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    1005 Tut2

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    Aditi Nahar

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    1005 Tut2

    Uploaded by

    Aditi Nahar
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    1005_Tut2

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    1005 Tut2

    Uploaded by

    Aditi Nahar

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    MATH11005 — Tutorial 2

    1. Solve the IVP: y 0 + y = x + ex , y(0) = 0.


    Solution: 1) Find the integrating factor I(x)
    R
    1dx
    I(x) = e = ex .

    2) Multiply the original equation by I(x) we have

    ex (y 0 + y) = ex (x + ex ), ⇒ (ex y)0 = xex + e2x .

    3) Integrate the two sides:


    Z
    1 1
    e y = [xex + e2x ]dx = xex − ex + e2x + C, ⇒ y = x − 1 + ex + Ce−x .
    x
    2 2

    By y(0) = 0, c = 12 . Thus

    1 1
    y = x − 1 + ex + e−x .
    2 2

    2. Solve the following DE:


    2 y3
    y0 + y = 2 .
    x x
    Solution: This is a Bernoulli DE with n = 3.
    1) Let u = y 1−n = y −2 . Then u0 = (1 − n)y −n y 0 = −2y −3 y 0 , ⇒ y 0 = − 21 y 3 u0 .
    2) Substitute this into the DE we have

    1 2 y3 1 2 1
    − y 3 u0 + y = 2 , ⇒ − u0 + y −2 = 2 ,
    2 x x 2 x x
    1 2 1
    ⇒ − u0 + u = 2 , ⇒
    2 x x
    4 2
    u0 − u = − 2 . (1)
    x x
    3) Now we have a linear DE.
    R
    − x4 dx 1
    I(x) = e = e−4 ln |x| = .
    x4

    1
    4) Multiply (1) by I(x):
    1 0 4 2 1 1 2
    4
    (u − u) = − 2 4 ⇒ ( 4 u)0 = − 6 , i.e.,
    x x x x x x
     u 0 2
    4
    = − 6.
    x x
    5) Integrating two sides we have
    u 2 2 2
    4
    = 5 + C, ⇒ u = + Cx4 , ⇒ y −2 = + Cx4 .
    x 5x 5x 5x
    3. Solve the initial-value problem:

    3x2 y 2 + 8xy 5 + (2x3 y + 20x2 y 4 )y 0 = 0, y(2) = 1.

    Solution: Let P (x, y) = 3x2 y 2 + 8xy 5 , Q(x, y) = 2x3 y + 20x2 y 4 . Then Py =


    6x2 y + 40xy 4 , Qx = 6x2 y + 40xy 4 . Py = Qx . The equation is exact.
    There exists f (x, y) such that

    fx (x, y) = P (x, y) = 3x2 y 2 + 8xy 5 , (1)

    and
    fy (x, y) = Q(x, y) = 2x3 y + 20x2 y 4 . (2)
    Integrating (1) to x we have

    f (x, y) = x3 y 2 + 4x2 y 5 + g(y). ⇒

    fy (x, y) = 2x3 y + 20x2 y 4 + g 0 (y).


    Combining this with (2) we have g 0 (y) = 0. ⇒ g(y) = C. ⇒

    f (x, y) = x3 y 2 + 4x2 y 5 + C.

    The solution is
    x3 y 2 + 4x2 y 5 = C.
    Sub y(2) = 1: C=24. Thus the solution is

    x3 y 2 + 4x2 y 5 = 24.

    2
    4. Find an integrating factor y 5 + (2xy 4 − yey )y 0 = 0.

    Solution: Here
    ∂P ∂Q
    ∂y
    − ∂x 3
    =
    −P y
    so that there is an integrating factor which is a function of y only, which satisfies
    3
    I 0 /I = ,
    y

    I(y) = y 3 .

    5. Find an integrating factor and thus solve the equation:

    1 − xy + x(y − x)y 0 = 0, x > 0.

    Solution: Let P (x, y) = 1 − xy, Q(x, y) = x(y − x). Then Py = −x, Qx = y − 2x.
    Py 6= Qx . The equation is not exact.
    Note that
    Py − Qx x−y 1
    = =− .
    Q x(y − x) x
    We can find an integrating factor which is a function of x only.
    Z  Z 
    Py − Qx 1 1
    I(x) = exp dx = exp − dx = .
    Q x x
    There exists a potential function f (x, y) such that
    1
    fx (x, y) = I(x)P (x, y) = − y, (1)
    x
    and
    fy (x, y) = I(x)Q(x, y) = y − x. (2)
    Integrating (1) to x we have
    Z
    1
    f (x, y) = ( − y)dx + g(y) = ln x − xy + g(y). ⇒
    x

    fy (x, y) = −x + g 0 (y).

    3
    Combining this with (2) we have g 0 (y) = y. ⇒ g(y) = 21 y 2 . ⇒

    1
    f (x, y) = ln x − xy + y 2 + C.
    2
    The solution is
    1
    ln x − xy + y 2 = C.
    2

    6. Given that y1 (x) = ex is a solution of the DE y 00 − 3y 0 + 2y = 0. Find a second


    linearly independent solution.
    Solution:
    Z Z Z
    1 − R p(x) dx 1 − R −3 dx
    u(x) = e dx = e dx = ex dx = ex .
    y12 (ex )2
    Z
    y2 (x) = y1 (x) u(x) dx = e2x .

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