
• purchases at department/ grocery stores
• Bank/Credit Card transactions
• Social Network
Big Data Analytics
Variety Includes different types Velocity Refers to speed at which
of data data is processed

• Structured • Batch

• Unstructured • Real-time

• Semi Structured • STreams

• All of above
Volume refers to the amount of data

• Terabyte

• Records

• Transactions

• Files

• Tables
 IoT Levels and Deployment Templates
An IoT system comprises the following components:
• Device: An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing, actuating and
remote monitoring capabilities.
• Resource: Resources are software components on the IoT device for
accessing, processing and storing sensor information, or for controlling
actuators connected to the device. Resources also include the software
components that enable network access for the device.
• Controller Service: Controller service is a native service that runs on the
device and interacts with the web services. Controller service sends data from
the device to the web service and receives commands from the
application (via web services) for controlling the device.
• Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the data generated by
the IoT device.

• Web Service: Web services serve as a link between the IoT device, application,
database and analysis components. Web service can be implemented using HTTP and
REST principles (REST service) or using the WebSocket protocol (WebSocket
service).

• Analysis Component: This is responsible for analyzing the IoT data and
generating results in a form that is easy for the user to understand.

• Application: IoT applications provide an interface that the users can use to control and
monitor various aspects of the IoT system. Applications also allow users to view the
system status and the processed data.
IoT Level-1
•A level-1 IoT system has a single
node/device that performs sensing
actuation, stores data, performs analysis
and hosts the application.

• Level-1 IoT systems are suitable for

modelling low-cost andlow-complexity
solutions where the data involved is
not big andthe analysis requirements
are not computationally intensive.
IoT – Level 1 Example: Home Automation System
IoT Level-2
• A level-2 IoT system has a
single node that performs
sensing and/or actuation and
local analysis.

• Data is stored in the cloud and the

application is usually cloud-based.

• Level-2 IoT systems are suitable

for solutions where the data
involved is big; however, the
primary analysis requirement is
not computationally intensive and
can be done locally.
IoT – Level 2 Example …Smart Irrigation
IoT Level-3

• A level-3 IoT system has a single

node. Data is stored and analyzed
in the cloud and the application
is cloud-based.

• Level-3 IoT systems are suitable

for solutions where the data
involved is big and the
analysis requirements
computationally intensive.
IoT – Level 3 Example …Tracking Package Handling
Sensors used accelerometer and gyroscope
IoT Level-4

• A level-4 IoT system has multiple nodes

that perform local analysis. Data is
stored in the cloud and the application is
cloud-based.

• Level-4 contains local and cloud- based

observer nodes which can subscribe to
and receive information collected in the
cloud from IoT devices.

• Level-4 IoT systems are suitable for

solutions where multiple nodes are
required, the data involved is big and
the analysis requirements are
computationally intensive.
IoT – Level 4 Example …Noise Monitoring
Sound Sensors are used
IoT Level-5
• A level-5 IoT system has multiple end
nodes and one coordinator node.

• The end nodes perform sensing

and/or actuation.

• The coordinator node collects data

from the end nodes and sends it to the
cloud.

• Data is stored and analyzed in the

cloud and the application is cloud-
based.

• Level-5 IoT systems are suitable for

solutions based on wireless sensor
networks, in which the data involved is
big and the analysis requirements are
computationally intensive.
IoT Level-6
• A level-6 IoT system has multiple
independent end nodes that
perform sensing and/or actuation
and send data to the cloud.

• Data is stored in the cloud and the

application is cloud-based.

• The analytics component analyzes

the data and stores the results in
the cloud database.

• The results are visualized with the

cloud-based application.

• The centralized controller is aware

of the status of all the end nodes
and sends control commands to
the nodes.
IoT Issues and Challenges
Security
• Cyber Attacks, Data Theft

Privacy
• Controlling access and ownership of data.

Inter Operability
• Integration Inflexibility

Legality and Rights

• Data Protection laws be followed, Data Retention and destruction policies

Economy and Development

• Investment Incentives, Technical Skill Requirement
 Emerging Trends of IoT

Artificial Intelligence
Blockchain

Machine Learning

Data Analytics
Thank You