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PA L G R AV E
STUDIES IN
COMEDY
THE PUNK
TURN IN
COMEDY
MASKS OF ANARCHY
Series Editors
Roger Sabin
University of the Arts London
London, UK
Sharon Lockyer
Brunel University
London, UK
“Punk scholarship and comedy studies offer a wide range of routes into academic
enquiry. The relationship between punk, humour and comedy is a largely unex-
plored area, with rich and exciting potential for research and critical analysis. This
fascinating study of the shared influences that informed the evolution of both
punk and alternative comedy in the late 1970s and early 1980s is a timely and
important contribution to an evolving and expanding field.”
—Dr. Russ Bestley, London College of Communication, UK
Comedy is part of the cultural landscape as never before, as older mani-
festations such as performance (stand-up, plays, etc.), film and TV have
been joined by an online industry, pioneered by YouTube and social
media. This innovative new book series will help define the emerging
comedy studies field, offering fresh perspectives on the comedy studies
phenomenon, and opening up new avenues for discussion. The focus is
‘pop cultural’, and will emphasize vaudeville, stand-up, variety, comedy
film, TV sit-coms, and digital comedy. It will welcome studies of poli-
tics, history, aesthetics, production, distribution, and reception, as well
as work that explores international perspectives and the digital realm.
Above all it will be pioneering – there is no competition in the publish-
ing world at this point in time.
and
University of Malta
Msida, Malta
First thanks go to Oliver Double for being a generous, supportive, and all-
round excellent Ph.D. supervisor; to Ivan Callus for being an indispensable
mentor every step of the way on the academic journey; and to the Arts and
Humanities Research Council (AHRC) for funding this project, and mak-
ing it possible. Thanks too to Duška Radosavljević, Michael Mangan, and
Peter Boenisch, and to the peer reviewers whose suggestions helped make
this book stronger. Thanks also go out to Sharon Lockyer and Roger Sabin,
editors of this series. I would like to thank John Marchant (John Marchant
Gallery), Mark Perry, and Russ Bestley for their help with obtaining images.
I would also like to extend thanks to Guillaume Collett, Wissia Fiorucci,
Kurt Borg, Sean Fenech, Emma Nugent, and Lara Schembri for their
much-appreciated encouragement and advice; and to all those performers
who agreed to talk to me, and who inspired this project through their work.
Thanks too to the Palgrave Macmillan and Springer team for their careful
attention throughout the publication process. A heartfelt thank you to my
parents for their support, which got me through.
I would also like to thank Taylor and Francis for their kind permission
to reprint some of the argument published in ‘Laughing Otherwise:
Comic-critical approaches in alternative comedy’, The Journal for
Cultural Research 21.4 (2017), 394–413.
vii
Contents
1 Introduction 1
3 The ‘Alternative’ 33
11 Conclusion 241
Index 251
ix
List of Figures
Fig. 3.1 ‘God Save the Queen’ (1977), collage on paper. Image
Jamie Reid, courtesy John Marchant Gallery. Copyright
Sex Pistols Residuals 47
Fig. 4.1 Jamie Reid’s design for ‘Pretty Vacant’ (1977), collage
on paper. Image Jamie Reid, courtesy John Marchant Gallery.
Copyright Sex Pistols Residuals 80
Fig. 5.1 Sniffin’ Glue cover, Issue 3 1/2, 28th September, 1976.
Copyright Mark Perry 105
xi
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
of his texts and in the ‘graphic illustrations’ they provide of the ‘multi-
ple-reading process at work’ (Norris 1987, p. 201), the ‘theatrical’ use of
space extends into the writing, woven as it is out of digressions, returns,
deferrals. With its spatial complexities—such as the ‘figure of […] invo-
lution, which extends space and creates the echo of theatricality’ (Terada
1999, p. 204)—and its unique sense of timing, Derrida’s work seems
intensely theatrical. His writing is replete with devices of concealment,
of withholding, of revelation, with an array of spectres and figures wait-
ing in the wings; it is acutely concerned, moreover, with the dimensions
of performance and performativity.10 Furthermore, with his wordplay, his
surprises held in abeyance then sprung (something always withheld), his
interminable play of appearances, reappearances, and disguises, Derrida
seems to bear a particular kinship with comedy.11 The medium spec-
ificity implied by his frequent emphasis on the ‘literary’ is blurred by
Derrida’s statement that ‘the institution of literature […] is an institution
which tends to overflow the institution’ (Derrida 1989, 1992, p. 36).
As Attridge notes elsewhere (1988, p. 189), the ‘literary’ is specific in
that it occupies a position which allows it to reveal something about lan-
guage and structure more generally—a specificity that resides therefore
in its very overflowing. Punk (beyond the referencing in post-punk band
Scritti Politti’s [1982] song, ‘I Love Jacques Derrida’) also has an affinity
with Derrida’s deconstructive approach in its insistence on a counter-cur-
rent, and on the gaps and seams of [dis]jointure—as evidence of hetero-
geneity within an apparently coherent system, which has implications for
the possibilities and the politics of resistance.
For a counter-current, punk has attracted considerable attention.
Punk is the object of ongoing documentation and flurries of anniversary
events, and has long straddled the areas of pop culture, rock journalism,
and academia; it is steadily finding entry and acceptance into more rig-
orously academic territory, with an established Punk Scholars Network
and a journal, Punk & Post-punk (Bestley 2011–). In staking (highly
important) claims for punk’s [counter]cultural contribution, deserving
of academic attention, many accounts and studies, with a few notable
exceptions (for example, Bestley 2013; Double 2007), have tended to
emphasise its ‘seriousness’. Stewart Home (1995) recognises the com-
edy in punk, yet draws a distinction between the more humorous ‘nov-
elty’ approach and the ‘serious’ bands. Documentaries on punk, such as
Don Letts’ excellent Punk: Attitude (2005), often set out to interview
artists from diverse fields (film-makers, photographers, graphic artists),
8 K. BONELLO RUTTER GIAPPONE
Notes
1. Alenka Zupančič (2008, p. 58) comments on comedy’s ability to make
the ‘constitutively missing link’ between the ‘Real’ and ‘its other side’
‘appear’. Nancy (1993, pp. 371, 376) observes that the loss of Aristotle’s
Poetics of Comedy ‘is full of instruction: in that we learn nothing from it’,
and that ‘the burst of laughter reveals that the structure of its truth is to
be hidden’.
2. ‘Any attempt at extracting a final set of meanings from the seemingly
endless, often apparently random, play of signifiers in evidence [in the
difficult and contradictory text of punk style] seems doomed to failure’
(Hebdige 1979, p. 117).
3. Critchley (2004, pp. 116–117) sees punk as being characterised by the
‘self-consciousness of naïvité’.
4. ‘When you’re young—you see what a lie the world is, and in punk there is
this recognition of the difficulty of being honest. Punk recognised that it
was impossible—unlike previous movements. That’s how it built in that it
doesn’t succeed’ (Richard Hell, in Heylin 2007, p. 278).
5. Coinciding, more or less, with the lifespan of the band the Sex Pistols,
as fronted by Johnny Rotten. Savage’s account of punk in England’s
Dreaming (1991) is Pistols-centred; Garnett (1999, p. 21) also identi-
fies punk primarily with the Pistols, while Sabin (1999, pp. 3–4) notes
that punk is often viewed as having been already in its death throes when
Thatcher rose to power in 1979, although his interest lies in its continu-
ing legacy.
6. This study does not form part of the explosion of oral histories and mem-
oirs noted by Matthew Worley (2017, p. 20)—indeed, it fits rather bet-
ter in the ‘theoretical’ stream he identifies (and as such, it does grapple
with some of the same questions and difficulties). And yet, there is an ele-
ment of strong personal engagement within my attempt to sustain ‘criti-
cal distance’. Alongside recognition of the need to ‘re-historicise’ punk,
1 INTRODUCTION 9
References
Allen, Tony. 2002. Attitude: Wanna Make Something of It? The Secret of
Stand-Up Comedy. Somerset: Gothic Image Publications.
Attridge, Derek. 1988. Peculiar Language: Literature as Difference from the
Renaissance to James Joyce. London: Methuen.
Bergson, Henri. 1980. Laughter. In Comedy: ‘An Essay on Comedy’ by George
Meredith, ‘Laughter’ by Henri Bergson, ed. Wylie Sypher, 61–190. Baltimore:
John Hopkins University Press.
Bestley, Russell (ed.). 2011–. Punk & Post-punk.
Bestley, Russell. 2013. ‘I Tried to Make Him Laugh, He Didn’t Get the
Joke…’—Taking Punk Humour Seriously. Punk & Post-punk 2 (2): 119–145.
10 K. BONELLO RUTTER GIAPPONE
Nancy, Jean-Luc. 1993. The Birth to Presence, trans. Brian Holmes et al.
Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Norris, Christopher. 1987. Derrida. London: Fontana.
Reynolds, Simon. 2005. Rip It Up and Start Again: Post-punk 1978–1984.
London: Faber and Faber.
Sabin, Roger (ed.). 1999. Punk Rock: So What? The Cultural Legacy of Punk.
London and New York: Routledge.
Savage, Jon. 1991. England’s Dreaming: Sex Pistols and Punk Rock. London:
Faber and Faber.
Scritti Politti. 1982. Songs to Remember. Rough Trade. ROUGH20. LP.
Terada, Rei. 1999. Imaginary Seductions: Derrida and Emotion Theory.
Comparative Literature 51 (3): 193–216.
Worley, Matthew. 2017. No Future: Punk, Politics and British Youth Culture.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zupančič, Alenka. 2008. The Odd One In: On Comedy. Cambridge:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
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CHAPTER 2
Punk Disconnections
Although he was present at the Sex Pistols’ first television appearance,
on Tony Wilson’s So It Goes (4 September 1976), Peter Cook’s many
flirtations with punk seemed destined never to materialise into a direct
association. He was actively courted by Rotten and McLaren to write the
script for the Pistols film project.3 He had furthermore been informed by
Johnny Rotten ‘that one of their songs had been based on his Drimble
Wedge and the Vegetations number from Bedazzled’, yet: ‘“I don’t know
which one”, Peter told the New Musical Express (NME)’ (in Thompson
1997, p. 358)—‘I was too pissed to remember’ (‘No Feelings’ seems a
likely candidate). Peter Cook would repay the favour on the track ‘Street
Music’ (Cook and Moore 1978), Derek and Clive’s own typically irrev-
erent tribute to Johnny Rotten, in which Cook sings ‘I don’t care’
repeatedly, in Rotten-esque fashion, irreverence being an attribute com-
mon to both. Continuing the line of just-missed encounters, Lydon’s
post-Pistols ‘band’ (or ‘company’), Public Image Ltd (PiL), failed to
show up for their scheduled appearance on Revolver, a music showcase
series hosted by Cook (further discussed below).4
These missing/lost direct links are, however, the tip of the proverbial
iceberg. John Cooper Clarke (in Hamilton et al. 2006, p. 346) main-
tains that ‘generational humour began with Peter’, and—one could
add—nowhere so evidently as with the venture Cook launched with
Dudley Moore in the first flickerings of punk’s dawn. When Peter Cook
appeared on So It Goes, he was there to promote Derek and Clive, a dive
into obscenity which coincided with the Pistols’ infamous appearance on
The Bill Grundy Show (1 December 1976).
Derek and Clive
The quest for an ‘alternative space’ took a dramatic turn with Derek
and Clive, with the attempt to speak from a space that was not—‘I’ve
got cancer of never being heard in my life’ (‘Having a Wank’, Cook and
Moore 1977). The ‘new’ space seemed to appear out of a crack, uncov-
ering an apparently ‘negative’ space from which to speak, or un-speak, in
a paradoxical stream of obscenities repeated ad nauseam.
The affinities between punk and Pete and Dud’s Derek and Clive out-
ing have been remarked by several chroniclers. Alexander Games (1999,
p. 57) writes:
16 K. BONELLO RUTTER GIAPPONE
Derek & Clive caught the temperature of the times in much the same
way as Beyond The Fringe had in the previous decade. In 1976, there was
only one type of music to listen to, and that was punk rock. Derek & Clive
(Live), their first album, was comedy, punk-style […] grossly indecent, a
danger to society and an insult to all right-thinking people.
Wilmut (1980, pp. 117–118) terms the creations ‘more punk versions of
their original characters’—a tantalising comment, sadly pursued no fur-
ther; Barbra Paskin (1998, p. 146) writes: ‘Derek and Clive were punk
versions of Dud and Pete who loved to talk dirty.’ The first recording
was initially distributed as a bootleg, and Barry Fantoni (in Hamilton
et al. 2006, p. 45) rightly describes this act as ‘intentionally amateur’.
I will argue that a shift into overstatement became characteristic of
alternative comedy (altcom) and punk, as opposed to the understate-
ment sometimes associated with ‘Englishness’.5 This trend was already
evident in Derek and Clive, whose comedy did away with innuendo
altogether by mercilessly taking smut to an extreme.6 Derek and Clive
dragged the dirt to the surface, setting the blueprint for alternative
comedy and even not-so-alternative comedy like Not the Nine O’ Clock
News, which latter would later directly target the Two Ronnies by over-
exposing the sexual underpinnings of their puns in the sketch ‘The Two
Ninnies’.
The question of parody—a mode which inhabits its target texts/
genre (see Genette 1997, p. 2)—will be further discussed in Chapter
4, as being one manifestation of an attitude towards ‘past’ forms or
content that fall under scrutiny, or cease to be acceptable. Parody
inhabits the text, but always modifies it, both imitating and trans-
forming (see Genette 1997, pp. 5, 28). One could go further, and say
that it even, in a move that evokes the Möbius strip, makes a percep-
tible turn and reinscribes within itself the parodied text.7 The trans-
formative power of parody ensures it is never neutral. I would like
to draw attention to Bakhtin’s claim (1984a, pp. 225–227) that even
repetition itself is not a neutral activity—repetition opens onto the
dialogic, with even seemingly identical echoes introducing difference
through displacement. In Derridean terms one might say it always
introduces a third term, différance, enabling transformation through
its seeming superfluity, even its very nature as ‘frivolous’.8 Parody can
therefore be proposed as potentially a prelude to or an agent of some
sort of change.
2 PETER COOK: MISSING LINKS 17
Derek and Clive’s ‘Alfie Noakes’ (Cook and Moore 1977) launches a
withering attack on the tired format employed by Northern club com-
ics, who would become targets for altcom’s debunking of tradition and
critique of racism as the new comedians attempted to redefine com-
edy and the limits of the acceptable. ‘Northern’ club comics, with their
brand of mother-in-law and stereotype jokes, adhered to a hitherto fail-
safe formula and an ‘easy-target approach’ (Double 1997, p. 172). ‘Alfie
Noakes’ highlights the interchangeability of such comedians, with Derek
and Clive alternately and sometimes simultaneously voicing the indistinc-
tive ‘Alfie Noakes’, purveyor ordinaire of hand-me-down humour. Alfie
Noakes is announced for a turn, then re-announced, and re-announced
again, drawing out the dull monotony of his joke format, once deemed
infinitely reusable, now showing signs of wear. Derek and Clive take a
typical joke, and pursue the set form ad absurdum, complete with exces-
sive laughter-signposting:
CLIVE: I want to tell you a story, I want to tell you a story. There’s this
bloke—he was Irish, and he’s Jewish, and he’s Pakistani; he’s stupid,
he’s lost his teeth.
[…]
CLIVE:—and all his hair fell out.
DEREK: O-ho.
CLIVE: and his legs fell off.
DEREK: O-ho.
[…]
CLIVE: his cock got sliced off by a lawnmower.
DEREK: O-ho.
CLIVE: And he said—o-ho.
DEREK: O-ho.
CLIVE: He said ‘I’m not feeling too well.’
DEREK: O-ho.
CLIVE: His landlord came around and said to him.
DEREK: O-ho.
CLIVE: ‘if you’re not feeling well,
DEREK: O-
CLIVE: you should see how I’m feeling’
DEREK and CLIVE [raucously erupt]: ooooooh!!
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— Buono! disse, eccone già una intatta. Demonio di Craeke, veh!
entrar così nel mio prosciugatoio. Vediamo l’altra.
E senza posarla, Van Baerle si avvicinò al cammino, e in ginocchioni
con la punta del dito si mise a razzolare la cenere, che
fortunatamente era diaccia. Dopo un momento sentì la seconda
cipolletta.
— Buono, disse, eccola.
E osservandola con una attenzione quasi paterna:
— Intatta come la prima, soggiunse.
Nel medesimo istante che Cornelio ancora ginocchioni esaminava la
seconda cipolletta, la porta del prosciugatoio fu scossa così
violentemente e di tal maniera si aperse che Cornelio sentì montarsi
al viso e alle orecchie la fiamma di quella trista consigliera che
chiamasi collera.
— Che c’è da capo? domandò. Ohè! che si è pazzi qua dentro?
— Signore, signore, gridò un domestico precipitandosi nel
prosciugatoio col viso più pallido e il fare più spaventato di quello
che non l’avesse Craeke.
— Ebbene? chiese Cornelio presagendo una disgrazia a questa
doppia infrazione di tutte le regole.
— Ah! signore, fuggite, fuggite presto! gridò il domestico.
— Fuggire! e perchè?
— La casa è piena di guardie degli Stati.
— Che domandano?
— Vi cercano.
— Per che fare?
— Per arrestarvi.
— Per arrestarmi, me?
— Sì, o signore; e sono preceduti da un cancelliere.
— Che vuol dir ciò? dimandò Van Baerle serrando i suoi due talli
nella sua mano, e ficcando l’occhio spaventato verso la scala.
— Salgono, salgono! gridò il servitore.
— Oh! mio caro figlio, mio degno padrone, gridò la balia, facendo
anch’ella a suo turno l’entrata nel prosciugatoio. Prendete il
vostr’oro, le vostre gioie, e fuggite, fuggite!
— Ma dove vuoi che io fugga, balia mia? domandò Van Baerle.
— Saltate dalla finestra.
— Venticinque piedi?
— Cadrete sopra sei piedi di terra smossa.
— Sì, ma cadrei sopra i miei tulipani.
— Non importa, saltate.
Cornelio prese il terzo tallo, si avvicinò alla finestra, l’aprì, ma
all’aspetto del guasto che avrebbe causato nelle sue caselle ben più
che alla vista dell’altezza che bisognerebbe saltare.
— Mai! disse, e fece un passo indietro.
In questo momento vedevansi riflettere nei muri della branca di scala
le alabarde dei soldati.
La nutrice alzò le braccia al cielo.
Quanto a Cornelio Van Baerle, bisogna dirlo a lode non già
dell’uomo, ma del tulipaniere, la sua sola preoccupazione fu per i
suoi inestimabili talli.
Cercò cogli occhi una carta dove involgerli, scòrse il foglio della
Bibbia posato da Craeke, lo prese senza ricordarsi, tanto era grande
il suo turbamento, donde gli fosse venuto, e involtandovi le tre
cipollette, se le nascose in petto, aspettando. I soldati preceduti dal
cancelliere entrarono in quel momento.
— Siete voi il dottore Cornelio Van Baerle? domandò il cancelliere,
benchè lo conoscesse perfettamente; ma in ciò conformavasi alle
regole della procedura; il che dava, come si vede, una somma
gravità alla interrogazione.
— Son’io, messer Van Spennen, rispose Cornelio salutando
gentilmente il suo processante; e voi ben lo sapete.
— Allora consegnateci le carte sediziose che voi nascondete.
— Le carte sediziose? ripetè Cornelio tutto sbalordito dell’apostrofe.
— Non fate lo stordito.
— Io vi giuro, Messer Van Spennen, riprese Cornelio, che io non so
davvero cosa vi vogliate dire.
— Allora, o dottore, vi metterò sulla via, disse il giudice;
consegnateci le carte che il traditore Cornelio de Witt ha depositato
presso di voi nel mese di gennaio decorso.
Un lampo traversò la mente di Cornelio.
— Oh! oh! disse Van Spennen, ecco, ecco che cominciate a
ricordarvene, eh?
— Senza dubbio voi parlate di carte sediziose ed io non ho carte di
questo genere.
— Oh! negate?
— Certamente.
Il cancelliere scorse con un’occhiata tutto il gabinetto e domandò:
— Quale stanza di vostra casa chiamasi prosciugatoio?
— Questa appunto, dove siamo, messer Van Spennen.
Il cancelliere gettò un rapido sguardo sopra una piccola nota posta a
principio del suo processo.
— Va bene, disse come un uomo che è assorto.
Poi rivolgendosi a Cornelio, disse:
— Volete voi consegnarci i fogli?
— Non posso, messer Van Spennen. Quelle carte non mi
appartengono punto; mi sono state rimesse a titolo di deposito, e un
deposito è sacrosanto.
— Dottor Cornelio, disse il cancelliere, a nome degli Stati, vi
comando di aprire quella cassetta, e di consegnarmi le carte che vi
sono chiuse.
E col dito accennò per l’appunto la terza cassetta di un armario
posto presso il cammino.
Le carte consegnate dal ruward di Pulten al suo figlioccio erano
effettivamente in quella terza cassetta; pruova che la polizia era
stata bene informata.
— Ah! non volete farlo? disse Van Spennen; vedendo che Cornelio
era rimasto pietrificato dallo stupore. L’aprirò da me.
E tirando la cassetta fino in fondo, il cancelliere pose dapprima in
vista una ventina di cipollette, disposte e segnate accuratamente; poi
veniva l’involto di carte esattamente nel medesimo stato, in cui
aveale rimesse al suo figlioccio il disgraziato Cornelio de Witt.
Il cancelliere ruppe i sigilli, strappò l’involto, gettò un’occhiata avida
sulle prime pagine che gli si offersero al guardo, e gridò d’una voce
terribile.
— Ah! la giustizia non aveva dunque ricevuto un falso rapporto.
— Come! disse Cornelio; che c’è dunque?
— Non mi fate più il nesci, o Van Baerle, rispose il cancelliere e
seguiteci.
— Come! seguirvi! io? esclamò il dottore.
— Sicuro, perchè a nome degli Stati io vi arresto.
Non si arrestava ancora a nome di Guglielmo d’Orange, che per far
questo non era da molto tempo Statolder.
— Mi arrestate! esclamò Cornelio; ma cosa ho dunque fatto?
— Ciò a me non spetta, o dottore; ve la intenderete coi vostri giudici.
— E dove?
— All’Aya.
Cornelio stupefatto abbracciò la sua vecchia balia, che sveniva,
diede la mano ai suoi servitori che struggevansi in lacrime, e seguì il
cancelliere che chiuselo in una vettura come un prigioniero di stato e
fecelo tradurre di gran galoppo all’Aya.
VIII
La Camera di famiglia.