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UPDATES AND ADDITIONS
Global Changes
• WHOLE PICTURE overview replaces chapter vignettes. • We have consistently avoided the names of specific individuals
• Career Corner describes a specific career opportunity for in boxes and clinical application pieces. We feel that the interest
each chapter. gained by including names is outweighed by the need to instill
• Updated small boxes. in our students the importance of patient confidentiality.
• New art program throughout.
SELECTED SPECIFIC CHANGES AT-A-GLANCE

Chapter Topic Change Rationale
1 Fluid compartments Introduced in more detail in text and with new figure 1.5 Clarity, detail
1 Organ systems Reorganized and rewritten, old figure 1.5 relocated Clarity, detail
1 Body regions Terminology updated, new photos accompany figure 1.24 Clarity, consistency with usage
2 Atoms and elements Text rewritten Clarity
2 Polar bonds Text rewritten Clarity
2 Acidosis and alkalosis Rewritten introduction of terms Clarity
2 Protein structure Figure 2.19 redesigned Clarity
3 Membrane proteins Integral, transmembrane, and peripheral proteins better Clarity, detail
described in text and in figure 3.7
3 Organelles Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and polysome Clarity, accuracy

sections rewritten
3 Organelles Phospholipid bilayer membrane structure emphasized Accuracy, detail

where appropriate
3 Overview of secretion processes Figure 3.11 redrawn Accuracy, clarity
3 Nonmotile cilia Description expanded and added to text Update
3 Osmosis Section rewritten Clarity, accuracy
4 Catalysts Enzymes described as organic catalysts Clarity, accuracy, detail
4 Metabolic cycle New figure 4.9 shows how a metabolic pathway can Clarity
form a cycle, prior to introducing the citric acid cycle
4 Protein synthesis Series of figures redone Clarity
5 Thin sections New figure 5.2 to help students understand orientation Clarity
of micrographs
5 Connective tissue Table 5.6 reorganized to clarify cellular versus matrix Clarity
components
5 Adipose tissue New discussion of brown fat New information
6 Squamous cell carcinoma Figure added to Clinical Application 6.1 Expanded discussion
6 Nails Figure 6.6 expanded to include a longitudinal section Clarity

and a dorsal view
6 Hair follicles Hair bulge included in discussion and in art Update
6 Sweat glands Merocrine (eccrine) terminology explained Clarity
—Continued
vii
SELEcTEd SPEciFic cHangES aT-a-gLancE —Continued

chapter Topic change Rationale
6 apocrine sweat glands expanded discussion new information
7 types of bones figure 7.1 color coded to help students identify Clarity
bone locations
7 intramembranous bones expanded discussion, table 7.1 steps rewritten, and Clarity
new figure 7.8
7 vertebral column figure 7.37 color coded to help students identify Clarity
bone locations
7 sulcus term added to table 7.4 Clarity
8 Joint movements nonaxial, uniaxial, and multiaxial added to discussion terminology update
and to table 8.1
8 Joint movements lateral flexion added terminology update
9 organization of muscle new table 9.1 replaces part of figure 9.2 Clarity
9 muscle locations Descriptions do not use the term ”extend” because Clarity
of potential confusion with muscle action
9 thick and thin muscle filaments figure 9.4 redone accuracy, clarity
9 stimulus for contraction reorganized and rewritten to include sodium and Clarity
potassium ion gradients and the concept of an
action potential
9 myoglobin Description rewritten Clarity, accuracy
9 lactic acid relationship to lactate clarified and role in muscle accuracy, update
fatigue rewritten
9 interaction of skeletal muscles rewritten section on agonist, antagonist, prime mover, Clarity, clinical relevance
and synergist
9 agonist versus prime mover rewritten Clarity
9 major skeletal muscles new section on popular versus anatomical terminology Clarity
9 muscle actions terms for movements from chapter 8 are used Clarity, consistency
throughout (e.g., elevates instead of raises)
9 scalene muscles added to list of muscles and actions, with reference Detail
to role in breathing
9 ligamentum nuchae added to text and table 9.3 Detail
9 movements at shoulder and hip shoulder and hip flexion and extension are clarified in Clarity
their respective sections
9 Pelvic floor Central tendon now included in text, table 9.12, and accuracy, consistency
figure 9.36
10 ganglia and nuclei introduced with classification of neurons Clarity
10 electrical synapses introduced in new boxed material Detail
10 action potential section rewritten with redesigned figures showing Detail, clarity
relationship to graded potentials and threshold
10 refractory period section rewritten Clarity
10 neurotransmitters rewritten section on excitatory and inhibitory effects Clarity, detail

of neurotransmitters
viii
11 Brain and spinal cord sections are reordered with brain first Clarity
11 Brain improved lateral brain figure 11.8a and related pieces Clarity
11 Csf reworked discussion Clarity
11 memory section rewritten Clarity
11 Brainstem figure 11.11 revised with new location icon Clarity
11 types of sleep rewritten Clarity
11 Cranial nerves section introduction rewritten Clarity
11 Cranial nerves new figure 11.25 with enlargement of olfactory nerve Clarity, accuracy
11 spinal nerves section on cauda equina rewritten accuracy
11 segmental innervation new figures 11.18 and 11.19 showing relationship Clinical relevance
among levels
11 autonomic nervous system new description of reciprocal innervation and Clarity

functional relationships
11 autonomic nervous system figure 11.40 redesigned Clarity, consistency
12 visual pathways new figure 12.40 Clarity
12 vibration transfer in middle ear figure 12.12 redesigned Clarity
12 light rewritten without reference to particles or waves Clarity, level
12 refraction figure 12.35 redesigned accuracy
13 Chemical structures of hormones figures color matched with figures from chapter 2 Clarity
(throughout chapter) (Chemistry)
13 mechanism of t3 and t4 Possible specific membrane transport mechanism update

added to discussion
13 Phosphorylation text discussion expanded Clarity, accuracy
13 insulin and glucagon section partially rewritten Clarity
13 Diabetes mellitus new Clinical application 13.4 Clarity, consistency
13 stress response section partially rewritten Clarity
14 normal range of values Blue box added Clinical significance
14 red blood cell formation nuclear extrusion clarified in text and in figure 14.4 accuracy
14 Platelets section rewritten Clarity, accuracy
14 Plasma section on plasma lipids expanded Clinical significance
14 Coagulation terminology includes “tissue factor pathway” and update

“contact activation pathway”
14 antigens and antibodies section rewritten Clarity
15 Pericardial membranes revised figure 15.3b Clarity
15 electrocardiogram updated figures for both normal and abnormal eCgs accuracy
15 sa node and depolarization pathway figure 15.18 redrawn accuracy
—Continued
ix

15 Clinical application 15.2 rewritten sections on aneurysm and on edema Clarity
15 aortic bodies sensing blood ph added as a function accuracy, clinical relevance
16 lymphatic vessels Cisterna chyli added to text accuracy
16 lymphatic capillaries figure 16.8 redesigned Clarity
16 Primary and secondary “anamnestic” and “antibody titer” added to accuracy

immune response discussion.
16 hypersensitivity responses new table 16.10 Clarity, clinical relevance
16 hiv/aiDs updated Clinical application 16.1 Clinical relevance
17 gut microbiome examples now appear throughout chapter Clinical significance
17 Pharynx figure 17.13 redesign shows relationship of Clarity, accuracy

pharyngeal muscles and lumen more clearly
17 swallowing figure 17.14 muscles are now shown in section Clarity

in context of mucous membranes to better
illustrate process
17 mesentery figure 17.31 redrawn with sectional plane Clarity

and enlargement
18 obesity updated Clinical application 18.1 Clinical relevance
18 vitamin D requirements updated table 18.6 Clinical relevance
18 Water-soluble vitamins table 18.8 rDa values updated Clinical relevance
18 major minerals table 18.9 rDa values updated Clinical relevance
18 trace elements table 18.10 rDa values updated Clinical relevance
18 Dietary supplements new material and table added to Clinical Clinical relevance
application 18.2
19 Pharynx section rewritten to include subdivisions Clarity, accuracy
19 air Pollution new section added to Clinical application 19.2 Clinical relevance
19 inspiration scalene muscles added Detail, accuracy
19 respiratory volumes and capacities figure 19.26 color-coded to highlight relationships Clarity
19 alveolar ventilation section expanded Clarity
19 factors affecting breathing section rewritten Clarity
19 Carbon monoxide Clinical application 19.3 rewritten update
19 gas transport section on carbon dioxide transport rewritten, including update, clarity
its importance in acid-base balance
20 vasa recta introduced earlier under renal blood vessels accuracy, clarity
20 Cortical versus juxtamedullary introduced earlier in text and in new figure 20.6 Clarity
nephrons
20 nephron structure new diagrammatic figure 20.10 Clarity
20 overview of urinary system new figure 20.12 Clarity

structures
x
20 glomerular filtration section reorganized Clarity
20 Basic renal processes redesigned summary figure 20.19 update
20 Potassium secretion section rewritten and figure 20.21 simplified Clarity, update
20 urine concentration Countercurrent exchanger added to expanded Clarity, accuracy

discussion of vasa recta
21 thirst new material in section on osmoreceptors regarding Clarity

osmolarity, osmolality, and their relationship to
osmotic pressure
22 sperm cell structure enzymes on membrane as well as in acrosome described accuracy

in text
22 follicle maturation section rewritten to describe process taking almost update

300 days
22 follicle maturation new figure 22.22 portrays events in ovary during accuracy, clarity
follicle maturation
22 female reproductive cycle section rewritten to describe role of various hormones update, clarity
on follicle development and ovulation, micrographs
added to figure 22.31
22 Breast cancer updated Clinical application 22.4 accuracy, update
22 Birth control section rewritten update
23 fertilization redrawn figure 23.3 and changes to text better Clarity

depict role of sperm enzymes
23 embryonic development section reordered for better flow Clarity
24 Prenatal testing text discussion rewritten update
24 genes and genomes section reworked Clarity
xi
DYNAMIC NEW ART PROGRAM
Every piece of art has been updated to make it more vibrant, three-dimensional,
and instructional. The authors examined− every figure to− ensure it was engaging and
accurate. The fourteenth edition’s
−
−
art program will−
help−with understanding the key
−
− − −
concepts of anatomy and physiology. − −
11p+ 17p+
−
12n0
− −
14th Edition
18n0
−
13th Edition
− −
− − − − − −
−
− −
− − − Cranial cavity
− −
Realistic, three-
− − − −Sodium− atom (Na) − Chlorine atom (Cl)
− Separate atoms
(a) −
dimensional figures
11p+
If a sodium atom loses an electron to a chlorine atom, the sodium Vertebral canal
17p+ a sodium
− − − atom becomes − ion (Na+), and the chlorine atom becomes
provide depth and
12n0
a chloride 18n 0 −
ion (Cl ).
orientation. − Thoracic cavity −
− −
− − − − −− − −
− −
−
Diaphragm
−
−− − − − −
− −
Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl)
11p + 17p +
(a) Separate atoms +1 − Abdominal
− − − −1
12n0 cavity 18n0
If a sodium atom loses an electron to a chlorine atom, the sodium
a chloride ion (Cl−).

+ th
atom becomes a sodium ion (Na ), and the chlorine atom
−
cavity 14 Edition
Abdominopelvic
becomes
− −
−
− − −
−
Pelvic cavity
− −
− − − −
− −
− − − −
(a)
− Sodium −ion (Na +) Chloride ion (Cl−)
− −
Sodium chloride
13th Edition
11p+ 17p+ −1
+1 − 12n0
− − (b) Bonded
18n0ions
−
These oppositely charged particles attract electrically and join by
− an ionic bond. −
− − − − − −
− −
− −
Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl−)

Na+ Cl−
Sodium chloride
(b) Bonded ions
These oppositely charged particles attract electrically and join by
Colors highlighting atomic
an ionic bond.
nuclei complement the(c)atom

Salt crystal
Ionically bonded substances form arrays such as a crystal of NaCl.
colors in molecular models.
Na+ Cl− 14th Edition
(c) Salt crystal

Ionically bonded substances form arrays such as a crystal of NaCl.
Primordial
follicle
13th Edition
(a)
Primordial Primary Pre-antral Mature Ovulation Corpus Corpus

follicle follicle follicle antral follicle luteum albicans
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 At puberty, in response to hormonal stimulation, primordial 4 The antral follicle will grow quite rapidly and mature in about
follicles (0.02 mm) begin maturing into primary follicles (0.1 mm). 15 days prior to ovulation (20 mm).
Process portrayed more accurately.

2 It takes two to three months for the primary follicles to reach
the pre-antral stage. It takes another 70 additional days for a
5 Following ovulation, the remants of the antral follicle become
the corpus luteum.
pre-antral follicle to reach a size of 0.2 mm.
6 If fertilization of the ovulated secondary oocyte does not occur,
3 In another 65 to 70 days the pre-antral follicle will have become the corpus luteum degenerates to become the corpus albicans.
xii an antral follicle.
(b)
14th Edition
Striations
Nuclei (near
periphery of cell)
13th Edition
Portion of a
skeletal muscle
fiber
(a)
Line art for micrographs is three-dimensional (b)
to help visualize more than just the flat
microscopic sample.
14th Edition
Sarcolemma 13th Edition
Sarcoplasm
Myofibrils Sarcoplasmic
reticulum Cisternae of
Nucleus sarcoplasmic reticulum Triad
Transverse tubule
Openings into
transverse
tubules Transverse
tubule
Mitochondria
Thick
filaments
Thin
filaments
Nucleus
This longitudinal section shows the

interior structures of a muscle fiber
revealing more detail of the myofibrils,
and thick and thin filaments.
14th Edition
Region of
action potential
13th Edition
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + – – – – – – – – –
+ + – – – – – – – – –
+ + + + + + + + +
Color follows the movement (a)
of the action potential. + + + + + + + + +

– – – + + – – – – – –
Direction of conduction
– – – + + – – – – – –
+ + + + + + + + +
(b)
+ + + + + + + + +
– – – – – – + + – – –
– – – – – – + + – – –
+ + + + + + + + +
(c)
xiii
9 AR
N •
P
SS • LE
LEARN, PRACTICE, ASSESS
RA
CTI
Muscular System
C
E
E
• ASS
Learn Learning OuTcOMeS

After you have studied this chapter, you should be able to:
learning tools to help the student succeed. . .
9.1 Structure of a Skeletal Muscle
Check out the Chapter Preview, Foundations for Success, 1 Describe the structure of a skeletal muscle. (pp. 292–293)
on page 1. The Chapter Preview was specifically designed 2 Name the major parts of a skeletal muscle fiber and
to help the student LEARN how to study. It provides describe the functions of each. (pp. 293–296)
helpful study tips. 9.2 Skeletal Muscle contraction
3 begins
lactic acid Describe tothe
Glycogen neural control
accumulate of skeletal
in muscles andmuscle
to appear in the
bloodstream contraction.
(lactic acid (p. 297)
threshold). In the body, lactic acid disso-
Learning Outcomes open chapters, and are closely linked to Chapter assessments
4 Identify the major events of skeletal muscle fiber
ciates rapidly into lactate ion (lactate) and hydrogen ion. Recent
and integrative assessments/Critical thinking questions found at the end of each(pp.chapter.
contraction. 298–299)
studies on5 the
Listeffect of both
the energy hydrogen
sources ion andmuscle
for skeletal lactatefiber
suggest that
learning outcomes are also tied to Connect content. the relationship between(pp.
contraction. lactic acid and muscle fatigue may not be
299–302)
9.2 | synthesize
Skeletal
Energy to Muscle
Glucose Contraction
Energy
from
as 6 Describe
clear-cut as once oxygen debt.
thought. Research (pp. in this area is Synaptic
302–303) ongoing.
Falsely colored scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a normal human vesicles
A muscle fiber
skeletal muscle contraction is a complex interaction of NEW!
several cel- The WHOLE The 7 Picture
Describe
strenuous gives
how a
exercise an
muscle
of introduction
may
aerobic become
training to
fatigued.
stimulates(p. 303)
new
ATPfiber reveals the characteristic banding ATP pattern of the 9.3 Muscular responses
thewithin
chapter. It answersto the
capillaries question:
extend into muscles,
Mitochondria “What is themore
supplying big oxygen and
9
lular and chemical
myofibrils (3,000×).constituents. The result is a movement
8 Distinguish between a twitch and a sustained contraction.
the myofibrils inPyruvic
whichacid
the filaments of actin and myosin picture nutrients
slide of how to the muscle
this chapter relatesfibers.toSuch
Human physical training also adds
Anatomy
(pp. 304–306)
past one another, shortening the sarcomeres. When this and happens, mitochondria,
Physiology”? 9 which
Explain how split and
various enlarge
types of to increase
muscular their abundance.
contractions produce
the muscle fiber shortens and pulls on its attachments. Both the adaptations of increased
body movements bloodmaintain
and help supply and more(p.
posture. mitochon-
306)
Muscular System
The WhOLe PicTure Lactic acid
Anatomy and driaPhysiology
boost
10 the
Occasionally
ability Revealed
Distinguish
Motor
ofbetween
(pp. 306–307)
a
muscle fibers
muscle
fast(APR)
fatigues and
slowicon
to produce
and ATP
twitch
cramps at
at aerobically.
muscle
the same
fibers.
time.
Learning OuTcOMeS
the beginning of each chapter neuron axon tells which system in
Acetylcholine Synaptic
Everything we do to express ourselves uses muscles. Consciously A cramp 9.4is Smooth
a sustained,Muscles
painful, involuntary
After you have studied this chapter, you should be able to:
muscle cleft
contraction.
Actin, myosin,
controlled troponin,
skeletal and tropomyosin
muscles are necessary are for
abundantAPRin applies
talking,
to this11chapter.
9.1 Structure of a Skeletal Muscle
smiling The cause Distinguish between Folded

is the
not structures and functions of
1 Describe the structure of a skeletal muscle. (pp. 292–293)
Glycolysis and Synthesis of glucose of muscle cramps fully understood.
2 Name the major parts of a skeletal muscle fiber and
One hypoth- Common carotid a.
muscle cells. Scarcer proteins are also vital to muscle function. and visceral sarcolemma
describe the functions of each. (pp. 293–296)
lacticraising
acid formation
a hand in from
classlactic acida question, and even multiunit smooth muscle smooth muscle.
Larynx Thyroid cartilage
or frowning, to ask Understanding

9.2 Skeletal Muscle contraction
Words
esis suggests helps
that cramps may result from changes in electrolyte
Motor
3 Describe the neural control of skeletal muscle Right subclavian a. Trachea
A rod-shaped muscle protein called

(in muscle) dystrophin, for example,
(in liver)
contraction. (p. 297)
(p. 307) Brachiocephalic a. Left subclavian a.
raising an eyebrow. end plate

4 Identify the major events of skeletal muscle fiber
concentration
the student remember in thethe
scientifi extracellular
ccontraction fluid surrounding theof and
muscle
Arch of aorta
contraction. (pp. 298–299)
accounts for only 0.002% of total muscle protein in skeletal Muscle fiber
12 Compare mechanisms Myofibril
of skeletal
Superior vena cava
5 List the energy sources for skeletal muscle fiber Pulmonary a.
contraction. (pp. 299–302) Pulmonary trunk
FiguRE Behind
9.13 the
Liverscenes,
cells canthe involuntary,
react lactic acid,non-consciously-controlled
generated by muscles fibers
nucleusand their motor neurons, triggering
6 Describe oxygen debt. (pp. 302–303)
smooth muscle fibers. (p. 308) uncontrolled

musclestimulation
fiber
Right atrium Pulmonary v.
muscle, but its absence causes the devastating inheritedword

dis- meanings. Examine
Falsely colored scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a normal human 7 Describe how a muscle may become fatigued. (p. 303) Left atrium
skeletal muscle fiber reveals the characteristic banding pattern of the
myofibrils (3,000×). 9.3 Muscular responses Right ventricle
smooth muscle and cardiac muscle areonly

active too. All muscles of the muscle.
Lung
anaerobically, to produce
order Duchenne glucose.
muscular dystrophy, which affects males.
8 Distinguish between a twitch and a sustained contraction.
Left ventricle
9.5 cardiac Muscle

(pp. 304–306)
require
Dystrophin
The WhOLe energy
h e PicTure bindsfrom food,
to the and
inside faceit isofsmooth muscle
muscle cell
root
that
membranes,
words,
moves that stems,13 prefixes,
9 Explain how various types of muscular contractions produce
body movements and help maintain posture. (p. 306)
Lobes of liver
(lifted upward)
Diaphragm (cut)
Spleen
Compare the contraction mechanisms of skeletal and

10 Distinguish between fast and slow twitch muscle fibers. Gallbladder
suffi ces, pronunciations, and

(pp. 306–307) Cystic duct Stomach
food through the digestive tract. Cardiac muscle continuously

Everything we do to express ourselves uses muscles. Consciously 9.4 Smooth Muscles
supporting them against the powerful force of contraction.
controlled skeletal muscles are necessary for talking, smiling
Heat Production
cardiac muscle fibers. (pp. 308–309)
11 Distinguish between the structures and functions of Duodenum
or frowning, raising a hand in class to ask a question, and even multiunit smooth muscle and visceral smooth muscle.
build
can a solid anatomy and
(p. 307)
pumps
Withoutblood so that
dystrophin, all cells,
muscle cellsincluding
lose theirmuscle
normal cells,
structure access
Transverse colon
raising an eyebrow.
9.6 Skeletal Muscle actions

12 Compare the contraction mechanisms of skeletal and Ascending colon
Behind the scenes, the involuntary, non-consciously-controlled Jejunum (cut)
liverthe
cells require tonutrients.
convertinthe accumulated lacticofacid to glucose,
that as
smooth muscle fibers. (p. 308)
smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are active too. All muscles
All active cells generate heat, which is a by-product of cellular res-
Mesentery (cut)
physiology vocabulary.
Descending colon
9.5 cardiac Muscle
and die. Abnormalities
absorbed several other types
require energy from food, and it is smooth muscle that moves that
food through the digestive tract. Cardiac muscle continuously
proteins 14 Explain how the attachments, locations, and interactions
13 Compare the contraction mechanisms of skeletal and
Common iliac a.
lleum (cut) Ureter
well bind
as the
toamount thatcause
the muscle cells require to diseases.
resynthesize suffi-
cardiac muscle fibers. (pp. 308–309)
it is moving your piration. Muscle tissuemuscles

constitutes
makesuch a large proportion of total
Cecum
pumps blood so that all cells, including muscle cells, can access
All dystrophin
of the force
the absorbed nutrients.
thatother inherited
muscles provide,muscle
whether
9.6 Skeletal Muscle actions
of skeletal possible certain
14 Explain how the attachments, locations, and interactions movements. Appendix
Sigmoid colon
cienteyes
ATPinand creatine phosphate to restore their original concentra-
Rectum
All of the force that muscles provide, whether it is moving your of skeletal muscles make possible certain movements.
eyes in their sockets as you read this page or climbing up a flight of
their sockets as you read this page or climbing up a flight of
stairs, comes from one set of muscle proteins pulling on another body mass that
(pp.
(pp. 311–312)
it is a major
311–312)
9.7 Major Skeletal Muscles source of heat. Ovary
Uterine tube
Uterus
Tensor fasciae latae m.
tions. The degree of oxygen debt also reflects the oxygen required to
Round ligament of uterus
set of muscle proteins. Individually these proteins do not generate 15 Identify and locate the skeletal muscles of each body region
Less
9.7than halfSkeletal
of the energy released in cellular respiration
Femoral a.
Major Muscles
and describe the action(s) of each muscle. (pp. 312–340)
stairs, comes from one set of muscle proteins pulling on another

much force, but collectively they are strong—as strong as you! Femoral v. Urinary bladder
9.8 Life-Span changes
Reference 15Plates offer

Adductor longus m.
restore blood and tissue oxygen levels to preexercise levels. (a)

16 Describe aging-related changes in the muscular system. Great saphenous v.
set of muscle proteins. Individually these proteins do not generate is transferred

(p. 340)
to ATP;
Identify andthe restthe
locate becomes heat. Blood
skeletal muscles
17 Discuss how exercise can help maintain a healthy transports
of each the
body region Gracilis m.
Rectus femoris m.
Vastus lateralis m.
The metabolic capacity ofthey a muscle may change with ath- vibrant
muscular system as the body ages. (p. 340)
heatdetail of
and
from muscle body
describe the action(s)
contraction of eachthe
throughout muscle.
body,(pp. 312–340)
which helps
Vastus medialis m. Sartorius m.
Neuromuscular Junction
N •
much force, but collectively are strong—as strong as you!

AR P
SS • LE
Module 6: Muscular System

RA
letic training. With high-intensity exercise, which depends more structures. to maintain body temperature.
changesHomeostatic mechanisms promote
plate five human female torso with the lungs, heart, and small intestine sectioned and the liver reflected (lifted back). (a. stands for artery,
CTIC
9.8 Life-Span
m. stands for muscle, and v. stands for vein.)
E
E
291
• ASS
onRecall from chapter

glycolysis for ATP, 5 (p. 170) that
a muscle neurons
will establish
synthesize morecommunica-
glycolytic heat loss16when the temperature
Describe of changes
aging-related the internal environment
in the begins
muscular system. 42 |
tion networks throughout

capacity the for body basedwill
on their specialized struc-
reference plates the human organism
enzymes, and its glycolysis increase. With aerobic to rise

Motor (seeaxon
neuron (p. 340) 1 and 6, p. 16 and 189, respectively).
chapters
tures andthe
exercise, functions.
muscles’ Each neuronfor
capacity hasthe
a process
aerobiccalled an axon,
reactions which
of cellular 17 Discuss how exercise can help maintain a healthy
Practice
extends from
respiration the cell body and can conduct electrical impulses called
increases. Muscle fiber muscular system as the body ages. (p. 340)
action potentials (described in chapter 10, pp. 375–377). PRACTiCE
Each cell
Module that a neuron
6: Muscular System controls is connected functionally (but 9 What are the sources of energy used to regenerate ATP?
not physically) to the end of an axon, in much the same way that Neuromuscular junction
Practice
you
with a question or series of questions 10 What are the sources of oxygen required for the aerobic reactions
Thecan talk into
runners areaoncellthe
phone although
starting your mouth
line, their muscles is primed
not in direct
for of cellular respiration?
after physical
major sections.
a sprint.contact
The starting
They
with it.horn
The site will
of this
sounds.
test understanding
functional
Energy comes connection
first fromis 11 How do lactic acid and oxygen debt relate to muscle fatigue? 291
of the material.
called a synapse.
residual ATP, butNeurons communicate
almost instantly, withphosphate
creatine the cells that they
begins 12 What is the relationship between cellular respiration and heat
control
donatingby releasing
high-energy chemicals, calledtoneurotransmitters
phosphates ADP, regenerating(nu″ro- ATP. production?
interesting
trans-mit-erz),
Meanwhile, applications
at a synapse.
oxidation of glucose help practice
The neurotransmitter
potentially and
molecules
produces then
more
diffuse a very short distance to the cell being controlled, where (b)
apply theyknowledge.
have a specific .
effect. .
ATP, but because the runner cannot take in enough oxygen to
meet the high demand, most ATP is generated in glycolysis.
Neurons that control effectors, including skeletal muscle
Lactic acid forms and as the runner crosses the finish line, her 9.3 9.8
FiguRE | Muscular Responses
Neuromuscular junction. (a) A neuromuscular
fibers, are called motor neurons. Normally a skeletal muscle fiber junction includes the end of a motor neuron and the motor end plate of
liver is actively converting lactic acid back to pyruvic acid. In her One way fiber.to(b)
observe muscle contraction isjunction
to remove a single mus-
Figure Questions
contracts only uponallow an additional
stimulation assessment.
by its motor neuron. a muscle Micrograph of a neuromuscular (500×).
muscles, creatine phosphate levels begin to return to normal. cle fiber from a skeletal muscle of a small animal, such as a frog,
Found onThe key figures
synapse where throughout
a motor neuronthe axonchapter.
and a skeletal mus- QandHow does neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft
cle fiber meet is called a neuromuscular junction (myoneural connect it to a device that senses and records changes in the
reach the muscle fiber membrane?
junction). Here, the muscle fiber membrane is specialized to form fiber’s length. An electrical
Answers can be found in Appendix G.
stimulator is usually used to promote
xiv a motor end plate, where nuclei and mitochondria are abundant muscle contraction.
Muscle Fatigue
and the sarcolemma is extensively folded (fig. 9.8).
lies within a layer of connective tissue in the form of a thin cov- rounded ends that attach to the connective tissues associated with
9. Thin (actin) filaments are pulled toward the center of the
sarcomere by pulling of the cross-bridges, increasing theering called endomysium (fig. 9.2, fig. 9.3 and table 9.1). Layers a muscle. Just beneath the muscle cell membrane (sarcolemma),
overlap of the thin and thick filaments. of connective tissue, therefore, enclose and separate all parts of a the cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) of the fiber contains many small, oval
10. The muscle fiber shortens as contraction occurs. skeletal muscle. This organization allows the parts to move some- nuclei and mitochondria. The sarcoplasm also has abundant long,
what independently. Many blood vessels and nerves pass through parallel structures called myofibrils (mi″o-fi′-brilz) (fig. 9.4a).
these layers. The myofibrils play a fundamental role in the muscle contrac-
tion mechanism. They consist of two types of protein filaments:
thick filaments composed of the protein myosin (mi′o-sin), and
thin filaments composed primarily of the protein actin (ak′tin).
A compartmentThe initial
is the source
space that of energyaavailable
contains particulartogroup
regenerate ATP from
ADP and phosphate is creatine phosphate. Like ATP, creatine (Two
phos- other thin filament proteins, troponin and tropomyosin, will
A few hours after death, the skeletal muscles partially contract, of muscles, blood vessels, and nerves, all tightly enclosed by
fixing the joints. This condition, called rigor mortis, may con- fascia. Thephate
limbsincludes
have many a high-energy phosphate Ifbond.
such compartments. Whenever sufficient
an injury
tinue for seventy-two hours or more. It results from an increase ATP
causes fluid, is present,
such as bloodanfrom enzyme in the mitochondria
an internal hemorrhage, (creatine
to phospho-
in membrane permeability to calcium ions, which promotes accumulatekinase) promotes the
in a compartment, thesynthesis
pressureof creatine
inside phosphate,
will rise. The which stores
cross-bridge formation, and a decrease in availability of ATP excess energy
increased pressure, in its
in turn, mayphosphate with(fig.
interferebond blood 9.11).
flow into CAREER CORNER
in the muscle fibers, which prevents myosin release from actin. Creatine
the region, reducing thephosphate is four to
supply of oxygen andsixnutrients
times more abundant in muscle
to the Career Corners,
Massage Therapist
Thus, the actin and myosin filaments of the muscle fibers remain fibers This
affected tissues. than condition,
ATP, but itcalled
cannotcompartment
directly supply energy to a cell’s energy-
syndrome,
linked until the proteins begin to decompose. often produces severe,
utilizing unrelenting
reactions. Instead,pain. Persistently
as ATP elevatedto ADP, the phos-
is decomposed new to this edition,
The middle-aged woman feels something give way in her
compartmental
muscles and
phatepressure
nerves.
may irreversibly
from creatine
Treatment
phosphatedamage
for
molecules
compartment
theisenclosed
transferred to these ADP
syndrome
molecules, quickly converting them back into ATP. The amountShe
introduce interesting
left knee as she comes down from a jump in her dance class.
of limps away between her much younger classmates, in
may require an immediate surgical incision through the fascia
ATP and creatine phosphate in a skeletal muscle, however, is usually career opportunities.
Boxed information applies ideas (fasciotomy) to relieve the pressure and restore circulation.
great pain.
not sufficient to support maximal muscle activity for more than about The frequent jumping followed by lateral movements
and facts in the narrative to clinical
PRACTiCE ten seconds during an intense contraction. As a result, the muscle fibers caused patella tendinitis, or “jumper’s knee.” The woman
in an active muscle soon use cellular respiration of glucose to synthe- injured in dance class went home and used “RICE”
situations.
5 Describe a neuromuscular junction.
The fasciasize ATP. Typically,
associated a muscle
with each stores glucose
individual organ ofinthe themus-
form of glycogen.treatment—rest, ice, compression, and elevation—and
6 Explain how a motor neuron action potential can trigger a
skeletal muscle fiber contraction. cular system is part of a complex network of fasciae that extends three days later, at her weekly appointment with a massage
therapist for stress relief, mentioned the injury.
throughout the body. The portion of the network that surrounds the
7 List four proteins associated with myofibrils, and explain their
Over the next few weeks, the massage therapist
structural and functional relationships. muscles is called deep fascia. It is continuous with the subcutaneous
helped by applying light pressure to the injured area, which
fascia
8 Explain how the filaments of a myofibril interact during muscle that lies just
When beneath
cellular the
ATP skin,
is forming
high the
Whensubcutaneous
cellular ATP is low stimulated circulation, and applied friction in a transverse
Clinical Applications present
contraction. layer described in chapter 6 (p. 178). The network is also con-
tinuous with theCreatine
subserousPfascia that forms ADP the connective
Creatine tissue
Genetics Connections explore the molecular
pattern to break up scar tissue and relax the muscles. She
ADP also massaged the quadriceps to improve flexibility.
P
disorders, physiological responses layer of the serous membranes covering P organs in various body P underpinnings of familiar as well as not so familiar
A massage therapist manipulates soft tissues, using
cavities and lining those cavities (see chapter
Creatine ATP 5, p. 168). Creatine ATP
to environmental
Energy Sources for Contractionfactors, and other illnesses. Read about such topics as ion channel
combinations of pressing, stroking, kneading, compressing,
and vibrating, to relieve pain and reduce stress. Many
topics of general interest.
The energy that powers the interaction between actin and myosin
Skeletal Muscle Fibers
disorders, muscular dystrophy, and cystic fibrosis.
cultures have practiced massage therapy, dating back
filaments as muscle fibers contract comes from ATP molecules. 5,000 years. Modern massage therapists complete
However, a muscle fiber has only enough ATP to contract Recall briefly,from chapter
FiguRE 9.11
5 (p. 170)Creatine
that a skeletal
phosphate muscle
may be fiber
usedistoa replenish
sin- ATP programs that include 300 to 1,000 hours of class time,
and must Cregenerate
LINICAL A ATP.
P P L I C AT I O N 9.1 gle muscle cellstores
(seewhen ATP levels
fig. 5.29, in a muscle
p. 170). cell are
Each fiber low. from
forms F Rmany
OM SCIENCE T hands-on
O TECHN practice,
O L O G Y and
5.2 continuing education. A massage
Myasthenia Gravis undifferentiated cells that fuse during development. TheTissue result- Engineering: therapist
Building a may work in Bladder
Replacement a pediatrics or orthopedics practice,
ing multinucleated muscle fiber is a thin, elongated
In an autoimmune disorder, the immune system attacks part of the
CHAPTER 9cylinder| Muscular with
muscles surrounding their eyes. the disease reaches crisis level
System a spa, a hospital, or a fitness center.
301
if an appliance part is damaged or fails, replacing it is simple. not like, with layers of smooth muscle, connective tissue, and a lining
body. In myasthenia gravis (mG), the part attacked is the muscular when respiratory muscles are affected, requiring a ventilator to so for the human body. Donor organs and tissues for transplant called urothelium.
system. the name means “grave muscular weakness.” the body support breathing. mG does not affect sensation or reflexes.
produces antibodies that target receptors for the neurotransmitter most people with mG live a normal life span, with symptoms
are in short supply, so in the future spare parts may come from
tissue engineering. in this technology, a patient’s cells, extracellu- have birthCHAPTER
defects in which |
researchers pioneered replacement bladders in children who
9 theMuscular
malfunctioning System 293
bladder can harm
acetylcholine on skeletal muscle cells at neuromuscular junctions. that are controlled with a combination of treatments that include lar matrix, and other biochemicals are grown with a synthetic scaf- the kidneys. each patient donated a postage-stamp-size sample
people with mG have one-third the normal number of acetylcho- the following: fold to form an implant. the cells come from the patient, so the of bladder tissue that consisted of about a million cells, from which
line receptors on their skeletal muscle cells. on a whole-body • Drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that immune system does not reject them. tissue engineering has pro- the researchers separated two types of progenitor cells—for
level, this causes weak and easily fatigued muscles. normally breaks down acetylcholine, thus increasing levels vided skin, cartilage, bone, and blood vessels. Combining engi- smooth muscle and urothelium—and let them divide in culture in a
mG affects hundreds of thousands of people worldwide, of the neurotransmitter. neered tissues
b. They include the flexor carpi
into structures radialis,
that can replaceflexor
organs is where the specific “cocktail”
11. Muscles thatof growth
move factors. Within seven weeks the mil-
the leg
mostly women beginning in their twenties or thirties, and men in • Immunosuppressant drugs such as corticosteroids, carpi
creativity ulnaris,
comes palmaristhe
in. Consider longus, flexor digitorum
replacement bladder. lion cells
a. had divided
These musclesto connect
yield 1.5thebillion cells,
tibia or which
fibula to thewere
femurseeded
their sixties and seventies. the specific symptoms depend upon cyclosporine, and rituximab, that decrease production profundus,
each flexor
year in the digitorum
United superficialis,
states, about 10,000 extensor
people need onto domes or pelvic
madegirdle.
of a synthetic material. the confluent layers
the site of attack. For 85% of patients, the disease causes gen- of antibodies. carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis
their urinary bladders repaired or replaced. typically brevis,
a urologic of cellsb.that
They the biceps
includewere
formed attached femoris,
to thesemitendinosus,
lower portions of the
eralized muscle weakness. many people develop a characteristic • Intravenous antibodies that bind and inactivate the surgeonextensor carpi
replaces partulnaris, and extensor
of the bladder with digitorum.
part of the large intes- semimembranosus,
patients’ bladders, sartorius,
after removing rectus portions.
the upper femoris, vastus
the scaf-
flat smile and nasal voice and have difficulty chewing and swal- antibodies causing the damage. c. An extensor retinaculum forms sheaths for tendons of lateralis, over
vastus medialis, vastus
andnew intermedius.
tine. However, the function of the intestine is to absorb, and the folds degenerated time, leaving bladders built from the
lowing due to affected facial and neck muscles. Limb weakness is • Plasma exchange that rapidly removes the damaging the extensor muscles. 12. Muscles that move the tissue-engineered
foot
function of the bladder is to hold waste. tissue engineering is pro- patients’ own cells. today bladders are also
common. about 15% of patients experience the illness only in the antibodies from the bloodstream, helping people in crisis. 8. Muscles of the abdominal wall a. These muscles attach the femur, tibia, and fibula to
viding a better replacement bladder. the natural organ is balloon- used in adults whose bladders have been removed to treat cancer.
a. These muscles connect the rib cage and vertebral various bones of the foot.
column to the pelvic girdle. b. They include the tibialis anterior, fibularis tertius,
b. They include the external oblique, internal oblique, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus,
transversus abdominis, and rectus abdominis. gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, flexor digitorum
9. Muscles of the pelvic floor longus, tibialis posterior, and fibularis longus.
insidepasses
the cell. Alsothe remember that an of ionthewillfoot.
diffuse across a is conducted along the axon of a neuron, an impulse now spreads
cell membrane
along
divides into only
plantar surface
fourifparts
two conditions
that attach to arethe
met: there
distal
There the tendon
is a concen-
phalanges
9.8 | Life-Span Changes
of the four throughout the muscle cell. This electrical impulse is what trig-
a. These muscles form the floor of the pelvic cavity and
fill the space of the pubic arch.
c. Retinacula form sheaths for tendons passing to the foot.
assess
trationlateral
gradient
toes.and
This themuscle
membraneassistsisinpermeable to that
plantar flexion ofion. The flex- gers the
the foot, Signsrelease of calcium
of aging ions fromsystem
in the muscular the sarcoplasmic reticulum,
begin to appear in one’s for- b. They include the levator ani, coccygeus, 9.8 Life-Span Changes (page 340)
sodium/potassium
ion of the fourpump lateralmaintains the concentration
toes, and inversion of the footgradients
(see fig. 9.43). leading to although
ties, muscle contraction.
a person can Clinical
still beApplication
active. At a 9.1 discusses level,
microscopic superficial transversus perinei, bulbospongiosus,
Neuron 1. Beginning in one’s forties, supplies of ATP, myoglobin,
for these two ions, but membrane permeability is normally very myasthenia
supplies gravis,
of theinmolecules
which thethat immune
enablesystem
musclesattacks certain
to function—myo- ischiocavernosus, and sphincter urethrae.
10. Muscles that move the thigh and creatine phosphate begin to decline.
low, so in the non-stimulated state the extent of diffusion of these
Invertor neuromuscular
globin, ATP, junctions.
and creatine phosphate—decline. Gradually, the mus-
a. These muscles are attached to the femur and to some Nucleus 2. By age eighty, muscle mass may be halved. Reflexes
ions across the membrane is very low. cles become smaller, drier, and capable of less forceful contraction.
The tibialis posterior (tib″e-a′lis pos-tēr′e-or) is the deepest of the part of the pelvic girdle. slow. Adipose cells and connective tissue replace some
muscles on the back of the leg. It connects the fibula and tibia to Excitation-Contraction Coupling
When a motor neuron stimulates a muscle cell, the situation Connective tissue and adipose cells begin to replace some muscle muscle tissue.
b. They include the psoas major, iliacus, gluteus
changes. Membrane permeability to both sodium and potassium tissue. By age eighty, nearly halfofthe muscle fiber
mass and
has contrac-
atrophied, due maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, 3. Exercise is beneficial in maintaining muscle function.
the ankle bones by means of a tendon that curves under the medial The connection between stimulation a muscle
ions increases temporarily in a pattern that results in positively to a decline in motor neuron activity. Diminishing muscular strength
tools to help make the connection and master anatomy & physiology!
piriformis, tensor fasciae latae, pectineus,
malleolus. This muscle assists in inversion and plantar flexion of tion is called excitation-contraction coupling, and it involves an Nuclei of
charged ions (sodium) entering the muscle cell faster than other slows reflexes. ions in the cytosol. At rest, the sarcoplasmic adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor neuroglia
the foot (see fig. 9.43). Extensor hallucis longus also inverts the increase in calcium magnus, and gracilis.
positively charged ions (potassium) leave. This net movement of
foot, because it pulls up on the reticulum Exercise
has a highcan help maintain
concentration a healthy
of calcium ions muscular
compared to system Neuroglial cell
positive charges into the muscle cellmedial portionend
at the motor (seeplate
fig. 9.41).
opens throughout
the cytosol. This life, countering
is due to activethe less effective
transport oxygen
of calcium delivery
ions (cal- that Cellular
nearby sodium channels on the sarcolemma.
Chapter Assessments check understanding
results from the decreasedofmuscle mass that accompanies aging.
evertor
The result of this second set of channels opening is an
cium pump) in the membrane the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In processes
Exercise can even lead the to formationof of the
newcisternae
muscle by stimulating
Theanfibularis
impulse, (peroneus)
action potential. longus
In much the(fib″u-la′ris
same way that long′gus) is a long, response
an impulse
to stimulation,
skeletal muscle cellsions,
membranes
to release interleukin-6 (IL-6),
become
a type of pro-
more permeable to these and the calcium ions diffuse out of
of the chapter’s learning outcomes.
straplike muscle located on the lateral side of the leg. It connects the
tibia and the fibula to the foot by means of a stout tendon that passes the cisternae
inflammatory
into themolecule
cytosol of called a cytokine.
the muscle fiber The
(see IL-6 stimulates sat-
fig. 9.7).
ellite cells, which function as muscle stem cells. They divide and
ChapTer
(a)
aSSeSSmeNTS (b)
behind the lateral malleolus. It everts the foot, assists in plantar flex- migrate, becoming incorporated into the muscle fiber. Exercise 9.1 FIGURE
Structure5.32 a neuron has cellular processes that extend into its
of a Skeletal muscle 9.3surroundings
muscular (350×).
responses
R Emaintains
C O N Nthe E Cflexibility
T note that only the nuclei of the neuroglial cells are stained.
Whenion,the
andbacterium
helps support the archbotulinum
Clostridium of the footgrows
(see figs.
in an9.42 and 9.44).
anaer- also of blood vessels, which helps to keep 1 describe the difference between a tendon and an 13 define threshold stimulus. (p. 304)
Integrative Assessments/Critical Thinking

obic (oxygen-poor)
Fascia in variousenvironment,
regions of suchtheasankle
in a can of unrefrig-
thicken to form retinac- To Chapter
blood pressure3, at
active transport,
healthy levels.page 103.
A physician should be consulted aponeurosis. (p. 292) 14 distinguish between a twitch and a sustained contraction.
erated 2 describe how connective tissue is part of the structure of a (p. 304)
ula, food, it produces
as in the a toxin. If afor
wrist. Anteriorly, person ingests
example, the toxin,
extensor retinacula before starting any exercise program.
theconnect
release the
of acetylcholine fromasaxon When a muscle fiber is at rest, the troponin-tropomyosin com- skeletal muscle. (p. 293) 15 define motor unit and explain how the number of fibers in a
wellterminals at neuromus-
questions connect and apply information from

tibia and fibula as the calcaneus and fascia of According to the National Institute on Aging, exercise should 3 distinguish among deep fascia, subcutaneous fascia, and unit affects muscular contractions. (p. 305)
cular junctions is prevented. symptoms of such food poisoning plexes block the binding sites on the actin molecules and thus pre- TABLE 5.8 Muscle and Nervous Tissues
the sole. These retinacula form sheaths for tendons crossing the include strength training and aerobics. Strength training consists subserous fascia. (p. 293) 16 Which of the following describes addition of muscle fibers to
include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; headache, dizziness, vent the formation of linkages with myosin heads (fig. 9.9 1 ). As
front of the ankle (see figs. 9.41 and 9.42). of weight lifting or using a machine that works specific muscles 4 Identify the major parts of a skeletal muscle fiber and take part in a contraction? (p. 305)
previous chapters as well as information within

and blurred or double vision; and finally, weakness, hoarseness,
Posteriorly, on the inside, a flexor retinaculum runs between
and difficulty swallowing and, eventually, inability to breathe.
the medial malleolus and the calcaneus and forms sheaths for ten-
physicians can administer an antitoxin substance that binds to
the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol rises, however, the
against a resistance, performed so that the same muscle is not
calcium ions bind to the troponin, changing its shape (conforma-
exercised on consecutive days. Strength training increases muscle
tion) and altering the position of the tropomyosin. The movement
Type the functions ofDescription
describe
skeletal muscle
9.2 Skeletal muscletissue
each. (pp. 293–296)
Long, threadlike cells, striated, many
Contraction
Function a. summation
b. recruitment
voluntary movements of skeletal parts
Location
Muscles usually attached to bones
the current chapter.

nuclei c. tetany
dons passing beneath the foot (see fig. 9.43). Fibular retinacula mass, and the resulting stronger muscles can alleviate pressure 5 a neurotransmitter ________________. (p. 297)
and inactivates botulinum toxin in the bloodstream, stemming of the tropomyosin molecules exposes the binding sites on the d. twitch
connect the lateral malleolus and the calcaneus, providing sheaths on the joints, which may lessen arthritis pain. Aerobic exercise a.smooth
bindsmuscle
actin filaments,
tissue causingcells,
shorter them to slide
single, central nucleus involuntary
17 movements
explain howofainternal
skeletalorgans Walls
beof hollow internal organs
further symptoms, although not correcting damage already actin filaments, allowing linkages to form between myosin heads b. diffuses across a synaptic cleft from a neuron to a
muscle can stimulated to produce
for tendons
done. on the lateral
small amounts side of the
of botulinum ankle
toxin are(see
usedfig.to9.42).
treat
improves oxygen use by muscles and increases endurance. a sustained contraction. (p. 306)Heart muscle
and actin, forming cross-bridges (fig. 9.9 2 ). Cardiac muscle tissue
muscle cell Branched cells, striated, single nucleus Heart movements
migraine headaches and to temporarily paralyze selected facial 18 distinguish between a complete tetanic contraction and
Chapter Summary Outlines help

c.nervous
transports
tissue atp acrossCellthewith
synaptic cleft extensions
review the
cytoplasmic sensory reception
muscleand conduction of Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral
PraCTICe PraCTICe
muscles, smoothing wrinkles (Botox).
RECONNECT d. breaks down acetylcholine at the synapse electrical impulses
tone. (pp. 304–306)
nerves
19 distinguish between concentric and eccentric contractions,
30 Which muscles provide facial expression? ability to chew? head 33 What changes
To Chapter are associated
2, proteins, with an aging muscular system?
pages 72–75. 6 describe the neuromuscular junction. (p. 297)
and explain how each is used in body movements. (p. 306)
chapter’s main ideas.

movements? 7 describe the neural control of skeletal muscle contraction.
34 describe two types of recommended exercise. 20 distinguish between fast- and slow-twitch muscle fibers.
(p. 297)
31 Which muscles move the pectoral girdle? the arm, forearm, and hand? (pp. 306–307)
298 | UNIT 2 support and movement 8 Identify the major events that occur during skeletal muscle
32 Which muscles move the thigh, legs, and foot? INTegraTIve assessmeNTs/CrITICal ThINkINg
fiber contraction. (pp. 298–299)
172 UNIT 1 | LeveLs of organization
9.4 Smooth muscle
9 explain how atp and creatine phosphate function in skeletal 21 distinguish between multiunit smooth muscle and visceral
Outcomes 7.10,
muscle fiber 7.11, 9.7
contraction. (pp. 299–302) Outcome smooth 9.2
muscle. (p. 307)
1. 10 describe
several how oxygen
important nerves is supplied
and to skeletal
blood vessels muscle.
course (p. 302)
through 4. 22 define
as lactic peristalsis
acid and otherand explain itsaccumulate
substances function. (p.in307)
an active
11
the describe
muscles ofhowtheoxygen
gluteal debt may
region. todevelop.
avoid the(pp. 302–303)
possibility of 23 Compare
muscle, the characteristics
they stimulate of skeletal
pain receptors, andmuscle
and the smoothmaymuscle
feel
Chapter Summary 12 explainsuch
damaging how parts,
a muscle may become
intramuscular fatigued,
injections areand howmade
usually a fiber
sore. How contractions. (pp. 307–308)
might the application of heat or substances that dilate
intoperson’s physical
the lateral, condition
superior portionmay affect
of the tolerance
gluteus to fatigue.
medius. What 9.5 Cardiac
blood muscle
vessels help relieve such soreness?
9.1 Structure of a Skeletal Muscle (page 292) d. The arrangement of the actin and myosin filaments causes (p. 303)
landmarks would help you locate this muscle in a patient? 24 Compare the characteristics of skeletal and cardiac muscle
striations forming repeating patterns of sarcomeres.
Skeletal muscles are composed of nervous, vascular and various (I bands, Z lines, A bands, H zone and M line) Outcomes 9.2, 9.3,(pp.
fiber contractions. 9.5 308–309)
other connective tissues, as well as skeletal muscle tissue. e. Troponin and tropomyosin molecules associate with Outcomes 9.1, 9.2 5. Why do you think athletes generally perform better if they warm
1. Connective tissue coverings actin filaments. 2. millions of people take drugs called statins to lower serum up by exercising lightly before a competitive event?
a. Fascia covers each skeletal muscle. g. Transverse tubules extend from the cell membrane cholesterol levels. In a small percentage of people taking these
b. Other connective tissues surround cells and groups into the cytoplasm and are associated with the cisternae 344drugs,UNIT 2 | support
muscle pain, termed
andmyopathy,
movement is an adverse effect. In a
of cells within the muscle’s structure (epimysium, of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. small percentage of these individuals, the condition progresses
Outcomes 9.2, 9.3, 9.6
perimysium, endomysium). to rhabdomyolysis, in which the sarcolemma breaks down. 6. Following an injury to a nerve, the muscles it supplies with motor
c. Fascia is part of a complex network of connective tissue nerve fibers may become paralyzed. How would you explain to a
that extends throughout the body.
9.2 Skeletal Muscle Contraction (page 297) a. describe the structure and state the function of the
patient the importance of moving the disabled muscles passively
sarcolemma.
2. Skeletal muscle fibers Muscle fiber contraction results from a sliding movement of actin or contracting them with electrical stimulation?
b. physicians can measure a patient’s levels of creatine
a. Each skeletal muscle fiber is a single muscle cell, the and myosin filaments overlapping that shortens the muscle fiber.
phosphokinase to track the safety of using a statin. enzyme
unit of contraction. 1. Neuromuscular junction levels that exceed 10 times normal indicate possible Outcomes 9.3, 9.7
b. Muscle fibers are cylindrical cells with many nuclei. a. The functional connection between a neuron and rhabdomyolysis. explain what this elevated enzyme 7. Following childbirth, a woman may lose urinary control
c. The cytoplasm contains mitochondria, sarcoplasmic another cell is a synapse. The neuromuscular junction level indicates about the physiology of the muscle cell. (incontinence) when sneezing or coughing. Which muscles of
reticulum, and myofibrils of actin and myosin. is a synapse. c. explain why a dusky, dark color in the urine, resulting from the pelvic floor should be strengthened by exercise to help
the presence of myoglobin, also indicates muscle breakdown. control this problem?
340 UNIT 2 | support and movement Outcomes 9.1, 9.2, 9.3 xv
3. What steps might be taken to minimize atrophy of skeletal
muscles in patients confined to bed for prolonged times?
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xvi
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xviii
CONTENTS
about the authors iv | acknowledgments vi | updates and additions vii | Dynamic new art Program xii |
learn, Practice, assess xiv | mcgraw-hill Connect anatomy & Physiology xvi | teaching and learning xviii |
Contents xix | Clinical Connections xxiv
PREviEw
FOundaTiOnS FOR SuccESS 1
P.1 overview 2
P.2 strategies for success 2
ChaPter summary 7
ChaPter assessments 8
i n t e g r at i v e a s s e s s m e n t s / C r i t i C a l t h i n K i n g 8
uniT 1
LEvELS OF ORganiZaTiOn 9
1
ChaPter summary 79
ChaPter ChaPter assessments 80
introduction to Human
anatomy and Physiology 9
1.1 origins of medical science
ChaPter 3
10 cells 82
1.2 anatomy and Physiology 11
1.3 levels of organization 12 3.1 Cells are the Basic units
of the Body 83
1.4 Characteristics of life 14
3.2 a Composite Cell 83
1.5 maintenance of life 14
3.3 movements into and out
1.6 organization of the human Body 18
of the Cell 99
1.7 life-span Changes 27
3.4 the Cell Cycle 107
1.8 anatomical terminology 27
3.5 Control of Cell Division 110
some medical and applied sciences 30
3.6 stem and Progenitor Cells 112
ChaPter summary 33
3.7 Cell Death 113
i n t e g r at i v e a s s e s s m e n t s / C r i t i C a l t h i n K i n g 36 ChaPter summary 116
R E F E R E n c E P L aT E S 1 – 2 5
the human organism 37
ChaPter 4
ChaPter 2 cellular metabolism 120
chemical Basis of Life 57 4.1 metabolic Processes 121
2.1 the importance of 4.2 Control of metabolic
Chemistry in anatomy reactions 123
and Physiology 58 4.3 energy for metabolic
2.2 structure of matter 58 reactions 125
2.3 Chemical Constituents of 4.4 Cellular respiration 127
Cells 68 4.5 nucleic acids and Protein synthesis 132
xix
4.6 Changes in Genetic Information 142 5.2 Epithelial Tissues 150
C HA P TER SUMMARY 1 4 4 5.3 Connective Tissues 159
C HA P TER ASSESSMENTS 1 4 6 5.4 Types of Membranes 168
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS /
C RITI C AL THIN K ING 1 4 7 5.5 Muscle Tissues 170
5.6 Nervous Tissues 170
C HA P TER 5 C HA P TER SUMMARY 1 7 3
C HA P TER ASSESSMENTS 1 7 5
Tissues 148 INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS / C RITI C AL THIN K ING 1 7 6
5.1 Cells Are Organized Into

Tissues 149
UNIT 2
Support and Movement 177
C HA P TER 6 R E F E R E NC E P L A T E S 2 6 – 5 4
Integumentary System 177 Human Skull 252
6.1
6.2
Skin and Its Tissues 178
Accessory Structures of
C HA P TER 8
the Skin 184 Joints of the Skeletal System
6.3 Skin Functions 189
267
6.4 Healing of Wounds and 8.1 Types of Joints 268
Burns 190 8.2 Types of Joint Movements
6.5 Life-Span Changes 192 274
INNERCONNECTIONS: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 194 8.3 Examples of Synovial Joints
C HA P TER SUMMARY 1 9 5 277
C HA P TER ASSESSMENTS 1 9 7 8.4 Life-Span Changes 285
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS / C RITI C AL THIN K ING 1 9 8
C HA P TER SUMMARY 2 8 8
7
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS / C RITI C AL THIN K ING 2 9 0
C HA P TER
Skeletal System 199 C HA P TER 9

7.1 Bone Shape and Structure Muscular System 291
200
7.2 Bone Development and 9.1 Structure of a Skeletal
Growth 202 Muscle 292
9.2 Skeletal Muscle Contraction
7.3 Bone Function 210
297
7.4 Skeletal Organization 212
9.3 Muscular Responses 303
7.5 Skull 215
9.4 Smooth Muscle 307
7.6 Vertebral Column 226
9.5 Cardiac Muscle 308
7.7 Thoracic Cage 231 9.6 Skeletal Muscle Actions 310
7.8 Pectoral Girdle 231 9.7 Major Skeletal Muscles 312
7.9 Upper Limb 233 9.8 Life-Span Changes 340
7.10 Pelvic Girdle 238
INNERCONNECTIONS: MUSCULAR SYSTEM 341
7.11 Lower Limb 241
7.12 Life-Span Changes 245 C HA P TER ASSESSMENTS 3 4 4
INNERCONNECTIONS: SKELETAL SYSTEM 247 INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS / C RITI C AL THIN K ING 3 4 6
R E F E R E NC E P L A T E S 5 5 – 7 5
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS / C RITI C AL THIN K ING 2 5 1 Surface Anatomy and Cadaver Dissection 347
xx CONTENTS
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
[2468] This may be inferred from the silence of Cicero, Leg.
Agr. i. 7. 21; ii. 29. 81; cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 102; Ihne, Hist. of
Rome, v. 181; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 490.
[2469] App. B. C. 36. 162 f.; Flor. ii. 5. 6 (iii. 17): “Exstat vox
ipsius nihil se ad largitionem ulli reliquisse nisi siquis aut caenum
dividere vellet aut caelum.”
[2470] CIL. vi. 1312; cf. i. p. 279. vii. A beginning was actually
made of the colonization; and this is all that could be indicated by
the verb ὑπήγετο (App. B. C. i. 35. 156), “he was for conducting.”
[2471] Ep. lxxi.
[2472] Cf. Vell. ii. 13. 2; Livy, ep. lxx f.
[2473] Pliny, N. H. xxxiii. 3. 46. The idea was to issue one
silver-plated copper denarius to every seven silver denarii;
Mommsen, Röm. Münzw. 387 (Mommsen-Blacas, Hist. d. mon.
Rom, ii. 41 f., 82); Babelon, Mon. d. la rép. Rom, 1. introd. p. lix.
[2474] Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 674; iii. 103.
[2475] B. C. i. 35. 157 f. The same view seems to be held by
(Aurel. Vict.) Vir. Ill. 66. 4. It is accepted by Lange, Röm. Alt. iii.
97; Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 436. The objection is that a judiciary
measure, as the Livian, could not have dealt primarily with the
composition of the senate; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 489.
[2476] II. 13. 2. Florus, ii. 5. 4 (iii. 17), is non-committal.
[2477] LXXI; accepted by Ihne, Hist. of Rome, v. 177.
[2478] Cf. App. B. C. i. 35. 157.
[2479] Flor. ii. 5. 3 (iii. 17); App. B. C. i. 35. 158.
[2480] Cic. Rab. Post. 7. 16; Cluent. 56. 153; Ihne, Hist. of
Rome, v. 177 f.
[2481] Velleius, ii. 14. 1, regards it as an afterthought, whereas
Appian, B. C. i. 35. 155, asserting that, petitioned by the Italians
for the citizenship, he had already promised to grant it, intimates
that this was his main object. At all events the Italians expected it
of him and were prepared to support him in his effort by force of
arms.
[2482] (Aurel. Vict.) Vir. Ill. 66. 4; Oros. v. 18. 2.
[2483] Vell. ii. 14. 1; App. B. C. i. 35. 155 f.; 36. 162; Livy, ep.
lxxi; Flor. ii. 5. 6. Most probably he combined this measure with
his colonial rogation; App. B. C. i. 36.
[2484] App. B. C. i. 35 f.
[2485] Livy, ep. lxxi; Flor. ii. 5. 7 (iii. 17).
[2486] Ascon. 68.
[2487] Cic. Leg. ii. 6. 14; 12. 31; Dom. 16. 41; Frag. A. vii
(Cornel. i. 24); Ascon. 68; Diod. xxxvii. 10. 3.
[2488] According to Diod. xxxvii. 10. 3, he declared that though
he had full power to prevent the decree, he would not willingly
exert it; for he knew well that the wrongdoers in this matter would
speedily suffer merited punishment.
[2489] Cf. the elogium, n. below.
[2490] Elogium, in CIL. vi. 1312 = i. p. 279. vii: “M. Livius M. F.
C. N. Drusus, Pontifex, tr. mil. X. vir. stlit. iudic. tr. pl. X. vir. a. d. a.
lege sua et eodem anno V. vir. a. d. a. lege Saufe(i)a, in
magistratu occisus est.”
[2491] On M. Livius Drusus, see Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 96-106;
Long, Rom. Rep. II. ch. xiii; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 488-93;
Ihne, Hist. of Rome, V. ch. xiii; Mommsen, Hist. of Rome, bk. IV.
ch. vi; Neumann, Gesch. Roms, i. 451-74; Ferrero, Rome, i. 79 f.
[2492] (Aurel. Vict.) Vir. Ill. 66. 2; Cic. Rosc. Am. 19. 55; Schol.
Gronov. 431; Ascon. 30; Dig. xxii. 5. 13; xlviii. 16. 3. 2; Lange,
Röm. Alt. ii. 665; iii. 101; Mommsen, Röm. Strafr. 491, 494. Hitzig,
in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iii. 1416, places it earlier.
[2493] Cic. Rosc. Am. 20. 57; Pliny, Paneg. 35; Seneca, De Ira,
iii. 3. 6; Mommsen, Röm. Strafr. 495. It is almost certain that the
punishment mentioned was prescribed by this law; Hitzig, ibid.
[2494] This conclusion is deduced from the circumstance that
Varius was tried under his own law. The charge could not possibly
have been that of favoring the Italians, but must rather have been
the instigation of the sedition by which his statute was originally
carried; Lengle, Sull. Verf. 35.
[2495] Cic. Brut. 89. 304: “Exercebatur una lege iudicium Varia,
ceteris propter bellum intermissis.”
[2496] This is an inference from the fact that the court which
tried Cn. Pompeius Strabo in 88, and which sat under the Varian
law, was composed in accordance with the subsequent Plautian
judiciary law (Cic. Frag. A. vii. Cornel. i. 53). A special court was
composed in no other way than by the law which established it. In
general on the Varian law, see Ascon. 21 f., 73, 79; Val. Max. viii.
6. 4; App. B. C. i. 37; Cic. Tusc. ii. 24. 57. From Appian we learn
that the law was passed before the outbreak of the Social War,
and Cicero, Brut. 89. 305, informs us that the prosecutions under
it continued through the war. The last trial mentioned is that of Cn.
Pompeius Strabo in 88, referred to above. See also Lange, Röm.
Alt. iii. 108; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 493; Mommsen, Röm.
Strafr. 198; Long, Rom. Rep. ii. 164 f.; Greenidge, Leg. Proced.
384 f.; Ihne, Hist. of Rome, v. 188 f.; and especially Lengle, Sull.
Verf. 32-6, where further sources are cited.
[2497] Cic. Brut. 62. 222. It belongs to about 90; Lange, Röm.
Alt. ii. 693.
[2498] Off. ii. 21. 72. It is an interesting fact that, as this
passage shows, Cicero did not object to frumentarian laws on
principle, but condemned the Sempronian act because it was
burdensome to the treasury.
[2499] Gell. iv. 4. 3.
[2500] Vell. ii. 16. 4; cf. App. B. C. i. 49. 212 (who speaks
merely of a senatus consultum). This statute seems to have
considered the Po the northern boundary of Italy; Sall. Hist. i. 20.
[2501] Cic. Balb. 8. 21: “Ipsa Iulia lege civitas ita est sociis et
Latinis data, ut, qui fundi populi facti non essent, civitatem non
haberent.” On fundus see Fest. ep. 89. Heraclea and Naples
declined the citizenship; Cic. ibid.
[2502] P. 57 f.
[2503] Cic. Arch. 10. 26; Balb. 8. 19; 14. 32; 22. 50; Fam. xiii.
36; Sisenna, Frag. 17, in Peter, Hist. Rom. Reliq. i. 280; Frag.
120, ibid. 293: “Milites, ut lex Calpurnia concesserat, virtutis ergo
civitate donari”; cf. Kiene, Röm. Bundesgenossenkrieg, 224 f.,
229 f. The identity of the author is uncertain; he may be the
Calpurnius who was praetor in 74; Münzer, in Pauly-Wissowa,
Real-Encycl. iii. 1395. 98.
[2504] Cic. Arch. 4. 7: Schol. Bob. 353.
[2505] Dio Cass. Frag. 102. 7.
[2506] Dio Cass. xxxvii. 9. 3; Ascon. p. 3; Pliny, N. H. iii. 20.
138; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 118; cf. however Herzog, Röm.
Staatsverf. i. 497 f.
[2507] Cic. Frag. A. vii. 53; Ascon. 79; Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 539,
668 f.; iii. 115; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 499; Greenidge, Leg.
Proced. 385; Long, Rom. Rep. ii. 213 f. We may connect with this
change the prosecution and condemnation of Q. Varius; p. 401, n.
1 above; Ihne, Hist. of Rome, v. 224 f.
[2508] Röm. Strafr. 198, n. 1, followed by Greenidge, Leg.
Proced. 386. A difficulty with this interpretation is the great
number of jurors provided for, apparently enough to supply all the
courts.
[2509] Verr. i. 13. 38.
[2510] Cic. Att. i. 18. 6.
[2511] Pliny, N. H. xxxiii. 3. 46; Kubitschek, in Pauly-Wissowa,
Real-Encycl. ii. 1512; Gardner, in Smith, Dict. i. 206; Babelon,
Monn. de la rép. Rom. i. 74 f.
[2512] Strabo v. 4. 11.
[2513] P. 162.
[2514] Livy, ep. lxxvii; App. B. C. i. 55. 242 f.; Vell. ii. 18. 6;
Ascon. 64; Fröhlich, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1532. The
libertini may have been those who fought in the recent war; App.
B. C. i. 49. 212; Macrob. Sat. i. 11. 32.
[2515] (Cic.) Herenn. ii. 28. 45; Livy, ep. lxxvii; Lange, Röm. Alt.
iii. 123; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 501.
[2516] P. 400 f.
[2517] Plut. Sull. 8.
[2518] P. 403 above; also Ferrero, Rome, i. 84.
[2519] In this way a justitium, cessation of civil business, was
indirectly brought about; Plut. Sull. 8; Mar. 35; App. B. C. i. 55.
244; p. 141 above; Long, Rom. Rep. ii. 221; Neumann, Gesch.
Roms, i. 513; Fröhlich, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1533;
Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. i. 263, n. 6.
[2520] For the abrogation of Sulla’s imperium Vell. ii. 18. 6 is
authority. Plutarch, Sull. 8, states that Pompeius, not Sulla, was
deprived of the consulship and that from Sulla was taken merely
the provincial command. Appian, B. C. i. 56. 249 (cf. Plut. Mar.
35; Schol. Gronov. 410) speaks only of the transfer of the
command. That the fourth article was added after the departure of
Sulla from Rome, and that the latter knew nothing of it till
summoned to deliver up his command is clearly stated by Appian,
ibid. ch. 56 f.; cf. Fröhlich, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv.
1533 f.
[2521] Plutarch, Sull. 8 and Livy, ep. lxxvii, speak of a decree of
the senate only, whereas the account of Appian, B. C. i. 60. 271
(Πολεμίους Ῥωμαίων ἐψήφιστο εἶναι) implies a vote of the
assembly. Velleius, ii. 19. 1 (“Lege lata exules fecit”) distinctly
mentions a comitial act, though he is wrong in supposing it to be a
sentence of exile, as may be gathered from his context; cf. Ihne,
Hist. of Rome, v. 237.
[2522] App. B. C. i. 59. 268; Cic. Phil. viii. 2. 7. Scholars are at
variance as regards the character and motives of Sulpicius.
Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 501 (cf. Ferrero, Rome, i. 85 f.), can
see in his measures no earnest purpose of reform. Ihne, Hist. of
Rome, v. 225 f., 233 f., hesitatingly inclines to regard him as a
demagogue. Fröhlich, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1532,
looks upon him as a statesman with a mind and heart for the best
interests of his country. In the opinion of Mommsen, Hist. of
Rome, iii. (1898). 531 f., he was essentially the successor of
Drusus, a reformer in the interest of the senate, yet led by the
force of circumstances to adopt revolutionary methods. Cf. also
Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 121-5; Long, Rom. Rep. II. ch. xvii;
Neumann, Gesch. Roms, i. 507-17.
[2523] P. 277, 313 f.
[2524] App. B. C. i. 59. 266: Εἰσηγοῦντό τε μηδὲν ἔτι
ἀπροβούλευτον ἐς τὸν δῆμον ἐσφέρεσθαι, νενομισμένον μὲν
οὕτω καὶ πάλαι, παραλελυμένον δ’ ἐκ πολλοῦ.
[2525] Ibid.: Εἰσηγοῦντο ... καὶ τὰς χειροτονίας μὴ κατὰ φυλάς,
ἀλλὰ κατὰ λόχους, ὡς Τύλλιος βασιλεὺς ἔταξε γίνεσθαι.
[2526] P. 86.
[2527] In Hermes, xxxiii (1898). 652.
[2528] This view is held by Sunden, De trib. pot. imm. (1897) 21
ff.; Meyer, ibid. 652-4; Vassis, in Athena, xii (1900). 54-7. Fröhlich,
in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1537, supposes that elections
simply were thereby transferred to the comitia centuriata; but the
word χειροτονίαι used by Appian, though often denoting elections
(as in B. C. i. 14. 58-60; 15. 66; 28. 127, where the meaning is
easily derived from the context), includes also voting on laws, as
in B. C. i. 23. 100; 55. 244. Had he meant elections, he would
here have written ἀρχαιρεσία (cf. i. 1. 1; 44. 196), as otherwise
the meaning would have been doubtful. The view represented by
Fröhlich, moreover, would in no way explain the passage, nor was
it likely that Sulla would leave to the tribes the ratification of laws
but deprive them of the politically unimportant right to elect minor
officials.
[2529] Appian’s words πολλά τε ἄλλα τῆς τῶν δημάρχων ἀρχῆς
... περιελόντες (i. 59. 267) imply an extensive curtailment of the
tribunician power not definitely specified. The statement of Livy,
ep. lxxxix, that Sulla afterward (82) deprived the tribunes of all
legislative power (p. 413 below) is not true of his dictatorial law-
giving, but belongs properly to the year under consideration.
[2530] Lengle (Sull. Verf. 10) argues, on the contrary, that the
measure could be intended for the tribunes only, because, as he
supposes, a patrician magistrate always consulted the senate
concerning his legislative proposals. But Lengle has reckoned
without the facts. An examination of the sources will show that
from the time of the dictator Publilius Philo (Livy viii. 12. 14) to the
time of the dictator Julius Caesar (Dio Cass. xxxviii. 3 f.; Plut.
Caes. 14; App. B. C. ii. 10) patrician magistrates occasionally
brought rogations before the comitia without the senatorial
sanction. But it is possible that in speaking of “an ancient law long
disused” (p. 406, n. 2) Appian may wrongly have had in mind the
pre-Hortensian restriction on the plebiscite; p. 277, n. 4.
[2531] B. C. i. 1. 1, 2, 3; 19. 81; 20. 83; 22. 91; 29. 132 (city
people); 30. 136; 32. 143; 33. 147; 35. 155; 36. 162; 38. 169; 100.
469. Δημόται always means plebeians; i. 24. 106; 25. 109; 33.
146; 100. 469. Sometimes δῆμος is exactly equivalent to πλῆθος,
multitude, as in i. 26. 119.
[2532] B. C. i. 12. 51; 13. 55; 20. 83; 21. 90; 22. 92; 23. 101;
25. 107; 28. 128; 29. 131.
[2533] B. C. i. 27. 122. In 33. 148 it applies to the judicial contio
preliminary to the comitia centuriata.
[2534] B. C. i. 13. 56; 25. 112; 32. 143; 54. 236; 104. 485.
[2535] B. C. i. 12. 49; 32. 141.
[2536] B. C. i. 101. 472.
[2537] B. C. i. 59. 267.
[2538] Willems, Sén. Rom. i. 402 f.
[2539] Livy, ep. lxxvii.
[2540] Fest. 375. 7.
[2541] Cf. the law of 357; p. 297. See also Lange, Röm. Alt. iii.
126 f.; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 502; Fröhlich, in Pauly-
Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1537.
[2542] Billeter, Gesch. d. Zinsfusses, 155-7.
[2543] App. B. C. i. 73. 339. No mention is here made of the
manner of repeal, but we may infer a comitial act from the public
policy of Cinna. It seems probable that at this time, or after his
return from exile, the Plautian judiciary law of 89 was also
repealed; p. 402.
[2544] Cic. Phil. viii. (3.) 7; Vell. ii. 20. 2 f.; Schol. Gronov. 410;
Jul. Exuper. 4; App. B. C. i. 64. 287; Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. iii.
180, 439; Münzer, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1283.
[2545] App. ibid.; Flor. ii. 9. 9 (iii. 21); (Aurel. Vict.) Vir. Ill. 69. 2.
[2546] Livy, ep. lxxix; Vell. ii. 20. 3; App. B. C. i. 65. 296; (Aurel.
Vict.) Vir. Ill. 69. 2; Plut. Mar. 41.
[2547] Cinna is represented as the author by Vell. ii. 21. 6; Plut.
Mar. 43; Dio Cass. Frag. 102. 8; whereas Appian, B. C. i. 70. 324,
mentions tribunes. Cf. Diod. xxxviii, xxxix. 1-4; Münzer, in Pauly-
Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1285; Long, Rom. Rep. ii. 244.
[2548] P. 405.
[2549] Livy, ep. lxxxiv: “Novis civibus senatus consulto
suffragium datum est.”
[2550] P. 58 above. Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 141, unnecessarily
assumes a consular lex Papiria for the purpose.
In the year 87 the propretorian imperium of Appius Claudius
Pulcher, father of the famous tribune of 58, was abrogated by a
lex of an unknown tribune. The ground was a refusal to obey the
summons of the tribune in question; Cic. Dom. 31. 83; Münzer, in
Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iii. 2848 f.
[2551] Vell. ii. 23. 2; Cic. Font. 1. 1; Quinct. 4. 17; Sall. Cat. 33;
Mommsen, Röm. Münzwesen, 385; Long, Rom. Rep. ii. 251;
Ferrero, Rome, i. 92.
[2552] Cic. Leg. Agr. ii. 33. 89; 34. 92; 36. 98.
[2553] CIL. i². p. 154.
[2554] App. B. C. i. 3, 98 f.; Plut. Sull. 33; Vell. ii. 28. 2; Oros. v.
21. 12; Diod. xxxviii, xxxix. 15; cf. Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. ii. 703
f. The office had been disused for a hundred and twenty years;
Plut. ibid.; Vell. ibid.; CIL. i². p. 23. On the form of comitia, see p.
236.
[2555] App. B. C. i. 97. 451; Cic. Leg. Agr. iii. 2. 5.
[2556] Cic. Rosc. Am. 43. 126; Fröhlich, in Pauly-Wissowa,
Real-Encycl. iv. 1556; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, ii. 404.
From this Ciceronian passage it is necessary to infer that the
Valerian law contained an article similar to the later Cornelian lex
de proscriptione; p. 421 below.
[2557] CIL. i². p. 27.
[2558] Livy, ep. lxxxix; App. B. C. i. 100. 465; Sall. Hist. i. 55. 2.
[2559] P. 406 f.
[2560] Livy, ep. lxxxix: “Tribunorum plebis potestatem minuit, et
omne ius legum ferendarum ademit.” We should infer from this
statement, which is the sole authority for the view it presents, that
he absolutely deprived the tribunes of legislative initiative, were it
not that under his constitutional arrangements they actually
proposed laws de senatus sententia; CIL. i. 204 (year 71); Bruns,
Font. iur. p. 94; Dessau, Inscr. Lat. i. p. 11; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii.
154; Fröhlich, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1559;
Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. iii. 158; Lengle, Sull. Verf. 11; Drumann-
Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, i. 390 f., 411. The conference between
Sulla and Scipio, mentioned by Cic. Phil. xii. 11. 27, referred to
this arrangement. Sunden, De rib. pot. imm. 10 ff. (cf. Long, Rom.
Rep. ii. 399 ff.), holding that Sulla abolished the right of the
tribunes to propose laws, refuses to accept 71 as the date of the
epigraphic lex above mentioned.
It seems probable (Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 175; Mommsen, Röm.
Strafr. 654, n. 2), though it is not certain (Greenidge, Leg. Proced.
424, 430 f.), that the lex Plautia de vi was proposed by a tribune
of 78 or 77 as the agent of Q. Lutatius Catulus, proconsul; Sall.
Cat. 31; Schol. Bob. 368; Cic. Cael. 29. 70; p. 424 below.
Probably the lex Plautia which recalled from exile L. Cornelius
Cinna, brother-in-law of Caesar, and others who, having shared in
the insurrection of Lepidus, had gone over to Sertorius, was a
plebiscite de senatus sententia of 73; Suet. Caes. 5; Gell. xiii. 3.
5; Val. Max. vii. 7. 6; Dio Cass. xliv. 47. 4; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii.
185; Maurembrecher, Sall. Hist. Proleg. 78; Münzer, in Pauly-
Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1287. Others assign the measure to 70;
cf. Long, Rom. Rep. iii. 53. For other laws, see p. 424.
The statement of Livy’s epitomator concerning the lex Cornelia
de tribunicia potestate would apply more accurately to the
Cornelian-Pompeian law of 88; p. 406.
[2561] From Cic. Cluent. 40. 110 (cf. Long, Rom. Rep. ii. 400)
we should infer that under the Cornelian government no
tribunician contio was held; but we know that this is not true. In 76
a contio was summoned by L. Sicinius, tribune of the plebs; Orat.
of Licinius Macer, in Sall. Hist. iii. 48. 8: “L. Sicinius primus de
potestate tribunicia loqui ausus mussantibus vobis”; cf. Pseud.
Ascon. 103; Plut. Caes. 7; Cic. Brut. 60. 216 f. In 74 the tribune
Quinctius held contiones; Cic. Cluent. 34. 93; Sall. Hist. ibid. § 11.
The oration of Licinius Macer, quoted by Sallust, Hist. iii. 48, is a
tribunician harangue. Finally in 71 the tribune Palicanus held a
contio outside the city that Pompey might attend; p. 426.
[2562] Cic. Verr. II. i. 60. 155: Q. Opimius was prosecuted in a
finable action on the ground that as tribune in 75 (Pseud. Ascon.
200) he had interceded in violation of a Cornelian law, which must
have fixed the fine. The statement of Caesar, B. C. i. 5. 1; 7. 3,
that Sulla left the tribunes the right of intercession proves no more
than that he did not wholly abolish it. Cf. further Sunden, De trib.
pot. imm. 4; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, ii. 411, n. 10.
[2563] Cic. Verr. i. 13. 38: “Sublata populi Romani in unum
quemque vestrum potestate.”
[2564] P. 245, 266, 315.
[2565] Cic. Leg. iii. 9. 22.
[2566] App. B. C. i. 100. 467; Ascon. 78 (repealed by Cotta);
Pseud. Ascon. 200.
[2567] Vell. ii. 30. 4; Dion. Hal. v. 77. 5; Sall. Hist. i. 55. 23; iii.
48. 3; Pseud. Ascon. 102.
The following sources assume more or less definitely an
abolition of the tribunicia potestas; Sall. Hist. i. 55. 23; 77. 14; iii.
48. 1; Cat. 38. 1; Plut. Pomp. 21; Pseud. Ascon. 102. The
following speak of a limitation; Caes. B. C. i. 5. 1; 7. 3; Livy, ep.
lxxxix; Dion. Hal. v. 77. 5; Vell. ii. 30. 4; Suet. Caes. 5; (Aurel.
Vict.) Vir. Ill. 75. 11; App. B. C. ii. 29. 113. Tacitus, Ann. iii. 27, is
non-committal. In general on the lex de tribunicia potestate, see
Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 153 f.; Fröhlich, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-
Encycl. iv. 1559; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, ii. 410 ff.;
Lengle, Sull. Verf. 10-16; Sunden, De trib. pot. imm.
[2568] In Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1559.
[2569] The law concerning the quaestors was preceded by the
judiciary statute (Tac. Ann. xi. 22), which must have been enacted
near the end of 81, for the senators remained ten years (80-70) in
control of the courts; Cic. Verr. i. 13. 37.
[2570] P. 347. The relation of this Cornelian provision to the lex
Villia is not more definitely known.
[2571] App. B. C. i. 100. 466; cf. 121. 560.
[2572] Cf. Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. i. 529.
[2573] In the thirty-sixth year of his age Pompey was not yet
qualified for the quaestorship; Cic. Imp. Pomp. 21. 62. Cicero,
who was consul in his forty-third year, states that he obtained the
office at the earliest legal age; Leg. Agr. ii. 2. 3. An interval of two
years between successive offices would place the quaestorship in
the thirty-seventh year; cf. Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. i. 527, 569;
Fröhlich, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1560; but soon after
Sulla it came about, probably through further legislation, that the
office was often filled in the thirty-first year; Mommsen, ibid. 570
ff.
[2574] Cic. Dom. 43. 112; Fam. x. 25. 2; 26. 2 f.
[2575] Tac. Ann. xi. 22; cf. Fröhlich, ibid. iv. 1560.
[2576] P. 348.
[2577] P. 298.
[2578] App. B. C. i. 100. 466; cf. Cic. Leg. iii. 3. 9; Caes. B. C. i.
32; Dio Cass. xl. 51. 2.
[2579] P. 332. There were probably twelve; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii.
163; Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. i. 543.
[2580] Tac. Ann. xi. 22: “Lege Sullae viginti creati supplendo
senatui.” The eighth chapter of this law concerning the twenty
quaestors is preserved in an inscription; CIL. i. 202; Bruns, Font.
Iur. p. 90; Girard, Textes, p. 64. It regulates the qualifications,
appointment, and pay of the apparitores of the quaestors. An
important fact derived from the praescriptio is that the law was
adopted in the tribal assembly. Since in the case of one law the
centuriate assembly is mentioned as if exceptional (p. 422), we
may infer that most of Sulla’s enactments were tribal. On the
apparitores, see Mommsen, in Rhein. Mus. N. F. vi (1846). 1-57;
Röm. Staatsr. i. 332-46; Habel, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. ii.
191-4; Keil, J., in Wiener Studien, xxiv (1902). 548-51.
[2581] Pomponius, in Dig. i. 2. 2. 32, wrongly says to ten—a
number reached by the legislation of Caesar; Dio Cass. xlii. 51. 3;
p. 454 below. On the relation of the praetors to the courts, see p.
420.
[2582] Livy, ep. lxxxix, who connects it closely with the increase
in the number of senators, placing it thus among his earlier
measures; (Aurel. Vict.) Vir. Ill. 75. 11; Servius, in Aen. vi. 73; cf.
Tac. Ann. vi. 12; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 157; Fröhlich, in Pauly-
Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1559 f.; Lengle, Sull. Verf. 1-9. That the
increase in the last-named college was due to Sulla seems
certain, though it is nowhere stated. It is possible, too, that the
increase of the epulones from three to seven was his work;
Lengle, ibid. 2.
[2583] P. 391.
[2584] Livy, ep. lxxxix; Dio Cass. xxxvii. 37. 1; Pseud. Ascon.
102; wrongly Plut. Caes. 1; Serv. in Aen. vi. 73; cf. Lange, Röm.
Alt. iii. 157.
[2585] Cic. Leg. Agr. ii. 7. 18; Lange, ibid. The Servilian
agrarian rogation, 63 (p. 435 below), drawn up before the
enactment of the Atian plebiscite of that year which restored the
election of sacerdotes, assumes that the comitia pontificis maximi
were at the time in use. Most authorities, as Wissowa, Relig. u.
Kult. d. Röm. 418; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, iii. 156;
Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. ii. 30, have failed to notice this
important fact.
[2586] P. 106, n. 10.
[2587] P. 416.
[2588] Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. ii. 200; Fröhlich, in Pauly-
Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1560.
[2589] Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 164.
[2590] P. 381.
[2591] Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 705.
[2592] Cic. Fam. i. 9. 25.
[2593] Cf. Cic. Fam. viii. 8. 8.
[2594] Cic. Fam. i. 9. 25. On the relation of the Cornelian
legislation to the curiate law, see p. 193, 199.
[2595] Cic. Fam. iii. 6. 3, 6.
[2596] Cic. Fam. iii. 10. 6; Q. Fr. i. 1. 9, 26.
[2597] App. B. C. i. 103. 482; Oros. v. 22. 4; Eutrop. v. 9.
Willems, Sén. Rom. i. 404, calculates that the number was
reduced to about a hundred and fifty.
[2598] Livy, ep. lxxxix; cf. Cic. Rosc. Am. 3. 8; Dion. Hal. v. 77.
5; Sall. Cat. 37.
[2599] B. C. i. 100. 468.
[2600] Cf. Fröhlich, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1559.
[2601] P. 402. The second view, which seems more reasonable,
is held by Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 156.
[2602] No authority gives this number, which however may be
deduced from well-known facts; Willems, Sén. Rom. i. 405 f.
[2603] Willems, ibid. 406 f.
[2604] Fröhlich, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1560.
[2606] Vell. ii. 32. 3; Cic. Verr. i. 13. 37 f.; Pseud. Ascon. 99,
102, 103, 145, 149, 161; Schol. Gronov. 384, 426; Greenidge,
Leg. Proced. 436 ff.; Long, Rom. Rep. ii. 419 ff.; Wilmanns, in
Rhein. Mus. N. F. xix (1864). 528.
[2607] Tac. Ann. xi. 22: “Lege Sullae viginti creati (quaestores)
supplendo senatui, cui iudicia tradiderat.”
[2608] P. 402.
[2609] Dig. i. 2. 2. 32.
[2610] Cic. Rab. Post. 4. 9. It took the place of the lex Servilia
of 111; p. 393.
[2611] Schol. Bob. 361. From Plut. Mar. 5 it seems evident that
a quaestio de ambitu existed as early as 116; Greenidge, Leg.
Proced. 422, n. 3; Lengle, Sull. Verf. 21 f., who has collected the
cases de ambitu anterior to Sulla; Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 665;
Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 521; Lohse, De quaestionum
perpetuarum origine, praesidibus, consiliis.
[2612] Cic. Verr. i. 13. 39; II. i. 4. 11 f.; iii. 36. 83; Cluent. 53.
147; cf. Mur. 20. 42; Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 665; iii. 166. The trial of
Pompeius Magnus in 86 for misappropriation of booty by his
father in 89 seems to have come before a quaestio de peculatu;
Cic. Brut. 64. 230; Plut. Pomp. 4; Lengle, ibid. 40 f. If this
supposition is right, the court must have existed before Sulla. A
Cornelian law on the subject is not expressly mentioned but may
be reasonably assumed.
[2613] Mommsen, Röm. Strafr. 203.
[2614] Cic. Pis. 21. 50; Ascon. 59; cf. Cic. Fam. iii. 11. 2;
Cluent. 35. 97; Verr. II. i. 5. 12. This law took the place of the lex
Appuleia, probably of 100; cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 165;
Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 423, 507.
[2615] Cic. Cluent. 20. 55; 54. 148; 55. 151; 56. 154; Frag. A. ii.
(Var.) 6; Mil. 4. 11; Tac. Ann. xiii. 44; Justin. Inst. iv. 18. 5 f.; Dig.
xlviii. 8; Paul. Sent. v. 23. (Girard, Textes, p. 423).
[2616] Cic. Verr. i. 42. 108; Paul. Sent. iv. 7; v. 25; Dig. xlviii. 10;
Justin. Inst. iv. 18. 7; cf. Voigt, Röm. Rechtsgesch. i. 271 f.
[2617] Dig. iii. 3. 42. 1; xlvii. 10. 5; 10. 37. 1; xlviii. 2. 12. 4;
Paul. Sent. v. 4. 8; Justin. Inst. iv. 4. 8; Mommsen, Röm. Strafr.
203; Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 208, 423 f.; Fröhlich, in Pauly-
Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1561; Bruns, Font. Iur. 93. In the
opinion of Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 665; iii. 166, this lex did not
establish a quaestio.
[2618] Cic. Cluent. 20. 55; 27. 75; Greenidge, Leg. Proced.
442.
[2619] Cic. Cluent. 28. 75.
[2620] Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 442. On the Cornelian courts in
general, see Long, Rom. Rep. ii. 420 ff.; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf.
i. 520 f.; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, ii. 413-6; Mommsen,
Röm. Strafr. see index, s. Quaestio and the various crimes
belonging thereto; Röm. Staatsr. ii. 200 f.; Lengle, Sull. Verf. 17-
54; Lohse, De quaestionum perpetuarum origine, praesidibus,
consiliis; Fröhlich, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1561 f.
In Lange’s opinion (Röm. Alt. ii. 665; iii. 166) there must have
been a lex Cornelia de adulteriis et pudicitia, for it is doubtful
whether Sulla’s ordinance περὶ γάμων καὶ σωφροσύνης could
have formed part of his lex de iniuriis; Plut. Comp. Lys. et Sull. 3;
cf. Dig. xlviii. 5. 23. It seems to be demonstrated, however, by
Voigt, in Ber. sächs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. xlii (1890). 244-79, that
all republican regulations of this offence, including the Cornelian,
were sumptuary; cf. Cuq, in Daremberg et Saglio, Dict. iii. 1141.
No quaestio accordingly was needed for the trial of the offence.
[2622] P. 412.
[2623] Cic. Verr. II. i. 47. 123; Pseud. Ascon. 193.
[2624] Suet. Caes. 11.
[2625] Cic. Rosc. Am. 43. 125 f. Though Cicero says he does
not know whether the law in question was the Valerian or
Cornelian, he probably knew it was the latter, the terms of which
he states: “Ut eorum bona veneant, qui proscripti sunt, ... aut
eorum, qui in adversariorum praesidiis occisi sunt.”
[2626] Livy lxxxix; Vell. ii. 28. 4; Sall. Hist. i. 55. 6; Plut. Sull. 31;
Cic. 12; Dion. Hal. viii. 80. 2.
[2627] Cic. Rosc. Am. 44. 128.
[2628] App. B. C. i. 96. 100; Flor. ii. 9 (iii. 21); cf. Suet. Ill.
Gramm. 11.
[2629] Livy, ep. lxxxix; App. B. C. i. 100. 470; 104. 489; Sall.
Hist. i. 55. 12; Cic. Mur. 24. 49: Leg. Agr. ii. 28. 78; iii. 2. 6 ff.; 3.
12; Gromat. p. 230 ff.
[2630] Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 159; cf. ii. 689; Drumann-Gröbe,
Gesch. Roms, ii. 407 f.
[2631] Lange, ibid. iii. 159.
[2632] CIL. i². p. 49.
[2633] Lange, ibid. iii. 161.
[2634] Cic. Dom. 30. 79; Sall. Hist. i. 55. 12; cf. Pseud. Ascon.
102.
[2635] Cic. Caecin. 35. 102.
[2636] App. B. C. i. 102. 474; cf. Cic. Leg. Agr. ii. 14. 35.
[2637] Sall. Hist. i. 55. 11. They were then being made
according to the law of M. Octavius (p. 401), or if that was
repealed by Cinna, according to the lex Sempronia of 123 (p.
372).
[2638] Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 693. The statement in iii. 161 is less
exact.
[2639] App. B. C. i. 102. 474.
[2640] Cic. Off. iii. 22. 87.
[2641] P. 409 f.
[2642] Hence it was that T. Crispinus, quaestor in the following
year, treated the Valerian law as no longer in force; Cic. Font. 15;
Lange, ibid. iii. 162. To this date seems to belong the lex Cornelia
de sponsu (Gaius iii. 124), which Poste, 359, reasonably assigns
to the dictator.
[2643] CIL. i². p. 333; Vell. ii. 27. 6; Cic. Verr. i. 10. 31; Pseud.
Ascon. 150; Wissowa, Relig. u. Kult. d. Röm. 128.
[2644] Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 675; iii. 162.
[2645] Its existence is assumed for the year 80; Plut. Sull. 35.
[2646] P. 388, n. 9.
[2647] Ibid.
[2648] Gell. ii. 24. 11; Macrob. Sat. iii. 17. 11.
[2649] Plut. Sull. 35. Here belongs also his regulation de
adulteriis et pudicitia; p. 420, n. 6 above.
[2650] CIL. i². p. 154. A proof that he completed his legislation
in this year is the fact that he looked upon the following as a time
of probation for his system (App. B. C. i. 103; Cic. Rosc. Am. 48.
139), and that the newly organized criminal courts were in
operation for the first time in 80; Cic. ibid. 5. 11; 10. 28; Brut. 90.
312; Off. ii. 14. 51; Gell. xv. 28. 3; Plut. Cic. 3.
On the form of comitia used for the ratification of his measures,
see p. 236.
[2651] The general character of these proposals, among which
the frumentarian alone was adopted, can be gathered from the
Oration of Lepidus, in Sall. Hist. i. 55; cf. Gran. Licin. x. p. 44:
“Legem frumentariam nullo resistente adeptus est, ut annonae
quinque modi populo darentur, et alia multa pollicebantur: exules
reducere, res gestas a Sulla rescindere”; Tac. Ann. iii. 27; Klebs,
in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. i. 554 f.
[2652] P. 414.
[2653] Sall. Hist. ii. 49; Ascon. 66, 78; Pseud. Ascon. 200;
Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 178 f.; Long, Rom. Rep. iii. 3; Herzog, Röm.
Staatsverf. i. 531 f.; Klebs, ibid. ii. 2483.
Cicero, Cornel. i. 18 (Frag. A. vii), states that Cotta proposed to
the senate the repeal of his own laws, whereupon Asconius
comments that he can find the mention of no law of his except the
one concerning retired tribunes above described. Cicero,
however, attributes to him a lex de iudiciis privatis, which his
brother caused to be repealed in the following year; Cornel. i. 19.
It is not otherwise known.
[2654] Sall. Cat. 31; Gaius ii. 45; Cuq, in Daremberg et Saglio,
Dict. iii. 1159. For the cases coming before this court, see
Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 424, n. 6.
[2655] Cic. Verr. iii. 8. 9. C. Scribonius, consul in the preceding
year, may have been author of the lex Scribonia de usucapione
servitutum (Dig. xli. 3. 4. 28; cf. Cic. Caecin. 26. 74), or it may
belong to the tribune of the same name of the year 50; p. 450, n.
2.
[2656] P. 413, n. 4. The consuls of 73 passed a frumentarian
measure—the lex Cassia Terentia, considered below; p. 444, n. 6.
[2657] Sall. Hist. iv. 1, in Gell. xviii. 4. 4. Sallust speaks of
nothing more than the promulgation of the law; but we know that
afterward an attempt was made to collect the moneys; Ascon. 72;
cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 190, 221; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms,
ii. 467. Münzer, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1380, speaks
of the measure as a proposal.
The same consul with his colleague, L. Gellius Poplicola,
proposed and carried a law for confirming the grants of citizenship
already made by Pompey in Spain; Cic. Balb. 8. 19; 14. 32 f.;
Pliny, N. H. v. 5. 36. Their joint proposal that provincials should
not in their absence be tried on a capital charge took the form
merely of a senatus consultum; Cic. Verr. II. ii. 38. 95; Münzer,
ibid.; Drumann-Gröbe, ibid.
In 71 (CIL. i. 593 = vi. 1299) and in 62 (CIL. i. 600 = vi. 1305)
there was a curator viarum e lege Visellia. The law mentioned
could not have been later than 71, but may have been many
years earlier. There were curatores viarum in 115; CIL. vi. 3824;
Marquardt, Röm. Staatsv. ii. 89, n. 6.
[2658] Cic. Flacc. 3. 6; Ascon. 15; cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 191.
[2659] Cic. Q. Fr. ii. 13. 3; Fam. i. 4. 1; cf. Q. Fr. ii. 2. 3; Fam.
viii. 8. 5; Sest. 34. 74; Caes. B. C. i. 5.
[2660] Cic. Att. i. 14. 5; Dio Cass. xxxvii. 43. 3. As consul in 63
Cicero adjourned the assembly in order to hold a meeting of the
senate on a certain comitial day; Cic. Mur. 25. 51; Plut. Cic. 14.
[2661] The first chapter of this law is preserved in an
inscription; CIL. i. 204; Bruns, Font. Iur. p. 94; Girard, Textes, p.
66.
[2662] P. 423.
[2663] Gran. Licin. x. p. 44. It was charged against him by
Philippus in the senate that for the sake of concord he wished to
restore the tribunician power; Sall. Hist. i. 77. 14.
[2664] Sall. Hist. iii. 48. 8; Pseud. Ascon. 103.
[2665] P. 423 f.
[2666] Cic. Verr. II. i. 60.
[2667] Cic. Cluent. 34. 93 f.; Ascon. 103; Plut. Lucull. 5.
[2668] Licinius Macer, Oratio ad plebem, in Sall. Hist. iii. 48. 11
(cf. iv. 71); Cic. Cluent. 22. 61; 27. 74; 28. 77; 29. 79; Pseud.
Ascon. 141; Schol. Gronov. 386, 395, 441.
[2669] Sall. Hist. iii. 48; Cic. Brut. 67. 238.
[2670] Suet. Caes. 5.
[2671] Plut. Pomp. 21; App. B. C. i. 121. 560; Sall. Hist. iv. 44
(“Magnam exorsus orationem”) probably refers to his speech in
this contio. Frag. 45 (“Si nihil ante adventum suum inter plebem et
patres convenisset, coram se daturum operam”) seems also to be
from this speech.
[2672] Sall. Hist. iv. 46.
[2673] Cic. Verr. i. 16. 46 f.
[2674] Ibid. 15. 44; Pseud. Ascon. 147.
[2675] CIL. i². p. 154.
[2676] Livy, ep. xcvii; Cic. Frag. A. vii (Cornel. i). 47; Ascon. 75;
Pseud. Ascon. 103.
[2677] Sall. Cat. 38; Vell. ii. 30. 4; Cic. Leg. iii. 9. 22; ii. 26; Plut.
Pomp. 22; App. B. C. ii. 29. 113; cf. Cic. Verr. v. 63. 163; 68. 175;
Schol. Gronov. 397; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 192 f.; Long, Rom. Rep.
iii. 49-51; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 553.
[2678] Cic. Verr. i. 15. 45.
[2679] P. 424. Pompey found it popular to give his assent; Plut.
Pomp. 22; cf. Neumann, Gesch. Roms, ii. 75.
[2680] Cicero, in his In Verrem Actio I, is unacquainted with the
rogation and expresses the hope that the condemnation of Verres
will restore confidence in the senatorial courts. In Actio II,
composed after the exile of Verres and not delivered, he assumes
the existence of such a rogation (cf. v. 69. 177).
[2681] Cic. Verr. ii. 71. 174 f.; iii. 96. 223 f.; v. 69. 177 f.; Livy,
ep. xcvii; Plut. Pomp. 22; Pseud. Ascon. 127.
[2682] On the tribuni aerarii, see p. 64, n. 3. See also Cic. Phil.
i. 8. 20; Rab. Perd. 9. 27; Cat. iv. 7. 15; Ascon. 16; Schol. Bob.
339.
[2683] P. 402.
[2684] Cic. Cluent. 43. 121.
[2685] Cic. Att. i. 16. 3; Phil. i. 8. 20; Ascon. 16, 30, 53, 67, 78,
90; Pseud. Ascon. 103; Schol. Bob. 229, 235, 339; Schol. Gronov.
384, 386; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 197 f.; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i.
533; Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 442 ff.; Long, Rom. Rep. iii. 51-3;
Klebs, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. ii. 2485 f.
The reference to a lex Aurelia in Cic. Q. Fr. i. 3. 8, seems to be,
not to a lex de ambitu, as Lange, ibid. iii. 198, supposes, but to
the lex iudiciaria under discussion.
[2686] Röm. Alt. ii. 199 (cf. ii. 671). It must have been passed
between the death of Sulla and 57; Gell. ii. 24. 13; Macrob. Sat.
iii. 17. 13; Cic. Fam. vii. 26. 2.
[2687] Q. Cic. Petit. Cons. 11. 44.
[2688] Cic. Cluent. 55. 152 (year 66).
[2689] Cic. Att. i. 17. 9; Off. iii. 22. 88; cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. iii.
202.
[2690] Cf. Neumann, Gesch. Roms, ii. 141.
[2691] Dio Cass. xxxvi. 30.
[2692] Cic. Frag. A. vii (Cornel. i). 52; Ascon. 78.
[2693] Cic. Phil. ii. 18. 44; Hor. Epist. i. 1. 61; Juv. iii. 159; xiv.
324.
[2694] Livy, ep. xcix; Tac. Ann. xv. 32; Ascon. 79; Cic. Mur. 19.
40; Dio Cass. xxxvi. 42. 1; cf. Hor. Epod. iv. 15. The censors of
194 had given front seats to the senators; p. 356 f.
[2695] Vell. ii. 32. 3; Cic. Mur. 19. 40; p. 356 f. above.
[2696] Cic. Q. Fr. ii. 11. 3.
[2697] Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, ii. 526.
[2698] P. 425.
[2699] Cic. Q. Fr. ii. 13. 3; cf. Fam. i. 4. 1.
[2700] Cic. Alt. v. 21. 12; vi. 2. 7. Loans were sometimes made
in violation of the law (Flacc. 20. 46 f.), and sometimes the senate
granted a dispensation from it; Att. v. 21. 11 f.; vi. 2. 7; Lange,
Röm. Alt. iii. 203.
[2701] Ascon. 56.
[2702] Ibid. 57.
[2703] P. 307 f.
[2704] Cic. Frag. A. vii (Cornel. i). 5; Valin. 2. 5; Ascon. 57 f.;
Quintil. Inst. x. 5. 3 (iv. 4. 8).
[2705] Ascon. 58; Dio Cass. xxxvi. 39. 4.
[2706] Cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 214; Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr.
iii. 337 f.; Long, Rom. Rep. iii. 107. Dio Cassius, xxxvi. 39, has
wholly misunderstood the matter. Ferrero’s account (Rome, i.
194) of the Cornelian legislation is inaccurate in all points.
[2707] Dio Cass. xxxvi. 38. 4; Cic. Frag. A. vii (Cornel. i). 40.
[2708] CIL. 1², p. 156; Klebs, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. i.
256 f.; Münzer, ibid. iii. 1376 f.
[2709] Ascon. 75.
[2710] Schol. Bob. 361; Ascon. 68, 89; Cic. Mur. 23. 46; 32. 67.
It was opposed by the people, who preferred the stricter measure
of Cornelius; but Piso with a crowd of followers forced it through
the assembly; Dio Cass. xxxvi. 38. 1.
[2711] Schol. Bob. 361; Dio Cass. xxxvi. 38; xxxvii. 25. 3;
Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 425, 508, 521 f.; Mommsen, Röm.
Strafr. 867; Long, Rom. Rep. iii. 105 f. It was supplemented by the
lex Fabia de numero sectatorum, apparently a plebiscite of 66;
Cic. Mur. 34. 71; Mommsen, ibid. 871; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch.
Roms, ii. 527.
[2712] XXXVI. 40. 1 f. (Foster’s rendering); cf. Ascon. 58; Cic.
Fin. ii. 22. 74; Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 656; iii. 215; Long, Rom. Rep.
iii. 107 f.; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, ii. 527; Greenidge, Leg.
Proced. 95, 97 f., 122.
[2713] Ascon. 58. The restriction, however, was only partial;
Erman, in Mélanges Ch. Appleton (1903), 201-304. The author of
the law seems to have been a man not only of excellent heart but
of remarkably statesmanlike views, though the optimates naturally
classed him as seditious. On Cornelius in general, see Münzer, in
Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1252-5; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch.
Roms, ii. 526-9.
[2714] Dio Cass. xxxvi. 23 ff.; Plut. Pomp. 25; Vell. ii. 31; App.
Mithr. 94.
[2715] Vell. ii. 31; Cic. Verr. ii. 3. 8; iii. 91. 213; Pseud. Ascon.
122, 176, 206; Schol. Bob. 234; Sall. Hist. iii. 4 f.
[2716] P. 428 f.
[2717] Dio Cass. xxxvi. 30. 2; cf. the deposition of Octavius, p.
367.

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SELECTED SPECIFIC CHANGES AT-A-GLANCE

2 Atoms and elements Text rewritten Clarity

2 Polar bonds Text rewritten Clarity

2 Acidosis and alkalosis Rewritten introduction of terms Clarity

2 Protein structure Figure 2.19 redesigned Clarity

3 Organelles Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and polysome Clarity, accuracy

3 Organelles Phospholipid bilayer membrane structure emphasized Accuracy, detail

3 Overview of secretion processes Figure 3.11 redrawn Accuracy, clarity

3 Nonmotile cilia Description expanded and added to text Update

3 Osmosis Section rewritten Clarity, accuracy

4 Catalysts Enzymes described as organic catalysts Clarity, accuracy, detail

4 Protein synthesis Series of figures redone Clarity

5 Adipose tissue New discussion of brown fat New information

6 Nails Figure 6.6 expanded to include a longitudinal section Clarity

6 Hair follicles Hair bulge included in discussion and in art Update

6 Sweat glands Merocrine (eccrine) terminology explained Clarity

SELEcTEd SPEciFic cHangES aT-a-gLancE —Continued

7 sulcus term added to table 7.4 Clarity

8 Joint movements lateral ﬂexion added terminology update

9 myoglobin Description rewritten Clarity, accuracy

9 agonist versus prime mover rewritten Clarity

9 ligamentum nuchae added to text and table 9.3 Detail

10 ganglia and nuclei introduced with classification of neurons Clarity

10 electrical synapses introduced in new boxed material Detail

10 refractory period section rewritten Clarity

10 neurotransmitters rewritten section on excitatory and inhibitory effects Clarity, detail

11 Csf reworked discussion Clarity

11 memory section rewritten Clarity

11 Brainstem figure 11.11 revised with new location icon Clarity

11 types of sleep rewritten Clarity

11 Cranial nerves section introduction rewritten Clarity

11 spinal nerves section on cauda equina rewritten accuracy

11 autonomic nervous system new description of reciprocal innervation and Clarity

11 autonomic nervous system figure 11.40 redesigned Clarity, consistency

12 visual pathways new figure 12.40 Clarity

12 vibration transfer in middle ear figure 12.12 redesigned Clarity

12 light rewritten without reference to particles or waves Clarity, level

12 refraction figure 12.35 redesigned accuracy

13 mechanism of t3 and t4 Possible specific membrane transport mechanism update

13 Phosphorylation text discussion expanded Clarity, accuracy

13 insulin and glucagon section partially rewritten Clarity

13 Diabetes mellitus new Clinical application 13.4 Clarity, consistency

13 stress response section partially rewritten Clarity

14 normal range of values Blue box added Clinical significance

14 Platelets section rewritten Clarity, accuracy

14 Plasma section on plasma lipids expanded Clinical significance

14 Coagulation terminology includes “tissue factor pathway” and update

14 antigens and antibodies section rewritten Clarity