Lecture 2

SKELETAL
MUSCLES
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Boys' Slides
Girls' Slides
Important
Dr's Notes
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OBJECTIVES
Describe the main criteria of skeletal muscles.
Describe the attachments of skeletal muscles.
Describe the different directions of skeletal muscle fibers.
Describe the mode of action of skeletal muscles.
Describe briefly the naming of skeletal muscles.
Describe briefly the nerve supply of skeletal muscles.
 Girls'
Introduction Slides

Musculoskeletal is a general term which is defined

as relating to muscles and bones of the skeleton.

The musculoskeletal system comprises (composed

of) bones, joints, cartilage, bursae, tendons,
muscles and ligaments.

It is the system that moves the body and maintains its

form.

Study of this system consists of osteology (the study of bones),

arthrology (the study of joints), and myology (the study of muscles).

The musculoskeletal system does not work in isolation.

It is closely linked with many other systems in the body, including the
nervous system, genitourinary system, circulatory system, immune
system, respiratory system, digestive system and endocrine system.
Boys'
Slides

Muscle Tissues
Muscle tissue is a As a result of this The structural and
unique tissue ability, muscles
functional unit of
which has the are responsible
for all the body muscle tissue is
ability to
contract. movements. “muscle cell”.

The ability of muscle to

All muscle cells contract (or to shorten),
depends on two
are elongated
types of myofilaments:
and are called 1- actin
“muscle fibers”. 2-myosin Helpful Video
in the muscle fibers.

Extra image for further clarification

Myofilaments are the three protein

filaments of myofibrils in muscle cells.
The main proteins involved are
myosin, actin, and titin. Myosin and
actin are the contractile proteins and
titin is an elastic protein.
 Classification of Muscles
Muscles are classified based on the following:

Microscopic
Action Location
structure

Visceral
Non
Skeletal Cardiac or Striated
Voluntary Involuntary Striated
Muscles Muscles Smooth
muscles muscles The muscle (Smooth)
Muscles fibers show
Subject to Attached Walls of transverse
Not under No
conscious to bones & the Heart striations
conscious Walls of striations
control. produce visceral
control.
Movement example:
organs example:
example: skeletal &
example: visceral
Muscles cardiac
Muscles of the muscles
attached to muscles
heart &
skeleton other organs

examples of visceral
organs:
Involuntary (Heart) stomach, liver, pancreas,
Voluntary
(Muscle tissue) small intestine, large
intestine

Involuntary (Stomach)
Classification Overview
Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle

Boys'
Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary Slides

Striated Striated Non Striated

Skeletal Muscles
Main Criteria
▪ Striated
▪ Attached to skeleton
▪ Produce movement of skeleton
▪ Voluntary
▪ Supplied by Somatic Nerves
Functions
▪ Body Movement
▪ Maintain Posture
▪ Generate Heat
▪ Stabilizing Joints
Attachments
▪ The skeletal muscles are
attached to bones at not less than
two points:

Origin Insertion

Attached to less mobile or Attached to the movable

immovable bone bones

Least movable Most movable

Mostly fleshy Mostly fibrous

Proximal end Distal end

When the muscle contracts, the insertion moves toward the origin.

At insertion, the muscles are attached by means of strong cord-like

tendons or by sheet-like aponeurosis.
Types of Attachments
Types of Attachments
Muscles are attached to bones, cartilage or ligaments by:

1) Tendons
A tough cord of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects
muscle to bone and is capable of withstanding tension.

2) Aponeurosis
A thin broad and strong sheet of fibrous tissue.(scalp)

3) Raphe
An interdigitation of the tendinous ends of the flat
muscles.
example: Mylohyoid Raphe

Interdigitate: to become
Boys' Girls'
Slides
interlocked like the fingers of
folded hands. Slides
Directions of Muscles
The range of motion and the power of a muscle
depends on the arrangement of its fascicles (a group
of muscle fibers “bundled” as a unit within the whole
muscle is called a fascicle).
The fiber arrangement can be:

1 Fusiform
Spindle-shaped (round, thick belly, & tapered ends).

2
Circular
Surround a body opening or orifice, constricting it when
contracted.

3
Convergent
When a muscle has a widespread expansion over a sizable
area and the fascicles come to a single, common
attachment point.
4
Parallel
More range of movement , less powerful.
The long parallel arrangement gives more range of motion but
is not usually very powerful.

5
Pennate
More powerful, less range of movement.
Unipennate(Uni=1)/Bipennate(Bi=2)/Multipennate(Multi=3,4,5....)
The pennate muscles shorten very little but are very powerful.

Girls'
Slides
Mode of Actions
It is the chief (main) Muscles that assist the
Extra images for
muscle responsible for a prime mover in a
particular movement. particular movement.
further clarification

Prime Mover
Antagonist Synergist Fixator
(Agonist)

It opposes the action of the Its contraction does not

prime mover. produce movement by itself,
Before the contraction of the but it stabilizes the origin of
prime mover, the antagonist the prime mover so that it can
must be relaxed. act efficiently.
 PRIME MOVER (AGONIST)

It is the chief muscle responsible for a

particular movement.

Examples:
Quadriceps Femoris is the prime mover for
extension of the knee joint.

Extra
Extraimage
imageforfor
further
furtherclarification
clarification

Biceps Brachii is the prime mover for flexion

of the elbow joint and forearm.

Extra image for

further clarification
 ANTAGONIST

▪ It opposes the action of the prime mover.

▪Before contraction of prime mover, antagonist must be
relaxed.
▪ex:
o Triceps Brachii is the antagonist for prime mover for flexion of
the elbow joint and forearm.
o Biceps Femoris (Flexor of knee).
o It opposes the action of quadriceps
when the knee joint is extended.
 SYNRGIST

▪ Muscles that assist the prime mover in a particular movement.

crossed by the Prime Mover.
• Helps prime movers by adding a little extra force to the same
movement OR By reducing undesirable or unnecessary
movement.
Brachialis muscle for Biceps prime
▪ Synergists are sometimes called neutralizers because they help
cancel out, or neutralize, extra motion from the agonists to make
sure that the force generated works within the desired plane of
motion.
▪ Example:
o Brachialis muscle for Biceps prime mover muscle.
another Example :
The biceps is the prime mover in the elbow joint.
Bracioradialis acts as a synergistic muscle to stabilize
the joint thus aiding in the motion.
o Flexors and Extensors of wrist joint: they contract
to fix wrist joint in order that flexors and extensors of
fingers work efficiently.
 FIXATOR

▪ Its contraction does not produce movement by itself but it

stabilizes the origin of the prime mover so that it can act
efficiently.
▪ Example:
o Deltoid muscle for Biceps prime
mover muscle.
o Muscles attaching the shoulder girdle to the trunk contract
to fix shoulder girdle, allowing deltoid muscle (taking origin
from shoulder girdle) to move shoulder joint (humerus).
 Major or Maximus (large)
o Minor or minimus (small) o Superficialis (superficial)
o Latissimus (broad) o Profundus (deep)
o Longus (long) o Externus (external)
o Brevis (short)

Size Position Depth Shape

Pectoralis (pectoral o Deltoid (triangular)

region) o Teres (rounded)
o Rectus (straight)

NAMING OF MUSCLES
o Coracobrachialis o Biceps (2 heads)
from coracoid o Triceps (3 heads)
process to arm o Quadriceps (4 heads)

Number
Attachments Action of heads

Flexor digitorum:
flexion of digits
 TYPES OF BODY MOVEMENTS

1 2
Flexion Extension
Movement that brings the two Movement that increases the
bones closer to each other angle, or the distance between
(decreases the angle of joint). the two bones.

3 Adduction (Adding)
Movement of the limb toward
the midline of the body. 4 Abduction
Movement of the limb away
from the midline of the body.

5 6
Rotation Circumduciton
Movement of a bone around a Combination of all the
vertical axis above movements.

MUSCLE EXERCISE MUSCLES INNERVATION

The somatic nervous system (is the
The amount of work done by a part of the peripheral nervous system)
muscle is reflected in changes associated with skeletal muscle
in the muscle itself. voluntary control of body movements.
Muscle inactivity leads to The nerve enters the muscle at about
muscle weakness and wasting. the middle point of its deep surface.
Regular exercise increases The nerves supplying the skeletal
muscle size, strength and muscles are Mixed.
endurance. - 60% are Motor
- 40% are Sensory
It contains some Autonomic fibers
(sympathetic)
 Girls'
BLOOD SUPPLY Slides

▪During extreme physical exertion, more than

80% of cardiac output can be directed to
contracting muscles.
▪ The vascular inflow to skeletal muscles is
provided by primary arteries, which
represent the last branches of the arterial
supply that arise before entry into the tissue.
▪ The primary arteries are appropriately
distributed along the long axis of the muscle
and give rise to feed arteries that course
toward the epimysium of the muscle at right
or oblique angles to the primary arteries.
 Boys'
Clinical Anatomy Slides

MUSCLE DISEASES
▪ Muscle diseases and injuries are
common, especially in sports
activities. A severe muscle injury can
keep you from participating in the
activities that you love and enjoy for
living.
▪ Muscle diseases and injuries could
be one of the major factors that
threat someone’s professional
career(s).

FIBROMYALGIA
▪ Fibromyalgia is a term used to describe a common syndrome in which people
experience long-term, widespread pain and tender points in joints, muscles,
tendons and other soft tissues.
▪ It also results in disturbed sleep and exhaustion.
▪ The cause is unknown but possible triggers include viral infection, physical and
emotional stress.
▪ It tends to be more common in people with pre-existing lupus, rheumatoid
arthritis, or ankylosing spondylitis.
▪ There is no cure but symptomatic treatment can help some patients.
 MUSCLE CRAMP Boys'
Slides
▪ The muscle cramp is a sudden and
involuntary contraction of one or more of your
muscles.
▪ If you've ever been awakened in the night
or stopped in your tracks, you know that muscle
cramps can cause severe pain.
▪ Muscle cramps can make it temporarily
impossible to use the affected muscle.
▪ Long periods of exercise or physical labor,
particularly in hot weather, can lead to muscle
cramps.
▪ Some medications and certain medical
conditions also may cause muscle cramps.
▪ Overuse of a muscle, dehydration, muscle
strain or simply holding a position for a
prolonged period can cause a muscle cramp.
▪ You might be at higher risk of muscle cramps
if you have diabetes, or nerve, liver or thyroid MUSCLE DYSTROPHY
disorders.
Muscular dystrophy (MD) refers to a group of
hereditary diseases that weaken different
muscle groups in various ways.
▪ A person affected with MD has a genetic
mutation that prevents the repair of muscle
tissue.
▪ This muscle weakening occurs gradually over
time.
▪ Symptoms may start at any time from infancy
through to adulthood.
▪ By age 10 to 12 years children will often be in
a wheelchair.
▪ This disease also affects other body systems
so patients need regular respiratory and cardiac
assessment.
▪ It is likely that these patients will eventually
need a ventilator to breathe.
▪ People with DMD usually do not survive
beyond their late teens or early adulthood.
Boys'
Slides

STRAIN
A strain occurs when a muscle and/or tendon
is overstretched or torn.
▪ There is no fracture or dislocation present.
▪ Pain, weakness and muscle spasms are
common symptoms experienced after a strain
occurs.
▪ Rest, application of ice and a compression
bandage are effective treatments.
 MCQs
1 The pennate muscles shorten very little and are very weak.

A) True B) False

2 Quadriceps Femoris is the _______ for extension of the knee joint.

A) Synergist B) Fixator C) Agonist D) Antagonist

3 Somatic Nerves supply?

4
A) Cardiac Muscles B) Skeletal Muscles C) Visceral Muscles D) All of the above

It opposes the action of the prime mover

A)Fixator B)Antagonist C)Agonist D)Synergist

5 The amount of work done by a muscle is reflected in changes in the muscle itself:

A)Muscles exercise B)muscles innovation C)tendons D)Action

Answer Key:
1) B (but are very powerful)
2) C or “Prime mover”
3)B
4)B
5)A
 Leaders
Nisreen Alotaibi Omar Alattas

MEMBERS
Shaden Alotaibi Abdulhadi Alqahtani
Danah Khallaf Turki Alanzi
Elaf Alshamlan Talal Alrobaian
Jana Alahaideb Abdulmalik Aldafas
Dana Alotaibi Ahmad Addas
Noorah Alkhilaiwi Salman Al Hakeem
Orjwan Alharthi Ziyad Bukhari
Lana Alfouzan

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