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Pavement Engineering
Pavement Engineering
Principles and Practice
Third Edition
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been
made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the
validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the
copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to
publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let
us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted,
or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, includ-
ing photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written
permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://
www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA
01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users.
For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been
arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Chapter 2 Standards..................................................................................................................... 17
2.1 I mportance of Standards.................................................................................. 17
2.2 The American Society of Testing and Materials.............................................. 17
2.3 The American Society of State Highway and Transportation Officials........... 18
2.4 Use of Standards in Materials Selection, Mix Design, and
Structural Design.............................................................................................. 19
2.5 Use of Standards in Quality Control in Construction...................................... 19
2.6 Important Specifications................................................................................... 19
Questions..................................................................................................................... 22
References................................................................................................................... 22
Chapter 3 Principles of Mix and Structural Design and Construction of Asphalt Pavement...... 23
3.1 Overview.......................................................................................................... 23
3.2 raffic and Load Distribution Concept............................................................ 23
T
3.3 Materials and Layers........................................................................................25
3.3.1 Soils.....................................................................................................26
3.3.2 Aggregates........................................................................................... 27
3.3.3 Asphalt................................................................................................ 27
3.4 Environment..................................................................................................... 27
3.5 Mix Design....................................................................................................... 29
3.6 Structural Design.............................................................................................. 29
vi Contents
Chapter 5 Traffic..........................................................................................................................97
5.1 ifferent Types of Highway Traffic.................................................................97
D
5.2 Measurement of Traffic Loads.........................................................................97
5.3 Load Equivalency Factor and Equivalent Single-Axle Load......................... 101
5.3.1 Flexible Pavements............................................................................ 102
5.3.2 Rigid Pavements................................................................................ 102
5.4 Alternative Load Equivalent Factor Concept................................................. 104
5.5 Equivalent Single-Wheel Load....................................................................... 107
5.5.1 Conversion to Equivalent Gear......................................................... 107
5.5.2 Conversion to Equivalent Annual Departure����������������������������������� 108
5.6 Tire Pressure................................................................................................... 111
5.7 Speed.............................................................................................................. 111
5.7.1 Effect of Load and Tire Pressure...................................................... 112
5.8 Aircraft Loading, Gear Configuration, and Tire Pressure............................. 114
Questions................................................................................................................... 114
References................................................................................................................. 115
Chapter 15 Distress Models and Material Characterization for Concrete Pavements................ 431
15.1 Distresses and Models.................................................................................... 431
15.1.1 Cracking............................................................................................ 431
15.1.1.1 Fatigue Cracking in JPCP.................................................. 431
15.1.1.2 Zero-Maintenance Design Fatigue Model......................... 433
15.1.1.3 Calibrated Mechanistic Design Fatigue Model................. 433
15.1.1.4 ERES-COE Fatigue Model................................................ 434
15.1.1.5 PCA Fatigue Model........................................................... 434
15.1.1.6 ARE Fatigue Model........................................................... 434
15.1.1.7 Vesic Distress Model......................................................... 434
15.1.1.8 RISC Distress Function..................................................... 434
15.1.1.9 Transverse Cracking.......................................................... 434
15.1.2 Transverse Joint Faulting in Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements....... 436
15.1.2.1 Models to Predict Faulting................................................ 436
15.1.2.2 Slab Corner Deflections..................................................... 437
15.1.3 Erosion Characterization of Base/Subbase....................................... 441
15.1.4 Characterizing Free Water within a Pavement Structure.................. 441
15.1.5 PRS M-E Transverse Joint-Faulting Prediction Model..................... 441
15.1.6 Punch-Outs in Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements......... 443
xiv Contents
Chapter 16 Mix Design and Structural Design for Concrete Pavements.................................... 455
16.1 M ix Design..................................................................................................... 455
16.1.1 Concrete Strength.............................................................................. 455
16.1.2 Water-to-Cementitious Materials Ratio............................................ 455
16.1.3 Selection of the Water-to-Cementitious Materials Ratio.................. 456
16.1.4 Aggregates......................................................................................... 458
16.1.5 Air Content in Concrete....................................................................460
16.1.6 Slump................................................................................................. 461
16.1.7 Water Content.................................................................................... 461
16.1.8 Cementing Materials Content and Type............................................ 461
16.1.9 Admixtures........................................................................................464
16.1.10 Example of Mix Design....................................................................465
16.2 Structural Design............................................................................................469
16.2.1 AASHTO Method (AASHTO, 1993)................................................469
16.2.2 Design Input Parameters................................................................... 470
16.2.2.1 Reliability.......................................................................... 470
16.2.2.2 Serviceability..................................................................... 470
16.2.2.3 Drainage Coefficient (Cd).................................................. 471
16.2.2.4 Load Transfer Coefficient (J)............................................. 471
16.2.3 Rigid Foundation at Shallow Depth.................................................. 476
16.2.4 Effective Modulus of Subgrade Reaction.......................................... 477
16.2.4.1 Software Solutions.............................................................480
16.2.4.2 AASHTO 1998 Supplement to Design Guide................... 481
16.2.4.3 MEPDG Design Guide...................................................... 486
16.2.4.4 Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements.................. 487
16.2.4.5 CRCP Design Criteria.......................................................500
16.2.4.6 Structural Performance......................................................500
16.2.4.7 Functional Performance.................................................... 501
16.2.4.8 Reinforcement for CRCP................................................... 501
16.2.4.9 Design Methods for CRCP................................................ 502
16.2.4.10 AASHTO MEPDG............................................................ 502
16.2.4.11 AASHTO-86/93 Design Procedure................................... 502
16.2.4.12 Reinforcement Design....................................................... 502
16.2.4.13 Design Variables for Longitudinal Reinforcement:
AASHTO Method������������������������������������������������������������ 503
16.2.4.14 Limiting Criteria................................................................ 505
Contents xv
Questions...................................................................................................................546
References.................................................................................................................546
21.7 CN-PCN.......................................................................................................646
A
21.8 Rehabilitation of PCC Airport Pavements..................................................... 647
21.9 Construction Quality Control and Acceptance Testing..................................648
21.10 Constructing, Checking, and Improving Friction/Skid Resistance
Drainage of Runways������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 649
21.11 Asphalt Mixes for Airport Pavement............................................................. 651
21.11.1 Fuel-Resistant Mix............................................................................ 651
21.11.2 Construction and Maintenance of Longitudinal Joints..................... 651
21.11.3 Time of Construction........................................................................ 651
21.11.4 De-Icing and Anti-Icing.................................................................... 652
21.12 Maintenance of Airport Pavements................................................................ 652
Questions................................................................................................................... 653
References................................................................................................................. 653
Index............................................................................................................................................... 733
Preface
Significant advances have been made in the field of pavement engineering in the years since the
publication of our second edition in 2013. New research has given way to implementation in dif-
ferent areas such as new concepts, new tests, and more comprehensive definitions and frameworks
for sustainable pavements. One such example is the completion of the Strategic Highway Research
Program (SGRP) 2 in the United States.
In this edition we have tried to incorporate new materials as much as possible while retaining
the very important basics of pavement engineering and directed readers to appropriate websites for
further information. Specifically, we have added one chapter on pavement surface characteristics,
completely rewritten the chapter on sustainable pavements, made several relevant additions to the
different chapters, and corrected errors in the second edition.
As always, it has been a challenge to balance basics with advanced concepts, specifically because
we have tried to present this book for undergraduates and beginning graduate students, practitio-
ners, and consultants. We have tried to maintain a balance between theory and practice since pave-
ment engineering is a much applied branch of civil engineering. However, we did try to include the
latest information, including key figures, from relevant US National Cooperative Highway Research
Projects (NCHRP) and have indicated appropriate websites for further information.
We hope the readers will find the book useful and interesting. We thank them for their accep-
tance of this book and request them to provide feedback to us on ways to improve it. Finally, we
wish them the very best in their quest for knowledge in this very noble profession!
xxi
Acknowledgments
For the third edition we would like to acknowledge the help of Professor Mingjiang Tao, who has
contributed to Chapter 18 on Pavement Surface Characteristics, and Mr. James Scherocman, who
has spent a considerable amount of his valuable time on reading the previous edition and making
numerous valuable suggestions.
We are fortunate to have a number of colleagues who have provided valuable feedback on the
book, and we are greatly thankful to them: Mr. Richard (Rick) L. Bradbury of Maine Department of
Transportation; Professor A. Veeraragavan, IIT Madras; Professor Sivakumar Babu, IISc, Bangalore;
Professor Soheil Nazarian, University of Texas, El Paso; Professor Jorge Prozzi, University of Texas,
Austin; Professor Linbing Wang, Virginia Tech; Professor Okan Sirin, Qatar University; Professor
Kevin Hall, University of Arkansas; and Professor Elie Y. Hajj, University of Nevada, Reno.
We have tried to present in this book what we have learned in courses from teachers, from stu-
dents, from colleagues, and from our academic, research, and consulting experiences. There are
some people, though, without whom this book would not have been possible, and we thank them
from the bottom of our hearts: Dr. Ray Brown; Prithvi Kandhal; Dr. Frazier Parker; Dr. Dan Brown
of Auburn University; Dale Peabody, Brian Marquis, Derek Nener-Plante, and Wade McClay of
the Maine Department of Transportation; Sudhansu Bhattacharjee, consultant; Robert Pelland
of the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport); Mike Marshall of Wirtgen GmbH; Ed Kearney of
Wouter Gulden of the American Concrete Pavement Association (ACPA–SE Chapter); Robert Otto
Rasmussen of the Transtec Group, Inc.; Maureen Kestler of the US Forest Service; and Marylou
Horanzy, Cindy Bergeron, Dr. Martins Zaumanis, Russ Lang, and Don Pellegrino of Worcester
Polytechnic Institute. We greatly appreciate the help of Robert (Bob) Frank of Compliance
Monitoring and RAP Technologies for procuring a number of photographs.
We could write this book only with the support and encouragement of our families. Special
thanks go to Sumita and Urmila and to Marya, Miriam, and Youssef for their patience, help, and
encouragement. This book would not have been possible without the blessings of our parents,
Bimalangshu Kumar Basu Mallick and Monika Basu Mallick, and M’hamed El-Korchi and Bahija
El-Bouchti El-Korchi.
We thank the helpful staff of the Taylor & Francis Group and codeMantra group for making this
publication possible: Joe Clements, acquiring/contact editor, Ariel Crockett, senior editorial assis-
tant, and Mathi Ganesan. It has been a pleasure to work with them.
xxiii
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