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 EDITED BY
ANIRUDH AGRAWAL
PAYAL KUMAR

SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND

SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS MODELS

The Case of India

Social Entrepreneurship and Sustainable
Business Models
Anirudh Agrawal • Payal Kumar
Editors

Social
Entrepreneurship
and Sustainable
Business Models
The Case of India
Editors
Anirudh Agrawal Payal Kumar
Copenhagen Business School BML Munjal University
Copenhagen, Denmark Haryana, India

ISBN 978-3-319-74487-2    ISBN 978-3-319-74488-9 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74488-9

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018936908

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and trans-
mission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
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The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
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Printed on acid-free paper

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing
AG part of Springer Nature.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
This book is dedicated to all social entrepreneurs who make it their
business to transform society.
 Foreword

India is a land of contrasts: while it is one of the fastest growing econo-

mies with increasing GDP, it also features amongst the lowest on Human
Development index, Hunger Index and Multi-Dimensional Poverty.
While the country boasts of the third largest technically qualified man-
power, it is unable to provide basic primary education to its children. As
a food-surplus nation, it also hosts the largest proportion of malnour-
ished children in the world. India features among the countries with the
largest number of millionaires, but it also has about one-third of its pop-
ulation living below the poverty line of Rs 47/day. It is one of the “young-
est countries” with the advantage of demographic dividends, but most of
its youth are also uneducated, unskilled and unemployable. Moreover,
during the last few decades, this gap has widened since the government
has been decreasing its welfare role in providing services to the “bottom
of the pyramid” segments. In order to help address these massive prob-
lems, social entrepreneurship is one of the most favourable strategies for
both society and the government.
Unlike traditional entrepreneurship literature, where the definition is
widely understood and established, social entrepreneurship as a construct
is struggling to establish well-defined boundaries in academia. Both as an
area of research and as practice, the diversity of its manifestation poses a
challenge in arriving at a uniformly accepted definition of what social
entrepreneurship is.
vii
viii Foreword

If one goes through the profiles of people who have been recognized,
celebrated and quoted in research and case studies as social entrepreneurs
(e.g., Ashoka Fellows, recipients of Schwab Social Entrepreneur of the Year,
Echoing Green Fellow), it is difficult to find a common conceptual thread.
These individuals work in very diverse fields (energy, human trafficking,
agriculture, worker’s rights, rural markets, etc.); use very different strate-
gies to make the social impact they intend to achieve (e.g., providing
affordable access to social goods and services, building value chains, or
social mobilization, activism and advocacy); and create different kinds of
organizational entities which range from pure for-profits to donation-­
based NGOs while they have dissimilar backgrounds in terms of their
educational qualifications, work experience and family. It is not surpris-
ing that the academic discipline too is replete with very different defini-
tions of social entrepreneurship. As Broader (2009, p. 30) observed:
“Social entrepreneurship is allergic to definitions, many of us can’t describe
social entrepreneurship, but we know it when we see it.”
There are many reasons why defining social entrepreneurship is such
an important task. As a field of academic study, social entrepreneurship is
still in its formative stage. Researchers in the field represent a wide range
in their academic background (e.g., public policy, economics, marketing,
finance, social development, agriculture), and are guided by the lenses of
their disciplines in understanding the phenomenon. In addition, the
practice of social entrepreneurship itself is evolving with the emergence
of newer social issues and problems (e.g., impacts of climate change, refu-
gee crisis) which need be to be, and can be, addressed by individuals.
But perhaps the most important reason for this diversity of definitions
is that by its very nature, social entrepreneurship is embedded, and finds
manifestation, in the local social and cultural context. Societies differ in
terms of the significant social problems, which need to be addressed, and
therefore provide different kind of opportunities to the social entrepre-
neurs (Mair, 2010). Many problems, which are significant in the Indian
context (e.g., caste discrimination, substantial size of the ultra-poor seg-
ment, lack of access to basic social services such as primary education or
health care) would not be irrelevant in many other countries. Moreover,
societies also differ in terms of the enabling ecosystem mechanisms (e.g.,
sources of funding, regulatory environment, social and institutional
 Foreword
   ix

structures) which both constrain and enable the kind of solutions which
are possible and relevant in the local context.
While the term ‘social entrepreneurship’ is of recent origin and its aca-
demic pursuit even more recent, the practice of social entrepreneurship in
India has a long history (Shukla, 2010a). As a culture which reinforces
the values of “giving” and duty towards the collective well-being, Indian
society provides a fertile ground for active engagement with social issues.
Moreover, historically, the Independence Movement in pre-independent
India, and later social movements led by Vinoba Bhave and Jai Prakash
Narain, provided a strong impetus to building an empowered society
through creating social leaders who would facilitate economic and social
change. Many individuals who participated in such movements or got
inspired by them went on to establish social organizations which were
later recognized as social entrepreneurial ventures (e.g., SEWA, Amul,
Barefoot College, Sulabh International). These ventures have influenced
many social enterprises in other regions of the world.

* * *

It is in this background that this volume aims to provide a more contex-

tual understanding of social entrepreneurship in the Indian socio-­
economic-­political discourse. While Indian society shares many social
issues and venture models with other regions (e.g., microfinance, solar
energy enterprises), it is also characterized by its specific socio-economic
problems and institutional voids. This collection of studies provides a
more nuanced insight into this distinctiveness.
This volume is very much needed, given that the academic discipline
of social entrepreneurship has started growing in India. Many academic
institutes have started offering a full-time course (e.g., Tata Institute of
Social Sciences, Ambedkar University, Delhi) or specific courses (e.g.,
IIM Ahmedabad, IRMA, XLRI) on the subject. Furthermore, research
scholars have started doing their doctoral thesis specifically on social
entrepreneurship, thus creating the first generation of academicians with
a specialization in the discipline. This book may mark the beginning of
more such India-centric academic books on social entrepreneurship.
x Foreword

A large number of social entrepreneurial opportunities exist in socio-­

economic disequilibrium. Indian social entrepreneurship is primarily
focused on addressing these large social and economic disparities. A large
number of Indian social entrepreneurial ventures work on the issue of
“providing access” to basic social goods and services (e.g., education,
health care, markets, energy, water) to the less-resourced and low-income
communities. These “markets of the poor” pose unique challenges, since
they are mostly characterized by low and irregular income, low savings
and access to credit, are often remote, dispersed and lack basic infrastruc-
ture, and so on. The challenge is even more for Indian social entrepre-
neurs since they mostly operate with limited funding and investments.
Therefore, to service these markets, the social entrepreneurs have to inno-
vate new solutions and models, which are unique in the Indian scenario.
In her chapter, Runa Deepika (“What Kind of Business Models Lead
Social Enterprises to Sustainability?”) compares two such business mod-
els which aim to negotiate these ambiguities.
Another major reason for definitional dilemma within social entrepre-
neurship is the lack of shared and standardized impact measures. Social
value creation and impact generation is the defining characteristic of
social entrepreneurship. However, without the shared impact measure or
normalized social impact measures, the definitional dilemma will con-
tinue to persist. In this context, the chapter by Anar Bhatt (Why Worry
About Your Impact? Rationale, Challenges, and Support for Indian Social
Enterprises’ Impact Measurement) discusses different impact measures
and highlights the bridging point in this very conceptual conversation.
In a larger context, if social entrepreneurship as a practice has to make
any noticeable impact on the society, it needs people with empathy and
motivation to engage in social entrepreneurship. There is a need to attract
more talent who can leverage on the opportunity/gaps, develop large-­
scale solutions and address these disparities in access. This makes the
question, “why do people become social entrepreneurs?” quite relevant in
a societal context. The chapter by Preeti Tiwari (“Foremost Motivational
Factors to Become a Social Entrepreneur”) explores this issue and high-
lights how tapping into the potential of youth as social entrepreneurs can
make a significant contribution in solving these societal problems.
 Foreword
   xi

Provision of public goods through private for-profit social enterprises,

however, also highlights a moral and political dilemma, which is relevant
in contemporary India. Constitutionally and legally many of these ser-
vices (e.g., education, health care) are basic rights of the people, and the
state is mandated to provide them. Providing these services even for a
small fee/price, which the social enterprises do, goes against the spirit of
the rights-based approach. Isabel Salovaara (“Is Social Enterprise the
Panacea for School-Education-for-All in India?”) explores this debate
between private provision versus basic rights in the context of primary
education. Education in India is getting privatized creating gaps in the
quality of education delivered to children from lower income families. A
social entrepreneurial lens on education in India is vitally important.
The large inequalities and disproportionate distribution of access in
India has also given rise to another model of social entrepreneurship.
These are social ventures in which bridging the rich-poor, urban-rural,
and class-, gender- and caste-based disparities is a key mission. They aim
to build empowered, self-sustaining communities and do so by social
mobilization and collectivization of communities to become self-reliant
in meeting their own needs. This empowerment of less-resourced and
disadvantaged communities has also given rise to the uniquely Indian
phenomenon of “collective entrepreneurship” or “community-based
entrepreneurship”. The study by Balram Bhushan (“A Need-Based
Innovation Cycle to Serve the Poor: A Case of the Mann Deshi Mahila
Group”) provides interesting examples of such innovation in empower-
ing the community through collective action. The study by Ashok Prasad
and Mathew J Manimala (Circular Social Innovation: A New Paradigm for
India’s Sustainable Development) gives useful insights into how collective
entrepreneurship, social innovation and circular economy creates the
ground for more sustainable development. These studies are uniquely
Indian in context and practice, and one may observe knowledge external-
ity in other contexts and practices.
In fact, one of the very unique and indigenous social innovations in
India are the Self-Help Groups (SHGs). These are small groups of the
poor, which tap into their social capital and thus empower them to make
changes in their own lives. SHGs started emerging during the 1970s–1980s
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xii Foreword

through the initiatives of a number of organizations such as Mysore

Resettlement and Development Agency (MYRADA), Deccan
Development Society (DDS), Association of Sarva Seva Farms (ASSEFA),
Professional Assistance for Development Action (PRADAN), and so on,
by mobilizing village communities (mainly women) to form small groups
to help each other and take collective community actions. Later in the
1990s, with the facilitation from NABARD and government, these
SHGs started proliferating and have morphed into an invisible, yet pow-
erful, social movement for social change (Shukla, 2010b). Presently, there
are about 9 million SHGs covering more than 100 million (or more than
40%) households in India. Many of these SHGs have also transformed
themselves into social enterprises which cater to the needs of local devel-
opment through sustainable models.
While SHGs have been studied in the context of poverty alleviation
and financial inclusion, their role as vehicles of social change has not been
fully explored in the research on social entrepreneurship. In this volume,
the study on two SHGs by Sangita Dutta Gupta (“Social Entrepreneurship
Through Micro Entrepreneurs of Self-Help Groups”) looks at this aspect
of SHGs as social entrepreneurial ventures.
One distinctive aspect of social entrepreneurship in India is the emer-
gence of the support ecosystem. For social enterprises, even with proven
innovative models, it is essential to scale up to make any significant social
impact. For this they need financial support mentoring and access to the
market. Traditionally, such support used to come in the form of grants
from the government or the donor agencies, government-organized
events or just plain hard work. However, these traditional systems of eco-
systems are gradually receding and are getting replaced by the impact
investors and accelerators who provide holistic ecosystem approach to
social entrepreneurial development.
In particular, the impact-investing firms use venture capital like invest-
ment method while navigating the competing logics of financial pru-
dence and social impact creation. One article in this volume explores the
nuances of impact investing in India and its impact on sustainable devel-
opment. The study by Anirudh Agrawal (“Effectiveness of Impact
Investing at the Bottom of the Pyramid”) identifies the operating prin-
ciples of successful impact investing and the qualities they focus on in the
 Foreword
   xiii

ventures, which create social impact while giving the financial returns to
the investor. Similarly, the chapter by Shambu Prasad and Joseph Satish
V (“Embedding Diversity in Social Entrepreneurial Research: India’s
Learning Laboratories”) provide an insightful narration of how such
social movements form the backdrop of social entrepreneurship in India.
Given the emergence of impact investing, sustainable accelerators and
the role these new forms are likely to play in the scaling up of social ven-
tures in India, these studies provide useful pointers towards developing a
social entrepreneurial ecosystem in India.
This book aims to open a conversation on social entrepreneurial studies,
its impact and its possibilities in the government policy. However, there
are many things that the book does not cover, and I hope it would in the
later volumes. Some of the things that are not covered in the book are how
automation and digitalization will impact the social fabric; how and what
strategies Indian policy makers must choose to leverage the social impact
bonds in social value creation, how government policies can rejuvi-
nate micro-entrepreneurs in India and what role can social entrepreneur-
ship play in job creation in India. Finally, the field needs more quantitative
studies on social impact and externalities. These studies would further
resolve the definitional dilemmas and would also move the field ahead.

* * *

Overall, this book is a useful contribution to research literature on social

entrepreneurship with a specific focus on the Indian context. It covers a
vast canvas of areas and issues which form a distinctive feature of the
Indian landscape of this practice and discipline. More importantly, it
delves into those aspects of Indian social entrepreneurship which nor-
mally do not feature in studies on this subject. As one goes through the
chapters and studies, they open up new perspectives and lenses through
which one can, and needs to, understand this sector in India.

XLRIMadhukar Shukla
Jamshedpur, India
xiv Foreword

References
Broader, G. (2009, Fall). Not everyone’s a social entrepreneur, beyond profit,
30–32.
Mair, J. (2010). Social entrepreneurship: Taking stock and looking ahead.
Working Paper, WP-888, IESE Business School, University of Navarra.
Shukla, M. (2010a). Landscape of social entrepreneurship in India: An eclectic
inquiry. Paper presented in the 2010 Research Colloquium on Social
Entrepreneurship (June 22–25, 2010), Said Business School, University of
Oxford.
Shukla, M. (2010b, January 4). An invisible revolution in rural India. Wall
Street Journal. Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/
SB126258063197814415.html
 Preface

There are many reasons that inspired us to put our heads together to
bring out this edited volume. The overriding driver was that India has
some distinctive social, economic and cultural characteristics that provide
a contextualization of the social entrepreneurship that is fairly unique.
In recent times, India has been moving towards a market-driven econ-
omy, which means that government-sponsored public services and public
subsidies are slowly diminishing. This, coupled with rising inflation, has
caused tremendous stress among those living below the poverty line in
India. The question that arises is, what market-driven solutions can be
devised to alleviate their hardships? Furthermore, the forces of climate
change are having an adverse effect on agriculture, weather and fresh
water availability. The agricultural sector accounts for 60% of employ-
ment in India. So how do we address the increasing problems of people
associated with agriculture?
To add to the complexity, the public healthcare system in India is
poorly managed while private healthcare is expensive. Any individual on
the margins may lose his entire savings if his loved once gets sick and
needs to be treated in a private hospital. Again, how can one create sim-
ple, efficient healthcare solutions to ensure that people do not get ensnared
in the poverty trap? Finally, dwindling resources and a rising population
in general, coupled with massive migration to cities such as Delhi,
Mumbai and Bengaluru, have created huge social problems. How can the
xv
xvi Preface

people and the government address these problems? We believe that one
of the most prominent strategies to address these multifarious problems
is innovative social entrepreneurship. It has been acknowledged that
social entrepreneurship, using sustainable development models, can
address these problems and help society greatly (Hockerts, 2010; Hockerts
& Wüstenhagen, 2010; Mair, Mart, Iacute, Ignasi, & Ventresca, 2012).
Historically, India has led the way in social entrepreneurship through
the Sulabh Toilet Project, Seva Café, SEWA and also a plethora of self-­
help groups. Most recently, social enterprises like the TAPF, CRY and
Aravind Eye Care are striving hard to innovate and address social issues
in an effective manner. The increasing acceptance of social entrepreneur-
ship as a viable option can be seen not just from the rise of such enter-
prises but also by the trend in the top higher educational institutions in
the country, such as IRMA, TISS, IIT Chennai, IIM Bangalore, IIM
Calcutta, which have developed dedicated programmes on social
entrepreneurship.
Much of the work by scholars on social entrepreneurship in the Indian
context was published after the seminal book, The Fortune at the Bottom
of the Pyramid, by C. K. Prahalad (2004). The book considered the poor
as a potential market and explained how firms should innovate business
models and products to monetize this market. Since then social entrepre-
neurial research looked at social business models addressing goods and
services to the poor (Linna, 2012; Olsen & Boxenbaum, 2009; Seelos &
Mair, 2007). The downside of this research was that many firms ended up
marketing inconsequential products and services to the poor, of little
utility, such as Fair and Lovely Cream and microfinance products, lower-
ing their savings (Garrette & Karnani, 2009; Karnani, 2009).
More social entrepreneurial research came to light after the IPO of
SKS microfinance (Gunjan, Soumyadeep, & Srijit, 2010). In both the
Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP) business models (Karnani, 2011; Seelos &
Mair, 2007) and the SKS microfinance case (College & Baron, 2011;
Joshi, 2011), the social impact was considered implicit to the business
model. In other words, if a firm creates socially and sustainably relevant
products and services and sells them to the poor, this was considered to
constitute social entrepreneurship. The downside is that it does not cover
baseline studies and impact measurement post intervention, which is an
 Preface
   xvii

essential element for the legitimacy of the field in India. The work by
Sonne (2012) dwells on the emerging class of social entrepreneurs and
impact investment, which provides a neoliberal market perspective on
the emergence of the social entrepreneur while the study by Sonne and
Jamal (2014) maps and contrasts various social entrepreneurial
initiatives.
Recent institutionalization of social entrepreneurship practice and
impact investment in the UK and Europe (Harkiolakis & Mourad, 2012;
Heyman, 2013; Spear, Cornforth, & Aiken, 2009), clarifying financial
disclosures, social impact and development of both the social and market
space, calls for further theorization and operationalization of various ele-
ments of social entrepreneurship. Drawing from the institutionalized his-
tory of social entrepreneurship in the UK and Europe, this edited volume
strives to present empirical and theoretical peer-reviewed chapters, in
order to provide a deeper understanding of the social entrepreneurial eco-
system in India for scholars, entrepreneurs and policy makers (ICSEM,
2017). In terms of scholarship, this volume is a humble beginning, lim-
ited to exploratory and qualitative studies. We hope it will contribute in
some way to inculcating both the social entrepreneurial intentions and
social entrepreneurial business acumen across strata, from school and
university level, to village management and central government level
initiatives.
This volume is divided into two sections: Theoretical Contextualization
on Social entrepreneurship and, Sustainable Business Models and Impact
Investment. Each section has a series of dedicated conceptual and empiri-
cal papers. The chapters in the first part largely focus on conceptual
debates around social entrepreneurship in India, such as entrepreneurial
intentions, entrepreneurial empathy, dilemma around standardized social
entrepreneurial measures and problems with the social entrepreneurial
solutions to primary education in India. The chapters in the second part
study the self-help groups, impact-investing firms, circular economy,
accelerators and disruptive social entrepreneurial themes, weaving emerg-
ing trends and theory with the social enterprise cases from India. We
strive to provide empirical work that not only looks at the social innova-
tion from the market disequilibrium perspective and also presents a more
realistic perspective of the social entrepreneurship landscape in India.
xviii Preface

While this research work is of significant value, India still lacks specific
theorization and robust empirical validation and quantitative research in
social entrepreneurship (British Council India, 2015).
Future studies on social entrepreneurship in the Indian context would
do well to theorize and develop solutions around the following research
gaps. First, research must study different scaling models of social enter-
prises. It must study how social impact by social enterprises can be scaled
without grants or subsidies but through markets. Second, more research
is needed on the cooperative movement in India, beyond the dairy and
agriculture cooperatives, into newer areas of community self-sufficiency
and empowerment like renewable energy, education, healthcare and
water sharing. Finance is an important aspect of social entrepreneurship
and future research could explore newer models of impact investing,
quantitative and risk modelling of impact investing, microfinance and
public-private partnership (PPP) finance models, looking beyond impact
investing to public-private funding of social enterprises and social impact
bonds. Social entrepreneurs need support and guidance.
In this direction, research should also focus on how and what models
can be developed to support social enterprises. One such example is self-­
help groups, which can be replicated at different socio-economic levels of
society. Furthermore, we also need to research how to increase the pro-
ductivity and income of the members associated with the SHGs. Another
support mechanism is through the accelerators and incubators focusing
on social entrepreneurship. Social entrepreneurship in India is in its
infancy. It needs extensive support and a social movement to develop at
each level of society, including national associations for social enterprise
to engage with government for redefining the tax breaks and incentives in
order to scale up social entrepreneurship.
To sum up, social enterprise addresses social problems and helps those
at the margins by using creative means (Defourny & Nyssens, 2010; Di
Domenico, Haugh, & Tracey, 2010) while simultaneously leveraging the
personality of the social entrepreneur (Smith, Besharov, Wessels, &
Chertok, 2012) and seeking rents both from the social problem and mar-
kets to ensure that the dividends generated while running the enterprise
are used for the benefit of the marginalized and not channelled towards
the shareholders (Yunus & Jolis, 1999). The promise of social
 Preface
   xix

e­ ntrepreneurship in a country like India is enormous as there are large

vicissitudes. We hope this volume is a window to that promise.

Copenhagen Business School Anirudh Agrawal

Copenhagen, Denmark
Frankfurt, Germany
BML Munjal University, Haryana, India Payal Kumar

References
British Council India. (2015). Social enterprise: An overview of the policy frame-
work in India.
Defourny, J., & Nyssens, M. (2010). Conceptions of social enterprise and social
entrepreneurship in Europe and the United States: Convergences and diver-
gences. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 32–53.
Di Domenico, M., Haugh, H., & Tracey, P. (2010). Social bricolage: Theorizing
social value creation in social enterprises. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,
34(4), 681–703.
Garrette, B., & Karnani, A. (2009). Challenges in marketing socially useful
goods to the poor.
Gunjan, M., Soumyadeep, S., & Srijit, S. (2010). IPO in the Indian microfi-
nance industry: A SKS microfinance perspective. Advances in Management,
3(5), 23–30.
Harkiolakis, N., & Mourad, L. (2012). Research initiatives of the European
Union in the areas of sustainability, entrepreneurship, and poverty alleviation
by, 717, 73–79.
Heyman, M. (2013). The emergence and growth of social finance in the UK. Lund,
Sweden.
Hockerts, K. (2010). Social entrepreneurship between market and mission.
International Review of Entrepreneurship, 8(2; interested in the transforma-
tion of a sector induced by social entrepreneurship. More specifically), 1–22.
Hockerts, K., & Wüstenhagen, R. (2010). Greening Goliaths versus emerging
Davids—Theorizing about the role of incumbents and new entrants in sus-
tainable entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(5), 481–492.
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 Contents

Part I Theoretical Contextualization    1

1 Embedding Diversity in Social Entrepreneurial Research:

India’s Learning Laboratories   3
C. Shambu Prasad and V. Joseph Satish

2 Education Conversations: Situating Social Enterprise

in India’s Education Discourse  31
Isabel M. Salovaara

3 Factors Affecting Individual’s Intention to Become a Social

Entrepreneur  59
Preeti Tiwari, Anil K. Bhat, and Jyoti Tikoria

4 Why Worry About Your Impact? Rationale, Challenges

and Support for Indian Social Enterprises’ Impact
Measurement  99
Anar Bhatt

xxi
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xxii Contents

Part II Sustainable Business Models and Impact Investing 117

5 Towards a Better Understanding of Business Models

of Social Enterprise in an Uncertain Institutional
Environment 119
Deepika Chandra Verma and Runa Sarkar

6 Circular Social Innovation: A New Paradigm for India’s

Sustainable Development 141
Ashok Prasad and Mathew J. Manimala

7 Social Entrepreneurship Through Micro-­Entrepreneurs

of Self-Help Groups 161
Sangita Dutta Gupta and Susmita Chatterjee

8 Stimulated Innovation Cycle to Serve the Poor: A Case

of Mann Deshi Mahila Group 177
Balram Bhushan

9 Effectiveness of Impact-Investing at the Base

of the Pyramid: An Empirical Study from India 207
Anirudh Agrawal

Index 247
 Notes on Contributors

Anirudh Agrawal is a PhD fellow at Copenhagen Business School and a visit-

ing assisting professor at Bennett University. Previously he was a full assistant
professor at Jindal Global University. His areas of interest are social entrepre-
neurship, impact-investing, entrepreneurship, corporate entrepreneurship and
entrepreneurial ecosystems. He teaches entrepreneurship, strategic manage-
ment, CSR and social entrepreneurship. He has published and presented articles
in international journals and conferences. In his previous stint, he was an engi-
neer-product manager with a focus on product development from robotics to
water cleaning machines.

Anil K. Bhat graduated in Mechanical Engineering in 1982 from REC (now

NIT), Srinagar and obtained his doctorate (fellowship) from IIM Bangalore.
His specialization is marketing research and his methodological contribution
has been in the area of ‘cluster analysis of rank-order data’. He is a member of
the Academy of Management (AOM), American Marketing Association (AMA)
and a Fellow of the Institution of Engineers (India). He has more than 80 pub-
lications to his credit and has conceptualized, designed and conducted many
MDPs both for private and for public sector companies. He has served as a
management expert on Union Public Service Commission expert panel. He has
been certified as an Entrepreneur Educator by STVP Stanford, NEN and IIMB.

Anar Bhatt is a PhD fellow at IIM Ahmedabad. Prior to her PhD studies she
worked as a consultant and researcher for many social entrepreneurship and

xxiii
xxiv Notes on Contributors

sustainable development advisory firms. Her last research was with Okapia,
where she published many studies on social entrepreneurship from India. In
addition, she is actively involved with USAID, helping in their developmental
programmes all over India.

Balram Bhushan (Fellow in Management) is Assistant Professor of Human

Resource Management at the Tata Institute of Social Sciences. His research
interest includes social entrepreneurship, employee engagement, training and
development and organizational design. The main theme of his research and
teaching revolves around value creation. Prior to joining the doctoral programme
at XLRI, Jamshedpur, he taught engineering students for two years.

Susmita Chatterjee is Assistant Professor in Economics and also a visiting pro-

fessor at the Department of Commerce for MPhil-PhD course work at the
Maharaja Manindra Chandra College, Kolkata. She studied at the Multipurpose
Government Girls’ School and graduated from Lady Brabourne College, Kolkata
(1997). She completed her M.Sc. in Economics from Calcutta University
through Presidency College (1999) and M.Phil from Calcutta University
(2006). She holds a PhD from the Department of Economics, Calcutta
University (2013). She has done postdoctoral research at IIM Calcutta. She has
a number of publications to her credit with reputed publishers such as Springer,
Emerald, Sage and others.

Sangita Dutta Gupta holds a PhD in Economics from Jadavpur University, India.
She has more than 16 years of teaching experience. She is Associate Professor of
Economics at IFIM Business School, Bangalore. She has a number of publications
to her credit with reputed publishers such as Emerald, Sage and others. She has
presented her research papers in many international and national conferences and
is on the editorial board of two journals and a reviewer of an Emerald journal.

Payal Kumar professor at BML Munjal Univeristy, has rich experience in

senior positions in the higher education and corporate verticals, with a strong
track record in both scholarship and leadership. Some of the senior positions she
has held include professor and registrar at a university in North India, where she
was instrumental in launching the university’s publishing and research division.
In an earlier avatar she worked as vice president, editorial and production at
SAGE India Publications Pvt Ltd. Kumar has published widely in journals, is
the author of five international books on leadership in India, and is also series
 Notes on Contributors
   xxv

editor of a six-volume book series on Leadership and Followership (Palgrave

Macmillan). Her research interests include gender, diversity, and mentorship.

Mathew J. Manimala (Fellow-IIMA) has served as the director, XIME,

Bangalore, and as a professor and chairperson of OBHRM Area at the Indian
Institute of Management Bangalore (IIMB), where he has also served as the
Jamuna Raghavan Chair Professor of Entrepreneurship and as the Chairperson
of N. S. Raghavan Centre for Entrepreneurial Learning (NSRCEL). His earlier
academic positions were at the Administrative Staff College of India (ASCI) and
Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT). He is a recipient of the
Heizer Award of the Academy of Management for his outstanding research in
the field of new enterprise development and has published several research
papers and books in the areas of entrepreneurship and organizational behaviour.
He is the editor of the South Asian Journal of Management.

Ashok Prasad is the Cofounder of Clothes2Causes—a social enterprise, serves

as a visiting faculty at XIME, Bangalore, and is pursuing doctoral research at
XLRI, Jamshedpur. He holds an MBA from the University of Delhi and has also
completed the Master of Liberal Arts-Sustainability programme from Harvard
University with Honours (Dean’s List). He previously worked as a business man-
ager in India and the Middle East.

C. Shambu Prasad is Senior Professor of Strategy, Public Policy and

Entrepreneurship at IRMA University, Gujarat, India. Previously, he was a full
professor at Xavier Institute of Management. He has published many articles on
social entrepreneurship, rural marketing and innovation in the agricultural sector.
He has taught social entrepreneurship in many national and international univer-
sities. He was a Fulbright scholar at Cornell University in 2013. He obtained his
bachelor’s degree from IIT Delhi and master’s degree and PhD from IIT Madras.

Isabel M. Salovaara is the Assistant Director of the Jindal Centre for Social
Innovation & Entrepreneurship at the O.P. Jindal Global University. She com-
pleted her MPhil in Social Anthropology as a Gates Scholar at the University of
Cambridge and has been the recipient of a Fulbright-Nehru Student Research
Award in India.

Runa Sarkar is Professor of Economics at the Indian Institute of Management

Calcutta. She has co-edited the India Infrastructure Report (IIR) 2010 on
Infrastructure Development in a Low Carbon Economy and IIR 2009 on
xxvi Notes on Contributors

Land—A Critical Resource for Infrastructure. She has authored Environment,

Business, Institutions (2017), and co-edited Essays on Sustainability and
Management: Emerging Perspectives (Springer, 2017).

V. Joseph Satish is a PhD researcher in Science, Technology & Society Studies

(STS) at the Centre for Knowledge, Culture and Innovation Studies (CKCIS),
University of Hyderabad, India. His research focuses on relations between sci-
ence and religion in India. His case study ‘Dharani: Nurturing the earth, foster-
ing farmers’ livelihoods’ won the first prize in the Oikos International Case
Study Competition (2017). He is on the editorial board of Intersect: The Stanford
Journal of Science, Technology and Society.

Madhukar Shukla is Chairperson, Fr Arrupe Centre for Ecology &

Sustainability and a professor (Strategic Management & OB) at the XLRI
Jamshedpur (India). He has served as a member of the advisory council of
University Network for Social Entrepreneurship (founded by Ashoka: Innovators
for the Public and Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship, Oxford University)
and is on the jury for the Oikos Case Competition on Social Entrepreneurship.

Jyoti Tikoria holds a PhD from the Department of Management Studies, IIT
Delhi (2009). She is an assistant professor in the Department of Management at
BITS Pilani—Pilani Campus since July 2009. Her primary areas of interest in
teaching and research are Strategy & Entrepreneurship, Technology Management,
R&D Management and Intellectual Property Rights Management. She has
more than 40 publications in journals and conferences of repute to her credit.
Apart from this, she is Faculty-in-Charge, Center for Innovation, Incubation
and Entrepreneurship (CIIE) at BITS Pilani—Pilani Campus.

Preeti Tiwari is a doctoral research candidate in the Department of

Management, BITS, Pilani. Her scholarly interests are entrepreneurship, social
entrepreneurship and hybrid entrepreneurship. She is active in research and has
authored more than 20 research papers in international journals and conferences
of high repute. She is a regular reviewer for International Journal of Entrepreneurial
Behavior & Research and Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research.

Deepika Chandra Verma is a final-year doctoral student in the Economics

Group at the Indian Institute of Management Calcutta.
Random documents with unrelated
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thee met vleesch (visch, etc.); —iness, subst. v. —y = vleezig,
stevig.

Mebbe, mebi, verk. van maybe = misschien.

Mechanic, mikanik, subst. mechaniker, handwerksman; adj. = —al,

werktuigelijk, machinaal (ook fig.), handwerks.., werktuigkundig: —
al drawing = lijnteekenen; —al engineer = werktuigkundige; —al
powers = werktuigelijke krachten; —al science = werktuigkunde;
—ality = —alness = werktuigelijkheid; —ian, mekəniš’n,
werktuigkundige; —s = werktuigkunde; Mechanism, mekənizm,
mechaniek, machinerie, mechanismus, techniek; Mechanist,
mekənist = technicus, machinist.

Mechlin, meklin, Mechelen, Mechelsche kant = — lace.

Meconium, mikouniəm, kinderpek; papaversap.

Medal, med’l, medaille; — verb. een medaille verleenen; —lic,

mədalik, medaille..; —lion, mədalj’n, penning, medaillon; —list =
penningkundige, met eene medaille bekroonde, stempelsnijder.

Meddle, med’l, zich bemoeien: Do not — with my affairs = steek je

neus niet in; Do not — with him = bemoei je niet met hem; I will
neither — nor make with it = ik wil er niets mee te maken
hebben; —r = bemoeial; —some = bemoeiziek; subst. —
someness = Meddling, ook subst.

Mede, mîd, Mediër; Medea, midîə; Media, mîdjə, Medië.

Medieaeval, mediîv’l, mîdiîv’l, middeleeuwsch, ouderwetsch; —ism

= de geest der middeleeuwen in kunst en godsd.; —ist = kenner,
vereerder der middeleeuwen; —ize = middeleeuwsch maken.
Medial, mîdj’l, gemiddeld, middel..: An initial, —, final consonant =
begin-, tusschen- en eindmedeklinker.

Median, mîdj’n, midden-, mediaan; van Medië, Mediër.

Mediate, mîdi-it, adj. in het midden liggend, bemiddelend; — verb.

(mîdieit) bemiddelen, als bemiddelaar optreden: —d water =
suikerwater; Mediation = bemiddeling, voorspraak.

Mediatization, mîdiətizeiš’n, subst. v. Mediatize, mîdiətaiz, aan

de staatsoverheid onderwerpen.

Mediator, mîdieitə, bemiddelaar; adj. Mediatorial; Mediatorship;

Mediatory = bemiddelend; Mediatrix of Mediatrix.

Medical, medik’l, geneeskundig, medisch: — man = medicus; —

Officer and Public Vaccinator for a district = districts armendokter;
— profession = beroep van geneesheer; — student;
Medicament, mədikəment, medikəment, geneesmiddel;
Medicamental = geneeskrachtig, heilzaam; Medicaster, medikastə,
kwakzalver; Medicate, medikeit, geneeskundig bereiden of
behandelen: —d coffee = geneeskrachtige koffie; Medication =
geneeskundige behandeling of bereiding; Medicinal = genezend;
Medicine, medsin of medisin, geneesmiddel, geneeskunde: —-bag
= amulet; —-chest = medicijnkist; —-man = dokter en bezweerder
bij de indianen; Medico, medikou, subst. esculaap (schertsend voor
geneesheer); adj. tot de geneeskunde behoorende: —-legal = tot
de gerechtelijke geneeskunde behoorende; Medicus.

Medina, midînə, Medina; midainə, rivier op Wight, stad in Amerika.

Mediocre, mîdioukə, middelmatig: Mediocrity, mîdiokriti,

middelmatigheid; middelmatig persoon.
Meditate, mediteit, peinzen, overdenken, voornemens zijn; subst.
Meditation; Meditative = peinzend, zinnend; subst. —ness;
Meditator. [336]

Mediterranean, meditəreinj’n, subst. Middellandsche Zee; adj.

middellandsch.

Medium, mîdj’m, subst. midden, middensoort, middenterm,

middenstof, middel, hulpmiddel, Engl. mediaanpapier (18 × 28
inches), medium; adj. middelmatig, gemiddeld, doorsnee - -:
Through the — of = door bemiddeling (middel) van; At a —; Of
(Less than, Over the) — height; —-sized.

Medlar, medlə, mispel(boom): —-tree.

Medley, medli, verwarde massa, potpourri; ook adj.

Medulla, midɐlə, merg; —ry, midɐləri, medələri = mergachtig,

merg..; Medullin = mergstof (Chem.).

Medusa, mədjûsə, Medusa; kwal; mv. Medusae, mədjûsî.

Meed, mîd, belooning, prijs, gift.

Meek, mîk, zachtzinnig, gedwee, nederig: —-eyed; —-spirited =

deemoedig; subst. —ness.

Meerschaum, mîəšôm, mîəšəm, meerschuim(en pijp): — pipe.

Meet, mît, subst. bijeenkomst (van sportlui); rendez-vous voor

sportlui, de gezamenlijke sportlui; adj. geschikt, gepast; — verb.
ontmoeten, tegenkomen, tegemoet komen, bijeenkomen, nakomen,
voldoen aan, bevredigen, enz.: A — of the Coaching Club = het
samenkomen van de leden dier club, die coaches bezitten en zelf
rijden; It is not — that he should go there = gepast; Mere inquiry
will not — the case = is in dit geval niet voldoende; More is meant
than —s the ear (the eyes) = daar schuilt meer achter dan men
hoort (ziet); That —s the needs of the people = voorziet in; To —
due protection = behoorlijk gehonoreerd worden; I will — you on
equal terms = durf je staan onder gelijke voorwaarden; The
carriage is to — the 10,5 train = moet zijn aan; To — a person
halfway = tegemoet komen (fig.); Have I met you? = Is dit wat
u verlangt, is dit voldoende? I met with a kind reception = vond
eene vriendelijke ontvangst; I met with an accident, a bad fall, a
loss = mij trof, ik kreeg; He is met with = heeft zijn man
gevonden; He tried to — all my wants = te voorzien in; I cannot
make both ends — = ik kan niet rondkomen; I sent to — them
at the 10,5 train = liet ze afhalen; It was Greek — Greek,
diamond cut diamond = twee Joden weten wat een bril kost; —
ing = ontmoeting, bijeenkomst, vergadering, zitting, dag van een
wedren, samenvloeiing: The —ing was called for half-past seven
= bijeengeroepen tegen; —ing-house = bedehuis; —ing-place =
plaats van samenkomst; —ly = gepast, geschikt; —ness = gepast-,
geschiktheid.

Meg(a), in samenst.: groot, reusachtig; Megaphone, megəfoun,

soort roeper; Megascope, megəskoup, megascoop.

Megass(e), məgas, uitgeperst suikerriet.

Megrim, mîgrim, schele hoofdpijn, gril, luim: —s =

zwaarmoedigheid; koliek bij paarden.

Melancholia, mel’nkouljə, zwaarmoedigheid; —c = melancholicus;

Melancholy, mel’nkoli, subst. zwaarmoedigheid, droefgeestigheid;
ook adj.: He is in a — mood = in eene sombere stemming.

Melanesia, melənîsiə; —n, adj. en bewoner van M.

Melanite, melənait, melaniet.

Mêlée, Fr. uitspr. handgemeen.

Melib(o)ean, melibîən: — song = beurtzang.

Melilot, melilot, honigklaver.

Melinite, melinait, meliniet.

Meliorate, mîljəreit, verbeteren, beter worden; subst. Melioration;

Meliorism, mîljərizm, de leer dat verbetering mogelijk is; het
streven hiernaar.

Meliphagous, məlifəgɐs, honigetend; Melliferous = honig

voortbrengend; Mellifluence, məlifluens, zoetvloeiendheid;
Mellifluent, Mellifluous = zoetvloeiend; Mellite, melait, honigsteen.

Mellay, melei = Mêlée.

Mellow, melou, adj. overrijp, beursch, zacht, aangenaam, vol,

gerijpt, lichtelijk aangeschoten; — verb, rijp of zacht worden
(maken), rijpen, benevelen; subst. —ness; —y = zacht, zoet.

Melodious, miloudiəs, welluidend; subst. —ness; Melodist =

componist of zanger v. melodiën; verzameling van melodiën;
Melody, melədi, melodie, zangwijze.

Melodrama, melədrâmə, melədrâmə, melodrama; —tic,

melədrəmatik, melodramatisch; —tist, melədramətist, schrijver van
melodramas.

Melon, mel’n, meloen: —-juice.

Melpomene, melpominî; Melrose, melrouz.

Melt, melt, smelten, wegsmelten, week worden, verteederen,
roeren; ook subst.: All the spoons were —ed down = gesmolten;
To — into tears; —er = metaalsmelter, smeltoven; —ing heat =
zwoele hitte; —ing sorrow = zielsroerende smart; —ing-furnace;
—ing-point; —ing-pot = smeltkroes; —ingness = weekheid
(fig.).

Member, membə, lid, deel, lidmaat, afgevaardigde: — of

Parliament (= M. P.) = lid van het House of Commons; —ed =
geleed; —ship = lidmaatschap, ledental.

Membrane, membrein, vlies, perkament: Mucous — = slijmvlies;

Membranous, membrənɐs, vliezig.

Memento, mimentou, herinnering, gedenkteeken: — mori (môrai)

= gedenk te sterven.

Memoir, memwö, gedenkschrift, verhandeling: —s = Memorabilia.

Memorability, memərəbiliti, subst. v. Memorable, memərəb’l,

merkwaardig, gedenkwaardig; subst. —ness.

Memorandum, memərand’m, memorandum, aanteekening,

memorie; —-book = memoriaal.

Memorial, məmôriəl, gedenk …, gedachtenis …; subst. nota,

memorie, necrologie, gedenkteeken (-feest): — Day = gedenkdag
ter eere der in den burgeroorlog (1861–65) gevallen strijders
(Amer.); —ist = schrijver van mémoires, indiener van een [337]nota;
—ize, məmôriəlaiz, een memorie indienen; herdenken: The
municipalities —ized to the queen = dienden een verzoekschrift in
bij.

Memorize, meməraiz, in het geheugen bewaren, uit het hoofd

leeren; Memory, meməri, geheugen, gedachtenis, gedenkteeken:
Her — fails her a bit now and then = laat haar wat in den steek;
In — of = ter gedachtenis aan; Within the — of man = Within
living — = sedert menschenheugenis; To call to — = zich
herinneren; To quote from —.

Memphis, memfis; Memphian: — darkness = Egyptische

duisternis.

Men, men, mv. v. Man: —-folk = manvolk; —-pleaser =

oogendienaar.

Menace, menis, subst. bedreiging; — verb. (be)dreigen; —r.

Menad, mînad, Bacchante.

Menagerie, Menagery, mənadžəri, beestenspel.

Mend, mend, subst. verbetering, reparatie; — verb. beter worden,

verbeteren, repareeren, verhoogen, vermeerderen: On the — = aan
de beterhand; To — one’s efforts = verdubbelen; To — the fire =
wat bij het vuur doen; To — one’s life (ways) = zich beteren; To
— one’s pace = aanstappen; To — stockings = kousen stoppen;
The prices have —ed = zijn omhoog gegaan; —er; —ing: A card
of —ing = kaart stopgaren; A lapful of —ing = verstelwerk; —ing-
basket; My boots want —ing = moeten gerepareerd worden.

Mendacious, mendeišəs, leugenachtig, valsch; Mendacity,

mendasiti, leugen, leugenachtigheid.

Mendicancy, mendik’nsi, bedelarij, armoede; Mendicant =

bedelend, bedel - -; bedelaar; bedelmonnik = — friar; Mendicity =
armoede, bedelarij, bedelstaf.

Menial, mînj’l, dienst - -, huis - -, slaafsch, vuil, gemeen; subst.

huisbediende, asschepoester.
Meningitis, menindžaitis, hersenvlies ontsteking.

Mennonist, menənist, Mennonite, menənait, Doopsgezinde.

Menses, mensîz, menstruatie; Menstrual = maandelijksch: — flow,

— flux; Menstruate = menstrueeren; subst. Menstruation.

Mensurability, mensiurəbiliti, meetbaarheid; adj. Mensurable;

subst. —ness; Mensuration = meting.

Mental, ment’l, ziels …, geestes …: — arithmetic = hoofdrekenen;

— defectives = achterlijken; — deficiency = achterlijkheid; —
faculties = geestesgaven; — power = geestvermogen; —
reservation = heimelijk voorbehoud.

Menteith, mentîth.

Menthol, menthol, menthol: — cone (— pencil) = migrainestift.

Mention, menš’n, subst. (ver)melding; — verb. vermelden,

noemen, gewagen: At a — of = bij vermelding van; To make (no)
— of = (geen) melding maken van; “Don’t — it” = It is not
worth —ing = “’t Is de moeite niet”; Not to — = om niet te
spreken van; To be —ed in dispatches = eervol vermeld worden
(mil.); Just — some = noem er eens een paar; —able: It is
hardly — = het is haast niet noemenswaard.

Mentor, mentə, mentor, adj. Mentorial.

Mentz, ments, Mainz.

Menu, mənû, spijslijst.

Mephistophelean, mefistəfəlîən, adj. v. Mephistopheles,

mefistofilîz, Mephistopheles.
Mephitic, mifitik, stinkend, verpestend; Mephitis, mifaitis, —m,
mifaitizm, mefətizm, verpestende uitwasemingen of dampen.

Mercantile, mɐ̂ k’nt(a)il, handels…, handeldrijvend; baatzuchtig: —

code = wetboek van koophandel; The — marine = handelsvloot;
— and trade schools = handels-, en vakscholen; — town =
handelsstad.

Mercator’s Chart, mɐ̂ keitəztšât, zeekaart volgens de projectie van

Mercator.

Mercenariness, mɐ̂ sənərinəs, veilheid; Mercenary, mɐ̂ sənəri,

loon - -, baatzuchtig, inhalig, veil; subst. huurling: — marriage =
huwelijk om geld; — troops = huurtroepen.

Mercer, mɐ̂ sə, zijdekoopman, manufacturier; —y =

manufactuurzaak, (handel in) manufacturen of zijde.

Merchandise, mɐ̂ tš’ndaiz, koopwaar.

Merchant, mɐ̂ tš’nt, subst. koopman, groothandelaar; adj. handels -

-, koopmans - -: —-fleet = koopvaardijvloot; —man =
koopvaardijschip; —-service = handelsvloot, zeehandel; —-tailor
= marchandtailleur; —able = gangbaar, willig.

Merciful, mɐ̂ siful, genadig; barmhartig; subst. —ness; Merciless

= meedoogenloos; subst. —ness.

Mercurial, məkjûriəl, Mercurius - -; vluchtig, levendig, wispelturig,

kwikzilverachtig; subst. Mercuriality; Mercury, mɐ̂ kjəri, Mercurius,
kwikzilver.

Mercy, mɐ̂ si, genade, barmhartigheid, vergeving: To be at the —

of = overgeleverd aan de genade van; It was a —, he did not
prosecute him = hij mocht van geluk spreken, dat..; Vergel. Lord,
have — upon us = Heer, wees ons genadig; To beg (cry) for — =
om genade smeeken; To throw oneself on the — of = zich op
genade of ongenade aan iemand overgeven; We are thankful for
small mercies = voor gering gunstbetoon; —-seat = troon der
genade; verzoendeksel.

Mere, mîə, subst. grens, grenssteen; meertje.

Mere, mîə, louter, bloot: He is your — tool = slechts uw werktuig;

—ly = enkel, alléén.

Meredith, merədith.

Meretricious, meritrišəs, ontuchtig; verlokkend, bedriegelijk: —

courage = voorgewende moed; subst. —ness.

Merganser, məgansə, duikergans.

Merge, mɐ̂ dž, verb. indompelen, verzinken, opgaan in (into): To be

—d in = geheel opgaan in; —r = het opgaan van eene bezitting of
een recht in een ander, van eene zaak in een andere. [338]

Meridian, məridj’n, subst. middag, hoogste punt, meridiaan; adj.

middag …, hoogte …, hoogste: — altitude = middaghoogte; — of
the globe = koperen meridiaan; Meridional = meridiaan …, middag,
zuidelijk: — distance = lengteverschil; Meridionality = zuidelijke of
zuidwaartsche ligging of richting.

Merino, mərînou, subst. merinoswol, merinos, merinosschaap (= —

sheep); adj. merinos …

Merit, merit, subst. uitstekendheid, waarde, voortreffelijkheid,

verdienste (meest meervoud) (—s = hoofdzaken (Jur.)); — verb.
verdienen, aanspraak hebben op, zich verdienstelijk maken: To
make a — of necessity = van den nood een deugd maken; The
matter must rest (stand) on its own —s = moet op zich zelf
worden beschouwd; You have —ed well of the country = u
verdienstelijk gemaakt jegens; —orious, meritôriəs, verdienstelijk;
subst. —oriousness.

Merivale, meriveil.

Merkin, mɐ̂ kin, pruik, toer; haarverf (Amer.); pompstok (van een
kanon).

Merle, mɐ̂ l, meerle.

Merlin, mɐ̂ lin, steenvalk.

Mermaid(en), mɐ̂ meid(’n), (zee)meermin; Merman, mɐ̂ m’n,

triton.

Merovingian, merəvindžən, Merovingisch; subst. Merovinger;

Merrimac = merimak.

Merriment, meriment, vroolijkheid, pret; Merry, meri, vroolijk,

luidruchtig, prettig, gunstig, aangeschoten: A — Christmas to you
= ik wensch u een prettig kerstfeest; He was rather — = lichtelijk
aangeschoten; They live there as — as the day is long = leven …
als vroolijk Fransje; To make — = pretmaken; To make — with a
person = in ’t ootje nemen; —-andrew = grappenmaker, Jan
Klaassen, hansworst; —-dancers = het Noorderlicht (Schotl.); —-
go-round = mallemolen; —-making = subst. pret, vermaken; adj.
vroolijk; —-meeting = pret, fuif; —thought = borstbeen (van eene
kip).

Mersey, mɐ̂ si, mɐ̂ zi.

Mesenteric, mesənterik, tot het darmscheel behoorende;

Mesenteritis, mesəntəraitis, darmscheelontsteking; Mesentery,
mesəntəri, mezəntəri, darmscheel.

Mesh, meš, subst. maas; —es = netwerk, net (fig.), strik; — verb.
verstrikken, verstrikt raken; —-work = netwerk; adj. —y.

Mesjid, mezdžid, moskee.

Mesmerism, mezmərizm, mesmerisme; Mesmerist =

magnetiseur; Mesmerize = magnetiseeren; —r.

Mesne, mîn, tusschenkomend: — process = nevenproces; —

profits = de winsten van een landgoed, in den tijd dat den
rechtmatigen eigenaar onwettig het bezit daarvan is onthouden.

Mesopotamia, mesəpəteimjə.

Mess, mes, subst. gerecht, spijs, voer, viertal, gemeenschappelijke

tafel, bak (van militairen en matrozen); wanorde, verwarring, vuile
boel; — verb. gezamenlijk eten, voeren; dooreenwarren, bevuilen,
bevlekken: A — of pottage = linzenschotel: To sell for a — of
pottage = voor een linzenkooksel (Genesis XXV, 29 ); Captain of
a — = bakmeester; We are four of a — = we eten met ons vieren;
To be in a pretty — = er mooi uit zien (iron.); mooi in de klem
zitten; He got himself into a — with the suds = maakte zich vuil
met het zeepsop; To get into —es with feminines = intriguetjes
hebben met; To make a — of = morsen, vuil maken, in wanorde
brengen; I don’t like to be —ed about = dat er zooveel drukte
om me (mijne ziekte) gemaakt wordt; To — about after other
women = scharrelen met; —-beef = pekelvleesch; —-kit = eetgerei
(mil.); —-mate = tafelgenoot, bakgast; —-room = kajuit voor
gezamenlijke maaltijden; —-table; —y = vuil, verward: A —y toy =
speelgoed, dat aanleiding geeft tot vuil maken van kleeren of tafel.
Message, mesidž, boodschap: To bear (carry, deliver) a — =
overbrengen; To go on a — = een boodschap doen; To go —s for;
Messenger, mes’ndžə, boodschapper, courier, bode, voorbode;
kabelaring (scheepst.).

Messiah, məsaiə; Messias, məsaiəs; Messianic, mesianik,

Messiaansch.

Messidor, mesidö, tiende maand van het republikeinsche jaar.

Messieurs, mešɐ̂ z, Heeren = Messrs.

Mestee, mestî, kind van blanke en quadrone.

Mestino, mestînou, Mestizo, mestîzou, mesties, kind van

Spanjaard (of Creool) en Indiaansche vrouw.

Met, met, imperf. en part. perf. van to meet.

Metal, met’l, subst. metaal, brons, compositie, spoorstaaf, grint of

steengruis (voor wegen), gesmolten glas; aantal, kaliber (v.
kanonnen); — verb. een weg met metal bedekken: The train went
off the —s = derailleerde; —lic, mətalik, metalen: —lic pen =
stalen pen; —lic vein = metaalader; —liferous = metaal bevattend;
—liform, məteliföm, metaalachtig; —line, metəl(a)in: — water =
mineraalwater; —list = metaalwerker: Gold —list = voorstander
van den gouden standaard; —lography = wetenschap en
beschrijving der metalen; —loid, metəlôid, metalloïde; —lurgy,
metəlɐ̂ dži, metallurgie.

Metamorphic, metəmöfik, metamorphisch; subst. Metamorphism;

— verb. Metamorphize = Metamorphose, metəmöfous,
metəmöfouz, metamorphoseeren; Metamorphosis =
gedaanteverwisseling.
Metaphor, metəfö, metaphoor; —ic(al), metəforik(’l),
overdrachtelijk, figuurlijk.

Metaphysical, metəfizik’l, metaphysisch; Metaphysician,

Metaphysicist = bespiegelend wijsgeer; Metaphysics, metəfiziks,
bespiegelende wijsbegeerte.

Metathesis, mətathəsis, metathesis.

Metayer, məteiə, landbouwer die de helft der opbrengst als pacht

betaalt.

Mete, mît, subst. maat; grens (= —s); — verb. meten, toemeten:

Full justice was —d out to him = hij kreeg geheel wat hem
toekwam; The treatment, —d out to [339]him = hem ten deel
gevallen; To apply the vulgar —-yard to = een nuchteren maatstaf
aanleggen.

Metempsychosis, mətempsikousis, zielsverhuizing.

Meteor, mîtjə, verheveling, meteoor; —ic, mîtiorik, meteoor …: —ic

shower = groote menigte vallende sterren; —ic stone = —ite,
mîtiərait = —olite, mîtiərəlait; —ologic(al), mîtiərəlodžik(’l),
meteorologisch; —ologist = weerkundige; —ology = weerkunde.

Meter, mîtə, meter: Dry —, Wet — = drooge, natte meter; To

examine the — = gasmeter opnemen; —age, mîtəridž, meting,
meetloon.

Metheglin, mətheglin, mede (drank).

Methinks, mithiŋks, mij dunkt.

Method, methəd, methode, stelsel, proces; —ical, məthodik’l,

methodisch; —ics, məthodiks, methodiek; —ism = de leer der —
ists = aanhangers van de door John Wesley in Oxford gestichte
secte (1729): —istic(al), methodistisch; streng methodisch; —ize =
stelselmatig behandelen, methodisch rangschikken; —izer; —ology
= (verhandeling over) methodiek.

Methought, mithôt, mij docht.

Methuen, məth(j)ûən, methuən; Methuselah, məthjûzələ.

Methyl, methil, methyl.

Meticulous, mətîkjuləs, bang, vreesachtig.

Metonic-Cycle, mitoniksailk’l, maancirkel (19 jaar).

Metonymic(al), metənimik(’l), metonymisch; Metonymy,

mətonimi, metonymia.

Metre, mîtə, dichtmaat, versregel; meter (= 39.37 inches); Metric,

metrik, metriek; metrisch = Metrical, metrik’l.

Metrograph, metrəgraf, instrument aan een locomotief, dat de

snelheid van den trein, met den duur en het aantal malen “stoppen”
aanwijst.

Metronome, metrənoum, metronoom; Metronomy = het meten

der maat (muz.).

Metropolis, mətropəlis, zetel van een aartsbisschop, hoofdstad;

Londen; Metropolitan, metrəpolit’n, subst. aartsbisschop; adj.
aartsbisschoppelijk, tot een metropolis (tot Londen) behoorend: —
Board of Works = Londensche bouwraad.

Mettle, met’l, (grond)stof, wezen, natuur, geest, vuur, ijver, moed: A

man of — = voortvarend, van stavast; A horse of much — = vurig
paard; — of youth = jeugdig vuur; To put a person on (to) his —
= iemand aanzetten (aanleiding geven) al zijne krachten in te
spannen; To try a person’s — = alles vergen van iemands
krachten; —d = —some = vurig; subst. —someness.

Meuse, mjûz, Maas.

Mew, mjû, subst. zeemeeuw; ruikooi (vooral voor valken);

schuilplaats; gemiauw: —s = stal(len); nauwe straat achter groote
huizen waarop de stallen uitkomen; — verb. opsluiten; ruien,
verharen; vernieuwen; miauwen: To — the feathers.

Mewl, mjûl, schreeuwen, drenzen (van kinderen); —er =

schreeuwleelijk.

Mexican, meksik’n, subst. en adj. Mexicaan(sch); Mexico,

meksikou.

Mezzo, medzə; — soprano = tweede sopraan; —tint(o) =

mezzotint.

Mho, mou, Ohm (electr.).

Miaow, miau, miaauw!

Miasm(a), maiazm(a), (Meerv. —ata), miasma; —atic(al) =

miasmen bevattend: — fever = malaria.

Miaul, miôl, miaul, miauwen.

Mica, maikə, mica; —ceous, maikeišəs, van of als mica, mica …

Micah, maika; Micawber, mikôbə.

Mice, mais, meervoud van mouse.

Michael, maik’l; Michaelmas, mik’lmas, St. Michiel (29 Sept.);
herfst: —-term = zittingstermijn (vroeger van 2–25 Nov.; thans van
24 Oct.–21 Dec. = — Sittings); cursus van 1 Oct.–16 Dec.
(Cambr.); 10 Oct.–17 Dec. (Oxf.).

Mich(e), mitš, zich verbergen, rondsluipen, de school verzuimen; —

er.

Michigan, mišigən.

Mickle, mik’l, veel, groot; ook subst.: Many a little makes a — =

veel kleintjes maken een groote.

Microbe, maikroub, microbe; adj. Microbic.

Microcosm, maikrəkozm, de wereld in ’t klein, de mensch; adj. —

ic(al), maikrəkozmik(’l).

Micrometer, maikromətə, micrometer; adj. Micrometric(al); subst.

Micrometry.

Micron, maikron, micron.

Micronesia, maikrənîziə, Micronesië.

Microphone, maikrəfoun, microphoon.

Microscope, maikrəskoup, microscoop; adj. Microscopic(al);

Microscopist, maikrəskoupist, maikroskəpist = iemand, die met
den microscoop werkt; Microscopy, maikrəskoupi, maikroskəpi =
microscopie.

Mid, mid, subst. midden …; en verk. v. midshipman: —-air =

tusschen hemel en aarde; —day = middag, subst. en adj.; —land =
(in het) binnenland: The —lands = midden Engeland; The —land
railway = de centraalspoor; — Lent = het midden van de vasten;
—most = middelste; —night, subst. middernacht(elijk): He burns
the —night oil = werkt tot diep in den nacht; —riff = middenrif; —
shipman of —shipmite (schertsend) = adelborst (v. het oudste
jaar); —-ships = midscheeps; —stream = midden van de stroom;
—summer = hartje v. d. zomer (21 Juni): —summer-day = St.
Jan (24 Juni); —summer-eve = 23 Juni; —way, subst.
middenweg; adj. midden op den weg, halverwege; —winter = het
hartje van den winter (21 December); —dy = —shipman; —st =
midden: In the —st of.

Midden, mid’n, mesthoop.

Middle, mid’l, subst. het midden, middel (van het lichaam),

tusschentijd, tijdschriftartikel; adj. midden, middelst, tusschen
beiden, middelmatig: A clever — for an evening paper; — Ages =
Middeleeuwen; — course = middenweg; — English = ’t Engelsch
van ± 1150–1500; — finger; Above, Under (the) — height; —
life [340]= middenstand; — term = middenterm; Barely in —-age =
van middelbaren leeftijd; —-aged people = menschen van
middelbaren leeftijd; —-class = burgerklasse; Upper —-classes =
deftige burgerstand; —-class school = Burgerschool; —man =
agent, tusschenpersoon; —most = middenste; —-sized.

Middleburgh, mid’lbɐ̂ g.

Middling, midliŋ, middelmatig, redelijk; —s = met zemelen

vermengd meel (veevoeder).

Midge, midž, mug; dwerg = —t.

Midwife, midwaif, subst. vroedvrouw; — verb. verlosk. bijstand

verleenen; —ry, midw(a)ifri, verloskunde: Professor of —ry.
Mien, mîn, uitzicht, gelaat, voorkomen, houding.

Miff, mif, verdrietig, droevig; — verb. verdrietig zijn.

Might, mait, imperf. van may: As best he — = zoo goed en zoo

kwaad hij kon; He wept and well he — = en daar had hij wel reden
voor.

Might, mait, macht, kracht: With — and main = uit alle macht; —
is above right (— overcomes right) = macht gaat boven recht;
—iness = grootheid, vermogen; hoogheid: Their High —inesses
= Hunne Hoogmogenden; —y = machtig, groot, sterk: A —y swell
= een groote banjer.

Mignonette, minjənet, reseda.

Migrant, maigr’nt, subst. zwerver, trekvogel; adj. trekkend,

verhuizend, nomadisch = Migratory: — birds = trekvogels; — life;
Migrate, maigreit, verhuizen of trekken naar een ander land; subst.
Migration.

Mikado, mikâdou, keizer van Japan.

Mike, maik.

Milan, milən, milan, Milaan; —ese, milənîz, milənîs, Milanees,

Milaneesch.

Milch, milš, melkgevend: — cow = melkkoe (ook fig.); —y =

melkgevend.

Mild, maild, zacht, zachtaardig, vriendelijk; licht: — ale = licht bier;

A — answer = vriendelijk antwoord; — and strong cigars; With —
pique = eenigszins gepiqueerd; A — pun = flauwe; The dog is as
— as milk = doodgoed; —-spirited (—-tempered) = zachtaardig;
—-spoken = vriendelijk; To put it —ly = om het zacht te zeggen;
subst. —ness.

Mildew, mildjû, subst. meeldauw, schimmel; — verb.

beschimmelen, met meeldauw bedekt worden; —y = bedorven,
beschimmeld.

Mile, mail, mijl (1609 meter); —-mark (—-post) = mijlpaal; —

stone = mijlsteen: I have passed some black —stones = heb het
vaak hard te verduren gehad; —age, mailidž, afstand in —s;
uitgaven per mijl; reiskosten per mijl; A ten —r = een marsch van
10 mijl.

Miles, mailz; Milesian, m(a)ilîž’n, inwoner van Milete; Ier; adj. van
Milete, Iersch.

Milfoil, milfôil, gemeen duizendblad.

Miliary, miliəri, gierst, gierstvormig, korrelig.

Militancy, milit’nsi, oorlog(stoestand); Militant = vechtend,

strijdlustig: The Church —.

Militarism, militərizm, oorlogsgeest, oorlogspolitiek, militairisme.

Military, militəri, adj. krijgs …, krijgshaftig; subst. mv. militairen: —

Academy; — chest = oorlogskas; — code; He is a — man =
militair; I am not a — man = anti-militair; — officer = officier van
de landmacht; — school; — service; — stores = krijgsvoorraad.

Militate, militeit, (met against, from) = vijandig staan tegenover,

strijden tegen.

Militia, milišə, militie, die zonder eigen toestemming niet

buitenslands diende (nu vervangen door de “Special Reserve”): The
land and the marine —; To serve in the —; —man.

Milk, milk, subst. melk, zog, sap; — verb. melken, melk geven:
There’s no help for (It’s no use crying over) spilt — = gedane
zaken nemen geen keer; To take in with the mother’s —; To —
the pigeon = monnikenwerk doen; To — the wires =
onrechtmatig vreemde telegrammen aflezen; zich een deel van een
electr. stroom toeeigenen; —-and-water(y) = melk en water …,
flauw, sentimenteel; —-can; —-cure; —-farm; —-fever =
zogkoorts; —-gauge = galactometer; —-glass = melkglas; —-jug;
—-livered = laf; —maid; —man = melkboer; —-pail; —-punch =
rum met melk, suiker en muskaat; —-sop = in melk geweekt brood;
verwijfd persoontje; — Standard Act = wet tegen
melkvervalsching; —-strainer = zeef; —-sugar; —-tooth =
melktand; —-walk = wijk van één melkboer; —-woman; —er =
melker; melkkoe = —ing-cow; —ing-time; —y = melkachtig: The
—y Way = melkweg.

Mill, mil, molen, fabriek, spinnerij, tredmolen; vuistgevecht,

rekenpenning (​1⁄10 v. een Am. cent); — verb. malen, kartelen,
vollen, walken, pletten, afranselen, doen schuimen: That brings
grist to your — = dat zet zoden aan den dijk, geeft je voordeel; To
go through the — = door ervaring leeren; He has been through
the — = hij weet er alles van; Oil —; Saw —; St. Stephen’s — =
het Parlement; Wind —; —-brook = molenbeek; —-clack, —-
clapper = molenklapper; —-cog = tand (molenrad); —-dam =
molendam; —-hand = molenaarsknecht; fabrieksarbeider; —-head
= water vóór den molen; —-owner = fabrikant; —-pond =
molenvijver: As quiet as a —-pond; —-race = molentocht; —-sail
= molenzeil; —-stone = molensteen; To get between the upper
and the nether —-stone = tusschen hamer en aambeeld geraken;
He can see through (into) a —-stone = hij is scherpzinnig; —-
tail = waterstroom uit een molen; —wright = molenmaker; —er =
molenaar: There are many cases of drowning the —er in our
annotated editions of standard authors = herhaaldelijk vinden we
gevallen van te [341]veel commentaar in de verklarende uitgaven van
onze classieken; —er’s fee (toll) = maalgeld; —ing = het malen,
kartelen (van muntranden).

Millenarian, milənêriən, duizendjarig, wat tot het duizendjarig rijk

behoort; subst. geloover in de komst van het duizendjarig rijk; —
ism = de leer der Millenarians; Millenary, milənəri, duizendjarig;
subst. millennium: The — of King Alfred = de duizendste jaardag;
Millennial, milenj’l, duizendjarig; Millennium, milenj’m, het
duizendjarig rijk, de tijd van den Wereldvrede.

Milleped, miliped, Millipede, milipîd, duizendpoot, pissebed

(oproller, varkentje).

Millerism, milərizm, leer v. William Miller (1782–1849); Millerist,

Millerite, milərait, volgeling van Miller, die de onmiddellijke komst
en heerschappij van Jezus verwachtte.

Millesimal, milesiməl, duizendste deel.

Millet, milət, gierst.

Milliard, miljəd, duizend millioen.

Milligram(me), miligram; Millimetre, Millimeter, milimîtə,

milimitə.

Milliner, milinə, modemaakster, dameskleermaker; —y = (zaak in)

modeartikelen; kostuumnaaien.

Million, milj’n, millioen: Two thousand —s of money; The — =

de groote hoop, het groote publiek; —aire, milj’nêə, millionair; —
ary = uit millioenen bestaande; —th = millioenste.
Millocrats, miləkrats, rijke fabrikanten.

Milnes, milz; Milo, mailou.

Milreis, milrîs, Portug. munt (± ƒ 2,70).

Milsey, milsi, melkzeef.

Milt, milt, subst. milt, horn (van visschen); — verb. bevruchten, kuit
schieten; —er = hommer.

Miltiades, miltaiədîz; Milwaukee, milwôki.

Mime, maim, subst. mime, gebarenspel (bij Grieken en Romeinen),

gebarenspeler; — verb. spelen; We cannot bedeck our inner selves,
and make them — as the occasion pleases = kunnen ons innerlijk
niet optooien, en het, al naar de gelegenheid het verlangt, eene rol
doen spelen; —tic(al), m(a)imetik(’l), nabootsend; Mimic, mimik,
nabootsend, nagebootst; subst. nabootser, mime; — verb.
nabootsen: — warfare = spiegelgevecht, manoeuvres; Mimicker =
nabootser; Mimicry = grappige nabootsing, aanpassing aan de
omgeving ter eigen beveiliging (van dieren).

Mimosa, m(a)imousə, mimosa.

Mimsey, mimzi, maatje.

Minaret, minəret, minaret.

Minatory, minətəri, dreigend.

Mince, mins, fijn hakken, bewimpelen, gemaakt spreken of loopen

(met kleine pasjes): He doesn’t — matters = neemt geen blaadje
voor zijn mond; She —s her words = spreekt erg gemaakt; To —
one’s steps = trippelen; —-meat = fijngehakt, met rozijnen,
appelmoes, citroensap, vet, rum, etc., dooreengemengd vleesch voor
pasteitjes: To cut into — (To make — of) = in de pan hakken
(milit.); —-pie = eene met —-meat gevulde pastei; —r =
hakmachine; geaffecteerd persoon; Mincingly = geaffecteerd,
vergoelijkend.

Mind, maind, subst. gemoed, geest, ziel, neiging, herinnering, zorg,

meening; — verb. letten op, behartigen, bezwaren hebben,
bedenken, van zins zijn: Absence of — = verstrooidheid; Presence
of — = tegenwoordigheid van geest; To be in one’s right — = bij
zijn volle verstand zijn; To be of one — = eenstemmig zijn; To be
in two (several) —s = weifelen; To be out of one’s — (of
unsettled —) = niet recht bij zijn verstand zijn; To bear in — =
bedenken; To bring (call) to — = te binnen roepen, zich
herinneren; It came into my — = de gedachte kwam bij mij op; To
cross (enter) one’s — = te binnen schieten; To feel in half a —
= half van plan (geneigd) zijn; To have a great — = veel lust
hebben; To have no — = geen lust hebben; To have all the — in
the world = allemachtig veel trek hebben; To keep in — of =
herinneren aan; He does not know his own — = weet zelf niet wat
hij wil; To make up one’s — = besluiten; Make up your — for it
= bereid er je op voor; I will put you in — of it = je er aan
herinneren; He has set his — upon it = zijn zinnen er opgezet;
Speak your — = zeg wat je op het hart ligt, spreek ronduit; Out of
sight, out of — = uit het oog, uit het hart; The house has stood
there time out of — = sedert onheugelijke tijden; To my — = naar
mijn meening; So many men so many —s = zooveel hoofden,
zooveel zinnen; — you! = denk er om! Never — = het kan niet
schelen; — your own business = bemoei je met je eigen zaken;
To — a child = passen op; To — the door = om de deur denken,
op het huis passen; — your head-ache = denk om je hoofdpijn; I
should not — going there now = zou er nu wel heen willen; —
your P’s and Q’s = pas op je tellen; —-reading =
gedachtenlezen; —-wandering = ijlen; —ed = geneigd, gezind:
He was —ed to end the matter = van plan; If you are (so) —ed
= als ge er zin in hebt; —ful = opmerkzaam, voorzichtig, gedachtig:
Be —ful of your health = denk om; subst. —fulness; —less of
everything = op (om) niets lettende (denkende).

Mine, main, van mij: This book is —; A friend of — = een mijner

vrienden; — host = de waard.

Mine, main, subst. mijn, rijke bron; — verb. ondermijnen (ook fig.);
uitgraven, graven naar: A gold —; —-captain = mijnopzichter; —r
= mijnwerker, mineur.

Mineral, minər’l, subst. delfstof; adj. delfstoffelijk, mineraal: —

kingdom = delfstoffenrijk; — oil; — salt = mineraalzout; —
spring; — waters = minerale bronnen of wateren; —ization, subst.
v. —ize = versteenen, mineraliseeren; —ogic, minərəlodžik;
mineralogisch; —ogist, minəralədžist, [342]delfstofkundige; —ogy,
minəralədži, mineralogie.

Minerva, minɐ̂ və, Minerva: — press = een vroegere drukkerij in

Londen; de sentimenteele romans daar gedrukt.

Minever, Miniver, minivə, Siberisch eekhorentje, het bont daarvan.

Mingle, miŋg’l, vermengen, zich vermengen (onder), versmelten.

Miniature, minitj(u)ə, subst. miniatuur(portret); adj. verkleind, op

kleine schaal: — painter.

Minibus, minibɐs, een soort wagen voor 4 personen.

Minify, minifai, verkleinen; geringschatten.

Minikin, minikin, zeer klein, geaffecteerd; subst. kleine speld;
lieveling.

Minim, minim, zeer klein; subst. dwerg, kort gedicht; ± 65 m.Gram;

halve noot; —s = de strenge orde der Miniemen; Minimal, minimaal;
—ization, subst. v. —ize = verkleinen, verbloemen: Let us not —ize
the danger of our situation; —um = minimum.

Mining, mainiŋ, subst. mijnbouw; adj. mijn …: —-academy; —-

shares (—-stocks) = mijn waarden.

Minion, minj’n, subst. slaafsch volgeling, gunsteling, lichtekooi: —s

of the moon = roovers, dieven.

Minister, ministə, subst. (staats)dienaar, minister, gezant; werktuig

(fig.); predikant (bij de dissenters); — verb. voorzien van,
verschaffen, toedienen, besturen, ministreeren, oppassen,
behulpzaam zijn, geneesmiddelen geven: — of the Colonies; — of
Finance; — of Foreign Affairs; — of the Interior = M. van Binn.
Zaken; — of War; Prime — = minister-president; He —ed to me in
those days = verzorgde mij; —ial, ministîriəl, dienend,
gehoorzamend; ministerieel; —ialist = regeeringsgezinde;
Ministrant, dienend; subst. dienaar; Ministration =
dienstverrichting, bestuur, geestelijke bijstand of ambt: The
prisoner was offered his — = den gevangene bood men
geestelijken bijstand aan; Ministry = ministerie, dienst, geestelijke
functiën.

Minium, minj’m, roode menie.

Mink, miŋk, vison, soort v. Amer. wezel; pels daarvan.

Minnow, minou, soort witvisch, voorntje, stekelbaarsje.

Minor, mainə, kleiner, geringer, jonger, klein, gering; subst.
minderjarige, mineur, minor, (term van een syllogisme): — key =
mineur (muz.); — poets; — premiss, deze bevat den — term =
het subject v. de conclusie; — third = kleine terts; Asia — = Klein-
Azië; —ite, mainərait, Franciskaner; —ity, m(a)inoriti, minderheid,
minderjarigheid.

Minorca, minökə; Minos, mainəs; Minotaur, minətö.

Minster, minstə, hoofdkerk, kloosterkerk.

Minstrel, minstr’l, minstreel; negerzanger (= Negro —); —sy = de

kunst v. d. minstreel, balladenverzameling.

Mint, mint, munt, groote hoeveelheid; munt (plant); — verb.

munten, slaan, smeden: Master of the — = muntmeester; A — of
money = een “bom” duiten; The — and cummin of literature = de
nietige dingen of kleinigheden in de letteren (Zie Matth. XXIII, 23 );
—-drops = pepermuntjes; —-julep = Amer. drank van suiker,
spiritualiën en kruizemunt in gestampt ijs; —-sauce =
kruizemuntsaus; —age, mintidž, het gemunte, muntrecht.

Minuend, minjuənd, aftrektal.

Minuet, minjuət, menuet: To step (walk) a — = een menuet

dansen.

Minus, mainəs, minder dan, onder nul, met uitzondering van,

waardeloos.

Minuscule, minɐskjûl, klein, gering; subst. kleine letter.

Minute, minit, subst. minuut, memorandum, concept, notulen,

protocol (= —s); ook adj.; — verb. aanteekeningen maken, do
minuten of notulen schrijven van: To keep the —s; —-book =
klad- of notulenboek; —-glass = zandglas (van ééne minuut duur);
—-gun = minuutschot; —-hand = minuutwijzer.

Minute, minjût, zeer klein, gering, precies, omstandig; subst. —

ness; Minutiae, minjûšiî, kleinigheden, bijzonderheden.

Minx, miŋks, brutale meid.

Miracle, mirək’l, wonder, mirakel: To a — = wonderbaarlijk; To

work —s = doen; Faith works —s; —-play = mysteriespel;
Miraculous, mirakjəlɐs, wonderdadig, wonderbaarlijk, wonder..;
subst. —ness.

Mirage, mirâž, luchtspiegeling, waan.

Mire, maiə, subst. slijk, modder; — verb. bemodderen, in den

modder zakken of zitten, in ongelegenheid brengen: To be in the —
= in den klem zitten; To drag into the — = door het slijk halen
(fig.); —-crow = kap- of kokmeeuw; Miriness = modderigheid.

Mirror, mirə, subst. spiegel, toonbeeld; — verb. terugkaatsen:

Dutch —s = spionnetjes; Halls of —s = spiegelzalen.

Mirth, mɐ̂ th, vroolijkheid, opgewektheid; adj. —ful; subst. —

fulness.

Miry, mairi, modderig.

Mirza, mɐ̂ zə, Perzische eeretitel; vorst.

Misadventure, misədventjə, ongeluk, tegenspoed; adj.

Misadventurous.

Misalliance, miselaiəns, huwelijk beneden iemands stand;

Misallied, misəlaid, verkeerd vereenigd.
Misanthrope, misənthroup, menschenhater; adj.
Misanthropic(al), misənthropik(’l); Misanthropist, misanthrəpist,
menschenhater; Misanthropy, misanthrəpi, menschenhaat.

Misapplication, misaplikeiš’n, subst. v. Misapply, misəplai,

verkeerd toepassen.

Misappreciate, misəprîšieit, onderschatten; subst. Misappreciation.

Misapprehend, misaprihend, misverstaan, verkeerd begrijpen;

subst. Misapprehension.

Misappropriate, misəprouprieit, zich onwettig toeëigenen; subst.

Misappropriation.

Misarrange, misəreinž, verkeerd rangschikken; subst. —ment.

[343]

Misbecome, misbikɐm, ongepast zijn voor, slecht passen bij;

Misbecoming = ongepast, onvoegzaam.

Misbefitting, misbifitiŋ, onvoegzaam.

Misbegotten, misbigot’n, onecht, slecht.

Misbehave, misbiheiv, zich misdragen (oneself); Misbehaviour,

misbiheivjə, wangedrag.

Misbelief, misbilîf, ongeloof, dwaalleer; Misbelieve = dwalen, ten

onrechte gelooven; Misbeliever = ongeloovige.

Miscalculate, miskalkjuleit, misrekenen; verkeerd uitrekenen;

subst. Miscalculation.

Miscall, miskôl, verkeerdelijk noemen.

Miscarriage, miskaridž, mislukking, verloren gaan, wangedrag,
miskraam: A gross — of justice = grove rechterl. dwaling;
Miscarry, miskari, verloren gaan (v. brieven), mislukken, een
miskraam krijgen: He miscarries of puns every minute = hij zegt
om den haverklap te onrechter tijd woordspelingen.

Miscast, miskâst, subst. misrekening; — verb. misrekenen,

verkeerd berekenen.

Miscegenation, misədžəneiš’n, rassenvermenging.

Miscellanea, misəleinjə, allerlei; Miscellaneous = gemengd, door

elkaar, verscheiden; subst. —ness; Miscellanist, misələnist,
schrijver van mengelwerk; Miscellany, miseləni, mengeling,
mengelwerk.

Mischance, mistšâns, subst. ongeluk, ramp; — verb. ongelukkig

gebeuren.

Mischief, mistšif, onheil, ongeluk, kwaad, ondeugendheid, onrecht,

schade, nadeel: The boys are never out of — = voeren altijd wat
uit; He is bent on — = hij voert wat in zijn schild; Out of pure —
= uit moedwil; To do — = ondeugend zijn; To get into — =
kattekwaad uitvoeren; To lead into — = verleiden tot kwaad doen;
To make — = onheil stichten; He means — = voert wat in het
schild; There will be the — to pay = dan heb je de poppen aan ’t
dansen; What the — is your little game = wat duivel voer jij in ’t
schild? Like the very — = als dol; He is a —-maker = onheilstoker,
tweedrachtstichter; A —-making fellow = kwaadstichter,
onheilstoker; Mischievous, mistšivɐs, boos(aardig), schadelijk,
moedwillig, noodlottig, ondeugend; subst. —ness.

Miscible, misib’l, vermengbaar.