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30 Bash Commands Cheat Sheet

August 24, 2023

BASH COMMANDS

Home » SysAdmin » 30 Bash Commands Cheat Sheet

 Contents 

Introduction

The Bash (Bourne Again Shell) shell is an enhanced version of the Bourne shell distributed with Linux and GNU
operating systems. Basic Bash commands allow users to navigate through a system and effectively manage
files, directories, and different data types.

This article will list 30 Bash commands and provide you with a downloadable PDF cheat sheet to always have
them at hand.

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Basic Bash Commands

This section lists the most common Bash commands that allow users to manage files and directories, search
and sort data, change file permissions, and much more.

Refer to the end of the article to download all the commands as a PDF cheat sheet and save it for future use.

Basic File and Directory Operations

The following commands are used for basic file and directory operations.

ls Command
The ls command lists all files and directories in the current directory. It provides valuable information about the
files and directories within a specified directory, such as their names, permissions, timestamps, and more.

The syntax of the ls command is:

ls [options] [file|dir]

The most commonly used options are:

Option Description

Provide detailed information about files and

-l
directories.

By default, ls omits hidden files from the output. To

-a
include hidden files, specify the -a option.

Modifies the output to display file sizes in a more

human-friendly format. Instead of using bytes, the -h
-h
option formats the sizes using units like kilobytes
(KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), etc.

The following example shows the output of the ls -l command:

cd Command
The cd command changes the current directory to the directory specified as an argument to the command. It
allows users to move to different locations in the file system and access files, directories, and resources in
those directories.

The command is essential for efficient command-line navigation and for executing commands or accessing
files in specific directories without having to provide full paths each time.

The syntax for the cd command is:

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cd [directory]

The most common options are:

Option Description

- Switches to the previous directory.

~ Switches to the home directory.

The following example shows how to return to the home directory using the ~ option:

pwd Command
The pwd command prints the path of the current working directory. It is useful when you need to find your way
within the Linux file system or to pass the working directory in a Bash script.

The syntax for the pwd command is:

pwd [options]

The most commonly used options are:

Option Description

-L Prints the logical path of the current directory.

-P Prints the physical path of the current directory.

The following example shows the output of the pwd command:

File Manipulation
Use the commands listed in this section for file manipulation, including file creation, copying, moving, renaming,
deleting, searching, modifying files, etc.

cat Command
The cat command is short for concatenate. It displays the contents of a file or files in the terminal without
having to open the file for editing. It is convenient for viewing the contents of small text files, joining together
and displaying multiple files' contents, or piping the output into other commands for further processing.

The syntax for the cat command is:

cat [options] [file path]

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The most commonly used options are:

Option Description

-n Numbers all the output lines.

-b Numbers all non-blank output lines.

The following example shows an example output of the cat command with numbered lines:

touch Command
The touch command creates a new, empty file or updates the timestamp of an existing file. The command is
useful when you want to create a new file without any content or when you need to modify the timestamps of a
file to the current time without changing its contents.

The syntax of the touch command is:

touch [file]

The most commonly used options are:

Option Description

-a Changes access time only.

-m Changes modification time only.

The following example shows how to create a new blank file using the touch command:

rm Command
The rm command removes files or directories to free up storage space and organize the file system.

Important: Use rm with caution, as deleted files are not recoverable by default, and unintended
 removals can result in data loss. The command deletes files without prompting for
confirmation. Check out our article for other dangerous Linux commands.

The syntax for the rm command is:

rm [options] [file|dir path]

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The most commonly used options are:

Option Description

Recursive deletion, which removes directories and

their contents, including subdirectories and files
-r
within them. Use this option to delete a directory and
everything inside it.

Forcefully remove files and directories without asking

for confirmation, even if they are write-protected or
-f otherwise restricted. It suppresses most error
messages that would typically prompt for
confirmation.

mkdir Command
The mkdir command creates a new, empty directory. mkdir also allows users to set permissions, create
multiple directories at once, and much more. The tool is handy when setting up a new project structure or when
you need to create nested directories to maintain a well-organized file system.

The syntax of the mkdir command is:

mkdir [options] [dir]

The commonly used options that provide additional functionality are:

Option Description

A necessary option if you want to create

subdirectories as well. Without the -p option, the
-p
output is an error if one of the directories in the string
does not exist.

Sets the permissions (mode) for the newly created

directory. For [mode], specify the permission mode
-m [mode]
using the octal representation, like 777, to add read,
write, and execute permission for all users.

rmdir Command
The rmdir command removes only empty directories via the terminal. It is useful when you need to clean up the
file system by removing empty directories that are no longer needed, which helps maintain a tidy directory
structure.

The syntax for the rmdir command is:

rmdir [options] [dir]

The command is simple and doesn't have many options since it is only used to remove empty directories. The
most common option is -p, which removes the specified directory and its parent directories if they become

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empty as a result.

For example:

cp Command
The cp command is used to copy files and directories using the CLI. It enables users to duplicate files and
directories within the same location or to a different one while preserving their content, permissions, and
attributes.

The cp command is essential when creating backups, replicating data, or organizing files across different
directories. The syntax is:

cp [options] [source] [destination]

The commonly used options are:

Option Description

Enforces recursive mode. It allows the cp command

-r to copy the specified directory and its entire contents,
including subdirectories and their contents.

Enforces the interactive mode, prompting the user for

-i
confirmation before overwriting any existing files.

The -n option stands for no clobber and prevents the

-n
cp command from overwriting existing files.

The following example shows how the interactive mode prompts the user for confirmation before overwriting an
existing file:

mv Command
The mv command allows users to move directories and files within the same file system, effectively changing
their path. Additionally, it can also rename files or directories, providing a way to organize and manage data
within the file system efficiently.

The syntax for the mv command is:

mv [options] [source] [destination]

The common command options are:

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Option Description

Enforces the interactive mode and prompts the user

-i for confirmation before overwriting any existing files
at the specified [destination].

The -n option stands for no clobber and prevents the

-n
mv command from overwriting existing files.

The following example shows how to use the mv command interactive mode and move a file to a different
directory:

Searching and Sorting

The commands listed in this section are useful when searching for files or data in a file system and sorting the
results in a specific way.

find Command
The find command searches for files or a specific string of characters in a directory hierarchy. It allows users to
search the entire file system or specified directories for files or strings based on factors such as name patterns,
file types, sizes, modification times, and more.

 Note: Learn how to determine the type of a file using the Linux file command.

The syntax of the find command is:

find [location] [expression] [options]

• [location] is the directory where the search will begin. If not specified, the search starts from the current
directory.
• [expression] is used to combine multiple search criteria using logical operators (-and, -or, -not). It can
be used to create complex search conditions.

The most common command options are:

Option Description

Used to search for files and directories based on their

names. Provide a pattern or a complete name as an
-name [pattern] argument to the -name option, and the find
command locates and displays the files or directories
that match the specified name.

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Option Description

Filters files based on their type. Provide a single-

character argument to the -type option to indicate
-type [file type] the type of file you're searching for. For example, f
are regular files, d are directories, l are symbolic
links, etc.

Searches for files based on their size. The command

-size [size] accepts modifiers like c (bytes), k (kilobytes), M
(megabytes), etc.

The following example shows how to find all .txt documents larger than 1 kilobyte:

grep Command
The grep command searches files for lines that match a given regular expression. It is particularly valuable
when analyzing log files, code files, or any text-based data since it helps quickly identify relevant information
and extract useful insights from large amounts of text.

The command syntax is:

grep [options] [search pattern] [file]

• [search pattern] is the text or regular expression you're searching for. It can be a simple string or a more
complex regular expression.
• [file] are the files in which you want to search for the pattern. You can specify one or multiple files. If no
files are specified, grep reads from standard input.

For additional functionality, use the following options:

Option Description

-i Ignores case when performing a search.

Enforces a recursive search and searches through

directories and their subdirectories. With this option,
-r
grep searches for the specified pattern in files within
the specified directory and all its subdirectories.

Displays only the file names that contain the

-l specified pattern instead of showing the matching
lines within those files.

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The following example shows how to search for a string in a specific file and ignore case:

sort Command
The sort command sorts the lines in text files in a specific order, for example, alphabetically or numerically,
which facilitates data organizing and analysis. The command is particularly useful when dealing with large
datasets, logs, lists, or any text-based information that needs to be presented in a systematic and orderly
manner.

The syntax for the sort command is:

sort [options] [file]

The most common options are:

Option Description

Used to sort lines of text based on numerical values.

-n When applied, the sort command interprets the data
as numbers and arranges them in ascending order.

Used to reverse the sorting order, causing sort to

-r arrange the lines in descending order instead of
ascending.

Used to sort the lines based on a specific field within

the lines of text. Provide an argument to the -k
-k [argument] option in the form of start_field,end_field,
where start_field and end_field are the fields
you want to use for sorting.

In the following example, we use the sort command to reverse the sorting order in a file in descending order:

Changing Permissions
Changing file permissions in Linux involves modifying the access rights of a file or directory for different user
categories (owner, group, and others).

chmod Command
The chmod command modifies the permissions of files and directories. It allows users to specify the access
level that the owner, group, and other users have to a file or directory. The command assigns read, write, and
execute permissions using symbolic or octal notation. The tool is particularly useful for securing sensitive data,
controlling user access to files, and managing script and program execution.

The syntax for the chmod command is:

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chmod [options] [mode] [file]

[mode] is the permission mode you want to set for the specified [file/s] or directory. Use symbolic notation
(e.g., u+rwx) or octal notation (e.g., 755).

The commonly used options are:

Option Description

chmod recursive mode, applies the permission

-R changes to the specified file or directory but also to
all of its subdirectories and their contents.

The verbose option makes chmod display a message

-v for each file or directory it modifies, showing the
permission changes.

Important: Use the chmod command with caution when dealing with sensitive data as it
 modifies file permissions and could provide read or write access to users who should not
have it.

chown Command
The chown command changes the ownership of files and directories. It allows users with appropriate
permissions to reassign the ownership of a file or directory to a different user or group. The command is useful
when system administrators need to transfer files between users or change the ownership of system files. This
ensures proper access control and data management in the file system.

The chown command syntax is:

chown [options] owner[:group] file

• owner is the name or numeric user ID of the new owner you want to assign to the file(s) or directory.
• group is the name or numeric group ID of the new group you want to assign to the file(s) or directory.
Omitting this part keeps the group unchanged.

The commonly used options are:

Option Description

Recursive mode, applies ownership changes to the

-R specified file or directory but also to all its
subdirectories and their contents.

The verbose option makes chown display a message

-v for each file or directory it modifies, showing the
changes it makes to the ownership.

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Important: Use the command with caution when changing ownership of files and directories
 with sensitive data.

Archiving and Compression

Archiving and compression reduce the size of files to facilitate data management, storage, or transmission. This
section lists the most used Bash commands for archiving and compression.

tar Command
The tar command is an archiving tool for creating, extracting, and manipulating archive files called tarballs. It
combines multiple files and directories into a single file, preserving their structure and permissions. The
command helps create backups, distribute and transfer groups of files efficiently.

The syntax for the tar command is:

tar [options] [archive-file] [file | dir...]

• [archive-file] is the name of the archive file you want to create, extract from, or manipulate. Omitting
this causes tar to default to using the standard input/output.
• [file | dir …] are the files and/or directories you want to include in the archive. You can specify one or
more file/directory names. When creating an archive, list the files and directories you want to include. When
extracting, this part is usually omitted, and the command extracts the contents of the archive into the current
directory.

The common tar options are:

Option Description

-c Create a new archive.

-x Extract from an existing archive.

Verbose mode. Displays a detailed output while tar

-v
is processing files.

Use the -f option to specify the name of the archive

file you're creating or manipulating. For [archive-f
-f [archive-file]
ile], specify the name of the archive you want to
work with.

Enable gzip compression when creating or extracting

-z
an archive.

Enable bzip2 compression when creating or

-j
extracting an archive.

For example, the following command creates a new archive named new-archive from the file named file.txt:

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tar -cf new-archive file.txt

gzip Command
The gzip command is a file compression utility that uses the gzip compression algorithm to reduce the size of
files while preserving the content. The command helps you save storage space or accelerate file transfer over
networks.

gzip is commonly used to compress log files, text documents, configuration files, and other text-based data
files.

The gzip command syntax is:

gzip [options] [file...]

The common gzip options are:

Option Description

Decompress a compressed file. Using this option

reverses the compression process performed by gzi
-d
p and restores the original file to its uncompressed
state.

Use the -k option to retain the original files when

performing an operation. It's useful when you want to
-k
preserve both the original and processed versions of
a file without overwriting the original file.

 Note: By default, gzip replaces the original files unless the -k option is used.

gunzip Command
The gunzip command is a utility for decompressing files that have been compressed using the gzip
compression algorithm. Use it to restore files to their original uncompressed state. The command is necessary
for managing file compression and decompression tasks in Unix-based environments.

The syntax is:

gunzip [options] [file...]

The default behavior is to replace the original compressed files. If you want to keep the original as well, add the
-k option.

Viewing File and System Details

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Gaining insight into file and system details is essential for efficient navigation and troubleshooting. This section
provides several powerful Bash commands that provide information on file content, permissions, system
resources, and more.

head Command
The head command is a Bash utility that allows users to preview the beginning section of a text file or input
stream. Use a filename or input source as an argument to display the first few lines of the content and see a
quick overview of the file's structure, formatting, or initial data.

The command is particularly useful for assessing log files, configuration files, and large documents, providing
fast access to content without processing the entire file.

The syntax of the head command is:

head [options] [file...]

The most common options are:

Option Description

-n [num] Show the first [num] number of lines.

-c [num] Shows the first [num] bytes of a file.

In the following example, we use the head command to show the first three lines of a file:

tail Command
The tail command is a Bash utility used for viewing the ending portion of a text file or input stream. By default, t
ail displays the last ten lines of a file, but it can be adjusted to show a specified number of lines or bytes from
the end of the file. The command is particularly useful for monitoring log files in real time, tracking changes in
files, and obtaining the latest updates without having to examine the entire file.

The tail command syntax is:

tail [options] [file...]

The common tail command options are:

Option Description

-n [num] Show the last [num] number of lines.

-c [num] Shows the last [num] bytes of a file.

The following example shows how to use tail to show the last five lines of a file:

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echo Command
The echo command is a built-in Bash utility that displays text or variables in the terminal as the standard output.
It is useful for generating output messages, displaying variable values, or in Bash scripts.

 Note: Check out our guide on how to write a Bash script.

echo allows users to perform basic string manipulation, create prompts, generate user notifications, and create
formatted output. The command is essential for both interactive use and automation.

The syntax is:

echo [options] [string]

The commonly used options are:

Option Description

Instructs echo not to print the trailing newline

character after displaying the specified text or
-n
variable. By default, echo adds a newline character at
the end of the output.

Enables the interpretation of certain escape

-e
sequences within the text or variable being echoed.

The following example shows how to use echo to print a string and a variable in the standard output:

date Command
The date command is a Bash utility that prints the system date and time. It also allows users to format and
manipulate date and time information. The date command is useful for timestamping files, generating time-
sensitive output in scripts, setting system clocks, calculating time intervals, and more.

The date command syntax is:

date [options] [+format]

[+format] is an optional argument that specifies the output format of the date and time. The format string

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can include various placeholders that represent different components of the date and time (e.g., %Y for years, %m
for months, %H for hours, %M for minutes, etc.).

The common command options are:

Option Description

Display UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) instead of

-u
the local time.

-R Display the date and time in RFC 2822 format.

The following example shows the output of the date command:

df Command
The df command is a Bash utility that allows users to check disk space usage on a filesystem basis. When
invoked without arguments, df provides a summary of disk space usage across all mounted filesystems.

The command syntax is:

df [options] [filesystem]

[filesystem] is an optional argument that allows you to specify filesystems. df then displays information
only for those filesystems. Omitting these arguments causes df to display information for all mounted
filesystems.

The common options are:

Option Description

Display sizes in a human-readable format (e.g., KB,

-h
MB, GB).

Display the file system type along with other

-T
information.

The following image shows an example of the df command output in a human-readable format:

du Command
The du command estimates and displays the disk space usage of files and directories. By default, du provides
the space used by the specified files and directories in bytes. It is useful for identifying which files or directories

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consume the most disk space on a filesystem.

The du command syntax is:

du [options] [file]

[file] is an optional argument that allows you to specify specific files or directories to analyze. If no file or
directory path is provided, du analyzes the current directory by default.

The commonly used options are:

Option Description

Display sizes in a human-readable format (e.g., KB,

-h
MB, GB).

Display only the total size for each argument

-s
(directory or file).

The following image is a partial du command output:

ps Command
The ps command lists processes currently running on the system. By default, it displays a list of processes
associated with the current terminal session, including their process IDs (PIDs), resource utilization, and other
attributes. Use the tool for monitoring system activity, identifying misbehaving processes, investigating resource
consumption, and managing process-related tasks.

The command syntax is:

ps [options]

The [options] allow users to customize the output to show detailed information about all processes on the
system, filter processes based on user or attributes, and format the output.

The most common options are:

Option Description

Display information about all processes on the

-e system, regardless of whether they are associated
with the current terminal session.

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Option Description

Change the output format to provide a more detailed

and comprehensive view of each process. This
includes information on which user started the
-f
process, the process ID (PID), the parent process ID
(PPID), the CPU and memory usage, the terminal
associated with the process, and more.

The following example shows the ps command output:

Control Operations
Certain Bash commands are crucial for controlling processes and managing sessions effectively. Those
commands allow users to manage running processes, review command history, and conclude sessions with
precision, contributing to efficient and organized Linux usage. This section lists the key Bash commands for
system management.

kill Command
The kill command is a Bash utility used to terminate processes by sending signals to them. It is useful for
stopping misbehaving or unresponsive programs that might otherwise require restarting the system.

By specifying a Process ID (PID) or job control identifier along with a signal number or name, users can halt
processes or prompt them to perform specific actions.

The command syntax is:

kill [options] pid…

pid… is the Process IDs (PIDs) of the processes you want to terminate. The command accepts one or more
PIDs separated by spaces.

The commonly used options are:

Option Description

Lists available signals and their corresponding

-l
numeric values.

-9 Sends the SIGKILL signal to the target process.

The following image shows all acceptable kill command signals:

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Important: Be careful when terminating system processes, as the action can cause system
 instability.

history Command
The history command is a Bash utility that displays a list of recently executed commands within a terminal
session. It provides a chronological record of command-line inputs, along with their corresponding line
numbers.

The command is useful for recalling and re-executing previously used commands, streamlining repetitive tasks,
and maintaining a record of your actions for reference or documentation.

The command syntax is:

history [options]

The commonly used options are:

Option Description

Clears the command history, deleting all previously

-c
executed commands from the history list.

Writes the current history list to the history file

-w (~/.bash_history by default) and saves any changes
made during the session.

The following example shows a partial history command output:

exit Command

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The exit command is a Bash utility used to end a terminal session or script. Running the command in the
command-line interface instructs the shell to terminate the current session or script. The action closes the
terminal window or returns control to the parent process.

The command is useful for concluding tasks, scripts, or interactive sessions, and it ensures that all resources
are properly released and processes are terminated.

The command syntax is:

exit [n]

[n] is an optional argument that specifies the exit status that the shell or script returns after termination.

Pipe Utility
The | (pipe) utility is a powerful tool that allows users to connect the standard output of one command to the
standard input of another, thus enabling the flow of data between commands. It is beneficial when performing
tasks that involve multiple commands, data transformation, filtering, or data aggregation.

The basic syntax is:

[command1] | [command 2]

In the following example, the output of the echo command is piped into grep, which filters out the months that
start with "J":

Redirect Operator
The redirect operator (>, <, >>, 2>, etc.) is a mechanism that allows users to control the input and output of
commands. > redirects the standard output of a command to a file, overwriting its content if the file already
exists. The >> operator appends the standard output to the specified file.

< operator redirects the standard input of a command from a file. The 2> operator redirects standard error
messages to a file. These operators enable users to manage data flow, perform file-based operations, and
ensure precise error handling.

In the following example, the output of the ls command is redirected to a new file called contents.txt. After
redirection, check the file's contents using cat:

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Bash Cheat Sheet

The downloadable PDF cheat sheet below contains all the listed commands in a convenient reference sheet.
Save the PDF for future use and have all the commands at your disposal:

Bash Commands Cheat Sheet

Conclusion

This article has listed the 30 most common Bash commands any Linux user should know. Use the commands
to improve your file system management, automate and facilitate scripting, and level up your file management
skills. We also provided the Bash commands PDF cheat sheet for your future reference.

For more useful commands, check out our ultimate list of Linux commands all users should know.

Was this article helpful? Yes No

Bosko Marijan
Having worked as an educator and content writer, combined with his lifelong passion for all things high-tech,
Bosko strives to simplify intricate concepts and make them user-friendly. That has led him to technical writing at
PhoenixNAP, where he continues his mission of spreading knowledge.

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November 2, 2023

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21 of 25 2/12/24, 2:33
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RE

RE

SysAdmin
Linux: Add a
Directory to PATH
September 22, 2022

PATH is an
environmental variable
that shows Linux
where to search for
executables. Read this
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add a directory to
PATH.
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DevOps and
Development,
SysAdmin
Git Commands
Cheat Sheet
March 10, 2020

Git has a plethora of

commands for
managing project
history. This article
lists out all the
important commands
every developer will
need.
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Mac Terminal
Commands

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23 of 25 2/12/24, 2:33
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24 of 25 2/12/24, 2:33
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