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Digestive System

It's about how human international organs work. This is a power point of Grade 11 students.

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ambruciodomagos
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17 views28 pages

Digestive System

It's about how human international organs work. This is a power point of Grade 11 students.

Uploaded by

ambruciodomagos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

TYPES OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM


1. Monogastric
2. Avian
3. Ruminant
4. Pseudo – ruminant
1.Monogastric Digestive System
➢one simple stomach
➢ Animals with this type of digestive
system are better adapted to eat rations
high in concentrates. Concentrates are
highly digestible feedstuffs that are high
in energy and low in fiber.
➢Examples: hogs, cats, dogs, and
humans
2.Avian Digestive System
➢found in poultry
➢Poultry break their feed into pieces
small enough to swallow by pecking
with their beaks or scratching with
their feet.
➢Feed enters the mouth, travels to the
esophagus, and empties directly into
the crop.
➢Crop is where the food is
stored and soaked. Food
then moves from the crop
to the proventriculus.
➢Proventriculus is the
stomach in a bird, where
gastric enzymes and
hydrochloric acid are
secreted. From the
proventriculus, the food
makes its way to the gizzard.
➢Gizzard is a very
muscular organ,
which normally
contains grit or stones
that function like
teeth to grind the
food. The food then
moves from the
gizzard to the small
intestine and then to
the large intestine.
➢The nondigestible food components
then travel into the cloaca. Urine is also
emptied into the cloaca. The material is
then passed out of the body through the
vent.
➢ Digestion in the
avian system is very
rapid.
3.Ruminant Digestive System
➢This system has a
large stomach
divided into four
compartments—the
rumen, the
reticulum, the
omasum, and the
abomasum.
➢The ruminant digestive system is found in
cattle, sheep, goats, and deer.
➢Ruminant animals eat feed rations that
are high in roughages and low in
concentrates. Roughages are feedstuffs
that are high in fiber, low in energy.
Roughages include hay, straw, grazed
forages, and silage.
➢Ruminants swallow their food in large
quantities with little chewing.
➢Later they will ruminate, or belch up the feed,
chew, and swallow it again. The regurgitated
feed is called a cud.
➢ Cud is a ball-like mass of feed brought up
from the stomach to be rechewed.
➢ On average,
cattle chew their
cuds about six to
eight times per
day.
Four Compartments of Ruminant
a.Rumen
➢The first and largest
section of the stomach.
➢In the rumen, solid
feed is mixed and
partially broken down.
➢The rumen contains millions of bacteria and
other microbes that promote fermentation,
which breaks down roughages.
b. Reticulum
➢The second segment of
the stomach.
➢The reticulum is a small
pouch on the side of the
rumen that traps foreign
materials, such as wire,
nails, and so forth.
➢Since ruminants do not chew their food
before swallowing, they will occasionally
swallow foreign objects.
c. Omasum
➢This is the third
compartment of the
stomach.

➢It produces a grinding action on the feed


and removes some of the water from the
feed. Hydrochloric acid and digestive
enzymes are mixed with feed in the
omasum.
d. Abomasum
➢The fourth
compartment of the
stomach.
➢The abomasum is also
referred to as the true
stomach because it is
similar to the stomach in
monogastric animals.
4. Pseudo-ruminant Digestive System

➢Animal that eats large amounts of


roughage but does not have a stomach
with several compartments.
➢The digestive system does some of the
same functions as those of ruminants.
➢Example: horse, rabbits, camels, and
hamsters
➢In horse, the cecum
ferments forages. An
animal with a pseudo-
ruminant digestive
system can utilize large
amounts of roughages
because of the greatly
enlarged cecum and
large intestine.
➢Pseudo-ruminants often eat forages as well as
grains and other concentrated feeds.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
➢Different types of respiratory
systems have evolved in animals.
➢function is to exchange in oxygen
and carbon dioxide with the
environment and internal fluids of
the transport system
a.The Body Surface
➢ Flatworms and annelids use their outer
surfaces as gas exchange surfaces.
➢Earthworms have a series of thin-walled
blood vessels known as capillaries.
➢Gas exchange occurs at capillaries
located throughout the body as well as
those in the respiratory surface.
➢Exchange of gases throughout the skin
b.Gills
➢greatly increase the surface area for gas
exchange
➢ They occur in a variety of animal groups
including fish, and amphibians.
➢Gills are very efficient at removing
oxygen from water.
➢ Water flows over gills in one direction
while blood flows in the opposite
direction through gill capillaries.
c.Tracheal Systems
➢ Insects have their respiratory surfaces
inside the body and connected to the
outside by a series of tubes.
➢Tracheae are these tubes that carry air
directly to cells for gas exchange.
➢Spiracles are openings at the body
surface that lead to tracheae that
branch into smaller tubes known as
tracheoles.
➢Body movements or contractions
speed up the rate of diffusion of
gases from tracheae into body
cells.
d.Lungs
➢ingrowths of the
body wall and
connect to the
outside by a series of
tubes and small
openings.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
➢Unicellular organisms rely on simple
diffusion for transport of nutrients,
gases, hormones and wastes through
the body.
Two types of circulatory
system:
a.Open
b. Closed

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