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Lecture 6

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15 views

Lecture 6

Uploaded by

Marwan Byounes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 6: Differential Equations (D.

E’s)
4- Not Exact D.E’s. ( Integrating Factors)
P Q
We say that the D.E. P( x, y )dx  Q( x, y )dy  0 is not exact if  . Then
y x
to solve this type of equations we have to find first something called the
integrating factor denoted by  (Mu) and then multiply it by the given D.E.
which convert it to exact D.E. Thus our problem now is how to find  .
* How to find the integrating Factors (  ):
There are different methods to find  some of these methods are
1  P Q 
1- If     f ( x) ( a function of x only), then the integrating factor
Q  y x 

  e or   exp f ( x)dx.
f ( x ) dx

1  P Q 
2- If     f ( y) ( a function of y only), then the integrating factor
P  y x 

 e 
 f ( y ) dy

or   exp   f ( y)dy . 
Ex 1: Solve (2 x 2  y)dx  ( x 2 y  x)dy  0 .
Solution: This equation is not separable, nonhomog. and not transform
to separable form, therefore we have to check if it is exact or not. Note that
P Q
1 and  2 xy  1 . So it is not exact, therefore we have to find the
y x

integrating factor  by one of the ways above, as follows


P Q
  1  2 xy  1  2  2 xy . Now we can divide this value on Q or P to get
y x

either a function with respect to x or with respect to y , respectively.


1  P Q 
    2
1
2  2 xy  2(1  xy)   2 . Note that we have a function
Q  y x  ( x y  x) x( xy  1) x
of x only, thus we can apply method (1) above. Therefore,
2 1

  e  x dx
dx 2 2
x
e  e 2 ln x  e ln x
Thus to continue the solution we  x 2 .
multiply this  by the given D.E. which must become exact, as follows
(2  yx 2 )dx  ( y  x 1 )dy  0 , in this case

M
 x 2 and N  x 2 . So it becomes exact, therefore let
y x

 2  yx dx  g ( y)  2 x  x  g ( y) Now find


2 y
F ( x, y ) 

F  1 1 1
  g ( y )  N ( x, y )  y   g ( y )  y  g ( y )  y 2
y x x 2

Thus the g.s. is 2 x  y  1 y 2  c  4 x 2  2 y  xy 2  2cx  cx .


x 2

Ex 2: Solve 3x 2 y 4  2 xydx  2 x 3 y 3  x 2 dy  0 .


P Q
Solution: Note that  12x 2 y 3  2 x and  6 x 2 y 3  2 x . So it is not
y x

P Q
exact, therefore, we find first   12x 2 y 3  2 x  6 x 2 y 3  2 x  6 x 2 y 3  4 x ,
y x

1  P Q  2(3x 2 y 3  2 x) 2
now,    
1
P  y x  (3x 2 y 4  2 xy)
6 x 2 3
y  4 x    ,(  a function
y (3x 2 y 3  2 x) y

of y only). Therefore, the integrating factor is


2 1
  y dy 2  y dy
 e e  y 2 . Multiply it by the given D.E. we have
3x 2
 
y 2  2 xy 1 dx  2 x 3 y  x 2 y 2 dy  0 
M N
 6 x 2 y  2 xy  2 and  6 x 2 y  2 xy  2 . So it is exact, and continue the
y y
solution the same procedures we have done before.
Ex3: Solve the I.V.P. xy  y 2 dx  x  2 y  1dy  0, y(0)  1
P Q
Solution:  x  2y and  1 . So it is not exact, therefore, we find
y x
P Q
  x  2 y  1 , now,
y x
1  P Q 
   
1
x  2 y  1  1  f ( x) , ( a function of x only).
Q  y x  ( x  2 y  1)
Therefore, the integrating factor is

  e
dx
 e x . Continue the solution.

Exercises: Solve the following D.E’s


1- cosh y sin x  1dx  sinh y cos xdy  0 . 2- 2 sin( y 2 )dx  xy cos(y 2 )dy  0 .

3- dy   2 y  
2y
 3 dx  0 . 4- ( x  2) sin ydx  x cos ydy  0
 x 

Prof. Jafar Al-Omari

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