MATHS

Calculus

From students to students

level: one
semester: one
chapters: one & two
three & four
Real functions:-

𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 ; 𝑅 is real numbers.
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑦 ; 𝑦 is image of 𝑥.
𝑥 is independent variable (‫)متغير مستقل‬.
𝑦 is dependent variable (‫)متغير تابع‬.
Domain: is all values of 𝑥 you can use in the function.
Range: is all values of 𝑦 you can get from the equation of the function using 𝑥 .
ex.3 p.28
find domain and range of 𝑦 = √1 − 𝑥 2
solution:
𝑦2 = 1 − 𝑥2
𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 = 1 it is an equation of a circle its radius = 1
1 − 𝑥 2 ≥ zero
𝑥2 ≤ 1
Domain is [ -1 , 1 ] and range is [ 0 , 1 ]
Composition of functions:- -: ‫تحصيل الدوال‬/‫تركيب‬
f○g means that we include g in f.
g○f means that we include f in g.
ex.4 p.30
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 + 9 , 𝑔(𝑥 ) = √𝑥
solution:
f○g= 𝑓(√𝑥 )=3√𝑥 + 9
g○f = 𝑔(3𝑥 + 9)=√3𝑥 + 9

Inverse function:- -:‫الدوال العكسية‬

To get the inverse we put 𝑦 instead of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) then we replace 𝑦 with 𝑥 and make
the new 𝑦 alone then the inverse is 𝑓 −1(𝑥) which is the new .
ex. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 + 9 → 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 9
1 Note:
𝑥 = 3𝑦 + 9 → 𝑦= 𝑥−3
3 the domain of 𝑓 is the range
−𝟏 𝟏
𝒇 (𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟑 of 𝑓 −1 and the domain of
𝟑
𝑓 −1 is the range of 𝑓
Types of functions:-
1) Polynomial functions:
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 1 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
 constant function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎0
 Liner function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥
 Quadratic function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2
 Cubic function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3
After that every one has the same name of its power.
ex. If the master power is 4 it called quadratic.
if the master power is 8 it called quadratic.
If the master power is 6 it called cubic.
if the master power is 9 it called cubic.
2) Rational functions:
𝑝(𝑥) Note on Rational functions:
𝑅 (𝑥 ) = , 𝑞(𝑥) ≠ 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 to get the domain make 𝑞(𝑥 ) = 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 and
𝑞(𝑥)
get 𝑥
𝑥+10
ex. 𝑅 (𝑥 ) = then, the domain is all values except 𝑥
2𝑥+3

3) Trigonometric functions:
sine (𝑠𝑖𝑛), cosine (𝑐𝑜𝑠), tangent (𝑡𝑎𝑛). Shifted function:
𝑦 − 𝑘 = 𝑓(𝑥 − ℎ)
Cosecant (𝑐𝑠𝑐), secant (𝑠𝑒𝑐 ), cotangent (𝑐𝑜𝑡). origin point is (k , h)
if h > 0, k < 0 → right
shift
if h < 0, k > 0 → left
shift

ODD function’s rule:

𝑓(𝑥 ) = −𝑓(−𝑥)

Periodic functions:
𝑠𝑖𝑛, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 → period = 2𝜋
4) Inverse trigonometric functions: 𝑡𝑎𝑛 → period = 𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1(𝑥 ), 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1(𝑥), 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1(𝑥) to draw trigonometric function know that :
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1(𝑥 ), 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1(𝑥), 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1(𝑥) 1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛, 𝑐𝑜𝑠
Domain is ] -∞ , ∞ [ & Range is ] -1 , 1 [
2. 𝑡𝑎𝑛
domain is all values except zeros of cos(𝑥)
5) Exponential & Logarithmic functions:
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑎 > 1 (𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒) the inverse is 𝑦 = log(𝑥) 𝑙𝑛 𝑥
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 , 𝑒 ≃ 2.73 (𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒) the inverse is 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥) log 𝑎 𝑥=
𝑙𝑛 𝑎
Domain of function is ] -∞ , ∞ [ & its Range is ] 0 , ∞ [
Domain of inverse is ] 0 , ∞ [ & its Range is ] -∞ , ∞ [
Ex.10 p.50 ֍ Remember that:
solve: 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (2𝑥 + 1) − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑥 − 3) = 2 1) 𝑖𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦 → 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥
solution: 2) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥𝑦
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (2𝑥 + 1) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑥 − 3)2 = 2 𝑥
2𝑥+1 3) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏
log 3 (𝑥−3)2 = 2 𝑦
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥
log𝑎
2𝑥+1 4) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 𝑥
2𝑥+1 (𝑥−3)2
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦
log 3 (𝑥−3)2 = =2 5) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥
log𝑎 3
2𝑥+1
∴ log 𝑎 (𝑥−3)2 = 2 log 𝑎 3 6) 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥 , 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥.𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑎
2𝑥+1 7)if 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦 → 𝑥 = 𝑦
∴ log 𝑎 (𝑥−3)2 = log 𝑎 32
2𝑥+1 2𝑥+1
∴ = 32 ∴ =9
(𝑥−3)2 (𝑥 2 −6𝑥+9)
20
9𝑥 2 − 56𝑥 + 80 = 0 ∴𝑥=4 , 𝑥=
9
20
∴ 𝑆 = {4 , }
9

6) Hyperbolic functions: (‫)الدوال الزائدية‬

function inverse
𝑥 −𝑥
𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 (𝑥 ) = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ (𝑥 ) =
2
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 (𝑥 ) = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑥 ) =
2
sinh(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 1+𝑥
tanh(𝑥 ) = = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ −1 (𝑥 ) = 0.5 × 𝑙𝑛( )
cosh(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 1−𝑥
1 2
csch(𝑥 ) = = 1 1
sinh(𝑥) 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒−𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ−1 (𝑥 ) = 𝑙𝑛 ( +√ 2+1)
𝑥 𝑥
1 2
sech(𝑥 ) = = 1 1
cosh(𝑥) 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒−𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ−1 (𝑥 ) = 𝑙𝑛 ( +√ 2−1)
𝑥 𝑥
cosh(𝑥) 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒−𝑥 𝑥+1
coth(𝑥 ) = = 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ−1 (𝑥 ) = 0.5 × 𝑙𝑛( )
sinh(𝑥) 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒−𝑥 𝑥−1
֍ Important proofs:-
1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ −1 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1) 2) 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)
Solution: Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ −1 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 𝑥
𝑒 𝑦 −𝑒 −𝑦 𝑒 𝑦 +𝑒 −𝑦
𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑦 = 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑦 =
2 2
2𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦 ∗ 𝑒𝑦 2𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦 ∗ 𝑒𝑦
2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑦 − 1 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑦 + 1
𝑒 2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 − 1 = 0 𝑒 2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 1 = 0
put 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝛼 put 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝛼
𝛼 2 − 2𝑥𝛼 − 1 = 0 𝛼 2 − 2𝑥𝛼 + 1 = 0
from the quadratic formula from the quadratic formula
2𝑥±√4𝑥 2 +4 2𝑥±√4𝑥 2 −4
𝛼= = 𝑥 ± √𝑥 2 + 1 𝛼= = 𝑥 ± √𝑥 2 − 1
2 2
𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 ± √𝑥 2 + 1 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 ± √𝑥 2 − 1
𝑙𝑛(𝑒 𝑦 ) = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑙𝑛(𝑒 𝑦 ) = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)

1 1 1 1
4) 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ−1 𝑥 = ln ( +√ 2
+1) 5) 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ −1 𝑥 = ln ( +√ −1)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2
Solution: Solution:
−1
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ−1 𝑥
2 2
𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ 𝑦 = 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑦 =
𝑒𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑥𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑦 = 2 ∗ 𝑒𝑦 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑒 −𝑦 = 2 ∗ 𝑒𝑦
𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑥 = 2𝑒 𝑦 𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 + 𝑥 = 2𝑒 𝑦
𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − 2𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 0 𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − 2𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 0
put 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝛼 put 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝛼
𝑥𝛼 2 − 2𝛼 − 𝑥 = 0 𝑥𝛼 2 − 2𝛼 + 𝑥 = 0
from the quadratic formula from the quadratic formula
2±√4+4𝑥 2 1±√1+𝑥 2 2±√4−4𝑥2 1±√1+𝑥 2
𝛼= = 𝛼= =
2𝑥 𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥
1 1 1 1
𝑒𝑦 = ± √ +1 𝑒𝑦 = ± √ −1
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥2
1 1 1 1
𝑙𝑛 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛( + √ +1) 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛( + √ −1)
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥2
1 1 1 1
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛( + √ +1) 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛( + √ −1)
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥2
 1+𝑥 𝑥+1
3) 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ −1 𝑥 = 0.5 ln ( ) 6) 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ−1(𝑥 ) = 0.5 × ln ( )
1−𝑥 𝑥−1
Solution: Solution:
−1
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ−1(𝑥 )
𝑒 𝑦 −𝑒 −𝑦 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑦 = 𝑦 −𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑦 =
𝑒 +𝑒 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑥𝑒 + 𝑥𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑦 −𝑦
𝑥𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑦
=𝑒 𝑦
+ 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑥𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑦 = −𝑥𝑒 −𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦 = 0 ∗ 𝑒𝑦
𝑒 𝑦 (𝑥 − 1) = −𝑒 −𝑦 (𝑥 + 1) ∗ −𝑒 𝑦
𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑒 2𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1
𝑒 2𝑦 (1 − 𝑥 ) = (1 + 𝑥 ) 𝑒 2𝑦 (𝑥 − 1) = 𝑥 + 1
1+𝑥
𝑒 2𝑦 = 𝑥+1
1−𝑥 𝑒 2𝑦 =
2𝑦 1+𝑥 𝑥−1
𝑙𝑛 𝑒 = 𝑙𝑛 2𝑦 𝑥+1
1−𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 = 𝑙𝑛 ( )
1+𝑥 𝑥−1
2𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥+1
1−𝑥
1+𝑥
2𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 ( )
𝑥−1
𝑦 = 0.5 𝑙𝑛 𝑥+1
1−𝑥 𝑦 = 0.5 𝑙𝑛 ( )
𝑥−1

Note: numbers of questions in the last tables are right but arranged with a specified
arrangement.

Important notes:-
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝜃 = 1
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝜃 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝜃
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ2 𝜃 − 1 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 ± 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝐵 ± 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 ∓ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝐵 ± 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴±𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝐴±𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝐴 ± 𝐵) =
1∓𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 1±𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝐵
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝜃
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 2𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2𝜃 =
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 𝜃
1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
2 2
1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 = + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
2 2
Take care:-
𝜋
 if 𝑓 (𝑥) = cos(𝑥 − 1) when we draw it we but x=0+1 , x= 2 + 1, … then get f(x) and the
function will be shifted horizontally.
𝜋
 if 𝑓 (𝑥) = cos(𝑥 + 1) when we draw it we but x=0-1 , x= 2 − 1, … then get f(x) and the
function will be shifted horizontally.
 𝜋
 if 𝑓 (𝑥) = cos(𝑥 ) − 1 when we draw it we but x=0 , x= 2 , … then get f(x) and the function
will be shifted vertically.
𝜋
 if 𝑓 (𝑥) = cos(𝑥 ) + 1 when we draw it we but x=0 , x= , … then get f(x) and the function
2
will be shifted vertically.

Limits:-
It’s a must that the limit of function has two values one from right and one
from left which are equal.
lim+ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = lim− 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝐿 ֍ Remember that:
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 sin 𝑎𝑥 𝑎
1) lim =
𝑥→0 𝑏𝑥 𝑏
Right Left tan 𝑎𝑥 𝑎
limit limit 2) lim =
𝑥→0 𝑏𝑥 𝑏
3) lim sin 𝑥 = 0
𝑥→0
֍ Rules: 4) lim cos 𝑥 = 1
𝑎𝑥 −𝑎𝑏 𝑥→0
1) lim = 𝑎𝑏 ln 𝑎 5) lim (1 + )𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎
𝑎
𝑥→∞ 𝑥−𝑏 𝑥→∞ 𝑥
2) power rule 𝑏
𝑚 𝑚 6) lim (1 + 𝑎𝑥)𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑏
lim [𝑓 (𝑥 )] = [lim 𝑓(𝑥)]
𝑛 𝑛 𝑥→0
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 𝑛 −𝑎𝑛 𝑛
7) lim = 𝑎𝑛−𝑚
3) polynomial rule 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 𝑚 −𝑎𝑚 𝑚
1
lim 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑝(𝑎) 8) lim = 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑛
4) logarithmic rule 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
ln[lim 𝑓(𝑥)] = lim [ln 𝑓 (𝑥 )] 9) = 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
∞
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
5) squeeze rule “sandwich rule“
If 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ ℎ(𝑥) and lim ℎ(𝑥) = lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐿 you can
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
say that lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑎
Note:
when you find a rational
tan 𝑥
֍ Prove that: lim =1 function like lim
4𝑥+5
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑥→0 3𝑥 2 −5𝑥
solution: factorize (4𝑥 + 5) and
tan 𝑥 sin 𝑥
lim = lim (3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥) then decide
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥.cos 𝑥
lim
sin 𝑥
∗
1
=1∗1= 1 what to do but don’t try to
𝑥→0 𝑥 cos 𝑥 solve it fast without
tan 𝑥
∴ lim =1 factorization.
𝑥→0 𝑥
 ‫اذا كان درجة البسط < درجة المقام‬
∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = ∞
Ex. Find: 𝑥→∞
𝑥 2 +𝑥−6
1) lim ‫اذا كان درجة البسط > درجة المقام‬
𝑥→2 𝑥−2
∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
solution: 𝑥→∞
𝑥 2 +𝑥−6 (𝑥−2)(𝑥+3)
lim = lim =5 ‫اذا كان درجة البسط = درجة المقام‬
𝑥→2 𝑥−2 𝑥→2 𝑥−2
1−cos 𝑥 ‫معامل اكبر𝑥 في البسط‬
2) lim ∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→∞ ‫معامل اكبر𝑥 في المقام‬
solution:
1−cos 𝑥 1−cos 𝑥 1+cos(𝑥) 1−cos2 𝑥
lim = lim ∗ = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 1+cos(𝑥) 𝑥→0 𝑥∗[1+cos(𝑥)]
1−cos2 𝑥 sin2 𝑥
lim = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥∗[1+cos(𝑥)] 𝑥→0 𝑥∗[1+cos(𝑥)]
sin(x) sin(𝑥)
lim ∗ = 1 ∗ 0 = 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
𝑥→0 𝑥 1+cos(𝑥)
𝑥2 𝑥2
3) lim 𝑢(𝑥 ) if 1 − ≤ 𝑢(𝑥 ) ≤ 1 +
𝑥→0 4 2
𝑥2 𝑥2
lim 1 − = 1 , lim 1 + =1
𝑥→0 4 𝑥→0 2
∴ lim 𝑢(𝑥 ) = 1
𝑥→0
18𝑥 2 +𝑥−4
4) lim √
𝑥→∞ 3𝑥+2𝑥 2
solution:
here we divide on the biggest power which is 𝑥 2 . So, it will be
1 4
18+ − 2 18 1
𝑥 𝑥
lim √ 3 =√ =3 (as lim
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥 𝑛
= 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 )
𝑥→∞ +2 2
𝑥

Continuity:-
The continuity is function on function and it is on the closed period of
definition field.
‫عشان نقول ان الدالة متصلة الزم يتوفر تالت شروط مع بعض و دا عندما‬
𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎
‫ايه هي الشروط دي؟‬
1- 𝑓(𝑎) exists and give a real known value.
2- lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑎
3- lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎
 ‫يعني بعد التعويض يكون ناتج الشرط االول ( اللي هو تعويض مباشر في الدالة الموجوده)‬
‫يساوي ناتج الشرط التاني ( اللي هو نهاية الدالة الموجودة لما 𝑎 → 𝑥 )‪.‬‬
‫مالحظات ع السريع‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬لو بتتكلم علي دالتين و بتبحث اتصالهم مع بعض يبقي هتعمل الشروط اللي فاتت لكل واحده‬
‫منفردة ولو طلع نفس الرقم يبقوا متصلين‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬لو دالتين متصلين عند نقطه في مجال تعريفهم يبقي )𝑥(‪ 𝑓 −1‬متصلة في مجال تعريفها و‬
‫متنساش مجال الدالة هو مدي المعكوسه و مدي الدالة هو مجال المعكوسه ‪‬‬
‫‪Exercise:-‬‬

‫)𝑥(𝑓 ‪and find lim‬‬

‫‪𝑥→0‬‬

‫‪solution:‬‬
‫‪lim+ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = lim 𝑥 + 5 = 5‬‬
‫‪𝑥→0‬‬ ‫‪𝑥→0‬‬
‫𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑧 = 𝑥 ‪lim− 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = lim‬‬
‫‪𝑥→0‬‬ ‫‪𝑥→0‬‬
‫𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙 𝑡𝑓𝑒𝑙 ≠ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙 𝑡‪𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ‬‬
‫𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑡𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑎‪∴ 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠𝑛′ 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ‬‬

‫‪Derivation:-‬‬
‫‪The derivation is function in function and it is on the opened period of‬‬
‫‪definition field.‬‬

‫‪When‬‬ ‫)𝑥(𝑓 = 𝑦‬
‫‪If it moved (h) units on the horizontal line,‬‬
‫)𝑥(𝑓 ‪1- the change in function = 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) −‬‬
‫)𝑥(𝑓‪𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−‬‬
‫= ‪2- the average of change in function‬‬
‫‪ℎ‬‬
‫‪3- the rate of change in function = the derivative = limit‬‬
‫)𝑥(𝑓‪𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−‬‬
‫( ‪of average = lim‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪ℎ→0‬‬ ‫‪ℎ‬‬

‫‪Note:-‬‬ ‫𝑥 𝑎 ∗ ) 𝑛𝑎 ‪(𝑎 𝑥 )𝑛 = (ln‬‬

‫)𝑦(𝑑‬
‫= 𝜃 ‪slope = tan‬‬ ‫‪= 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑦 ′‬‬
‫)𝑥(𝑑‬
‫]𝜋𝑛‪(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑛 ) = sin[𝑥 + 0.5‬‬
֍ Chain rule:- (function of function rule)
𝑑(𝑦) 𝑑(𝑦) 𝑑(𝑢)
When 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢) and 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥) , = ∗
𝑑(𝑥) 𝑑(𝑢) 𝑑(𝑥)

֍ Take care:-
if 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is continues, its inverse is 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑦) and
1
its derivative is
𝑑(𝑥) / 𝑑(𝑦)

֍Table of derivation:-
function derivative
′
𝑦=𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
𝑦 = 𝑎. 𝑥 𝑛 𝑦 ′ = 𝑎. 𝑛. 𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑦 = (𝑓(𝑥))𝑛 𝑦 ′ = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ∗ (𝑓(𝑥))𝑛−1
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) ∗ 𝑢(𝑥) 𝑦 ′ = [𝑓(𝑥) ∗ 𝑢′ (𝑥)] + [𝑢(𝑥) ∗ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)]
𝑓(𝑥) ′
[𝑢(𝑥) ∗ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)] − [𝑓(𝑥) ∗ 𝑢′ (𝑥)]
𝑦= 𝑦 =
𝑢(𝑥) [𝑢(𝑥)]2
𝑓′ (𝑥)
𝑦 = √𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦′ =
2√𝑓(𝑥)

𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 ′ = 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) ∗ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ∗ ln 𝑎

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 ′ = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ∗ 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 = ln 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′ (𝑥)
𝑦′ =
𝑓(𝑥)

𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) 𝑦′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) 𝑦′ = −𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥) 𝑦′ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐(𝑥) 𝑦′ = −𝑐𝑠𝑐(𝑥) ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥) 𝑦′ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥) ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥) 𝑦′ = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 (𝑥)
1
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥 ) 𝑦′ =
√1−𝑥 2
 ‫‪−1‬‬
‫)𝑥( ‪𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1‬‬ ‫= ‪𝑦′‬‬
‫‪√1−𝑥 2‬‬
‫)𝑥( ‪𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1‬‬ ‫= ‪𝑦′‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1+𝑥 2‬‬
‫‪−1‬‬
‫) 𝑥( ‪𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1‬‬ ‫= ‪𝑦′‬‬
‫‪𝑥√𝑥 2 −1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫)𝑥( ‪𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1‬‬ ‫= ‪𝑦′‬‬
‫‪𝑥√𝑥 2 −1‬‬

‫)𝑥( ‪𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1‬‬ ‫= ‪𝑦′‬‬

‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪1+𝑥 2‬‬

‫)𝑥(‪𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ‬‬ ‫)𝑥(‪𝑦 ′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ‬‬

‫)𝑥(‪𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ‬‬ ‫)𝑥(‪𝑦 ′ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ‬‬

‫)𝑥(‪𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ‬‬ ‫)𝑥( ‪𝑦 ′ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2‬‬

‫)𝑥(‪𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ‬‬ ‫)𝑥(‪𝑦 ′ = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ(𝑥) ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ‬‬

‫)𝑥(‪𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ‬‬ ‫)𝑥(‪𝑦 ′ = −𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ(𝑥) ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ‬‬

‫)𝑥(‪𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ‬‬ ‫)𝑥( ‪𝑦 ′ = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫) 𝑥( ‪𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1‬‬ ‫= ‪𝑦′‬‬
‫‪√𝑥 2 +1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫)𝑥( ‪𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1‬‬ ‫= ‪𝑦′‬‬
‫‪√𝑥 2 −1‬‬

‫)𝑥( ‪𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1‬‬ ‫= ‪𝑦′‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪, 𝑥2 < 1‬‬
‫‪1−𝑥 2‬‬
‫‪−1‬‬
‫)𝑥( ‪𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ−1‬‬ ‫= ‪𝑦′‬‬
‫‪𝑥√1+𝑥 2‬‬
‫‪−1‬‬
‫)𝑥( ‪𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ−1‬‬ ‫= ‪𝑦′‬‬
‫‪𝑥√1−𝑥 2‬‬

‫)𝑥( ‪𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ−1‬‬ ‫= ‪𝑦′‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪, 𝑥2 > 1‬‬
‫‪1−𝑥 2‬‬

‫اذا كان بداخل الدالة المثلثيه دالة اخري بدال من 𝑥‬

‫فإن المشتقة تكون‪ :‬مشتقة الدالة المثلثية*مشتقة الدالة الداخلية‬
‫‪′‬‬ ‫‪′‬‬
‫بمعن انه إذا كان ‪ 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒇(𝒙)) :‬فإن المشتقة تكون ‪𝒚 = 𝒇 (𝒙) ∗ 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒇(𝒙)) :‬‬ ‫ى‬
 Exercise: find 𝑓 ′(𝑥) for the following functions:-
1) 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
solution:
𝑦 ′ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) ∗ (−𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥)
2) 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 (𝑥) ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥 + 4)
solution:
𝑦 ′ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 (𝑥) ∗ [−3𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑥 + 4)] + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥 + 4) ∗ [3𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥) ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)]
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
3) 𝑦 =
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
solution:
′ 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)∗(−𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥))−𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)∗(−𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)) −𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)+𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 (𝑥)+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥) 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
𝑦 = = =
(1−𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥))2 (1−𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥))2 (1−𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥))2
4) 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (√𝑥 + 2)
solution:
1
𝑦′ = 2 ∗ ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(√𝑥 + 2) ∗ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (√𝑥 + 2)
2√𝑥+2
1
= ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(√𝑥 + 2) ∗ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (√𝑥 + 2)
√𝑥+2

Leibnitz’s formula:-
if we have a function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑢(𝑥 ). 𝑣(𝑥 ) and both of them are certain functions
possessing the (𝑛)-th derivatives at a given point.
𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑥 ) = (𝑢𝑣 )(𝑛) = 𝑢(𝑛) 𝑣 + 𝐶1𝑛 𝑢(𝑛−1)𝑣 ′ + 𝐶2𝑛 𝑢(𝑛−2) 𝑣 ′′ + 𝐶3𝑛 𝑢(𝑛−3)𝑣 ′′′ + ⋯ +
𝐶𝑟𝑛 𝑢 (𝑛−𝑟)𝑣 (𝑟) + ⋯ + 𝑢. 𝑣 (𝑛) = ∑𝑛𝑟=0 𝐶𝑟𝑛 𝑢(𝑛−𝑟) 𝑣 (𝑟)
𝑛!
Note: 𝐶𝑟𝑛 =
𝑟!(𝑛−𝑟)!

.‫ تحط 𝑣 دالة القوي‬، ‫خد بالك لو عندك داله اسية ∗ دالة قوي‬
Extreme values:-
If 𝒙𝟎 is a point of an interval such that 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 ) or 𝒇(𝒙) ≥ 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 ) for all 𝒙 and
the function has a maximum or minimum in the interval at = 𝒙𝟎 .
To find the maximum or minimum value of 𝒇(𝒙) the first derivative must be
continuous, when 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐 that means this point is critical value. Then, for
critical value 𝒙 = 𝒄 , get 𝒇′′ (𝒙)
if 𝒇′′ (𝒙) < 𝟎 , 𝒇(𝒙) has maximum value = 𝒇(𝒄) and the point is ( 𝒄 , 𝒇(𝒄) )
if 𝒇′′ (𝒙) > 𝟎 , 𝒇(𝒙) has minimum value = 𝒇(𝒄) and the point is ( 𝒄 , 𝒇(𝒄) ).
To get endpoint values put (𝒙) = 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐 .
Integration:-
if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥)
 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ). 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑥 ) + 𝐶 , where 𝐶 is arbitrary constant.
 ∫ 𝐴𝑓(𝑥 ). 𝑑𝑥 = A ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ). 𝑑𝑥 , where A is constant quantity.
 ∫[ 𝑓1(𝑥 ) ± 𝑓2(𝑥 ) ]. 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓1(𝑥 ). 𝑑𝑥 ± 𝑓2(𝑥 ). 𝑑𝑥
if ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ). 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑥 ) + 𝐶 and 𝑢 = ∅(𝑥) , then ∫ 𝑓 (𝑢). 𝑑𝑢 = 𝐹 (𝑢) + 𝐶
1
 ∫ 𝑓(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝐹 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐶 , 𝑎 ≠ 0
𝑎

The table of integration:

𝑓(𝑥) ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ). 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ). 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥)
𝑥 𝑛
,𝑛≠1 𝑥 𝑛+1 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 + 𝐶
+𝐶
𝑛+1
1
ln |𝑥| + 𝐶 cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥

𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 (𝑥) −coth 𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑎𝑥 , 𝑎 > 0 , 𝑎 ≠ 1 1 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 (𝑥) tanh 𝑥 + 𝐶
ln 𝑎

sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 csch 𝑥 coth 𝑥 − csch 𝑥 + 𝐶

cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 sech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 sech 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
tan 𝑥 − ln(cos 𝑥 ) + 𝐶 = ln(sec 𝑥 ) + 𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑎 + 𝐶
√𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 { , |𝑥 | < 𝑎
𝑥
−𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑎 + 𝐶
csc 𝑥 ln | csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 | + 𝐶 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑥 2+𝑎 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝐶
𝑎 𝑎
{ 1 −1 𝑥
− 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑎 +𝐶
sec 𝑥 ln | sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 | + 𝐶 𝑑𝑥 1 −1 𝑥
𝑥√𝑥 2 −𝑎 2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 +𝐶
𝑎 𝑎
{ 1 −1 𝑥
− 𝑎 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑎 +𝐶
cot 𝑥 ln | sin 𝑥 | + 𝐶 𝑑𝑥 −1 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ +𝐶
√𝑥 2 +𝑎 2 𝑎
𝑥
𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 (𝑥) −cot 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 𝑎 + 𝐶
√𝑥 2 −𝑎 2

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥) tan 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑑𝑥 1

𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 𝑎 + 𝐶
𝑥
𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − csc 𝑥 + 𝐶 − 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 𝑎 + 𝐶
𝑥 2−𝑎 2

sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 + 𝐶

- :‫طرق التكامل‬
)‫ (لتبسيط التحليل‬.‫المتغي‬
‫ر‬ ‫) التكامل باستبدال‬1
)‫ (لتبسيط التحليل‬.‫) التكامل باستعمال التعويضات‬2
‫ (لتكامل ىضب ر ى‬.‫) التكامل بالتجزئ‬3
)‫دالتي‬
)[‫ (لتكامل الكسور ]القسمة‬.‫) التكامل باستعمال الكسور الجزئية‬4
 Important rules for solving problems:-
[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛+1
 ∫[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶 , 𝑛 ≠ −1
Exercise: find :- 𝑓′ (𝑥)
𝑛+1

∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln[𝑓(𝑥 )] + 𝐶
𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
∫ 𝑒 𝑥+4  ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥=𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶
𝑓′ (𝑥)
solution: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 =2√𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶
√𝑓(𝑥)
we put 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 4 so, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑒 𝑥+4 = ∫ = ln |𝑢| + 𝐶 = ln |𝑒𝑥 + 4 | + 𝐶
𝑢

Best wishes 
to be continued…