w·KvYwgwZ

BDwbU
Trigonometry 13
f~wgKv
w·KvYwgwZ kãwU G‡m‡Q MÖxK kã Trigronmentro †_‡K| Trigonon k‡ãi A_© wZbwU †KvY hv wÎfzR Ges
metron k‡ãi A_© cwigvc| A_©vr w·KvYwgwZ A_© wÎfz‡Ri cwigvc| MwY‡Zi †h kvLvq wZbwU †KvY I wZbwU evûi
cwigvc Ges Z`m¤úK©xq welq Av‡jvwPZ nq Zv‡K w·KvYwgwZ ejv nq| AwZ cÖvPxb Kv‡j w·KvYwgwZi cwiwa
ïaygvÎ wÎfz‡Ri †KvY, evû I †ÿÎdj wbY©‡qi g‡a¨ mxgve× wQj| eZ©gv‡b MwY‡Zi †h †Kvb kvLvq wkÿvjv‡fi Rb¨
w·KvYwgwZi Ávb GKvšÍ Acwinvh©| w·KvYwgwZ `yBwU kvLvq wef³| mgZj w·KvYwgwZ (Plane Trigonmetry)
Ges †MvjKxq w·KvYwgwZ (Spherical Trigonemetry)| Avgv‡`i Av‡jvPbv ïaygvÎ mgZj w·KvYwgwZ‡Z
mxgve× _vK‡e|

BDwb‡Ui D‡Ïk¨
GB BDwbU †k‡l Avcwb ˗
 w·KvYwgwZK †KvY m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb,
 w·KvYwgwZK †Kv‡Yi wewfbœ cwigvc Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 m~²‡Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 mshy³ †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡ev©”P mgq 10 w`b

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 13.1: R¨vwgwZK †KvY I w·KvYwgwZK †KvY
cvV 13.2: †KvY cwigv‡ci GKK
cvV 13.3: †KvY cwigv‡ci wewfbœ cÖwZÁvmg~n
cvV 13.4: †KvY cwigv‡ci wewfbœ GK‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK©
cvV 13.5: w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n
cvV 13.6: w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ¸‡jvi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©
cvV 13.7: w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi aªæeZv I mxgve×Zv
cvV 13.8: w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ: mgm¨v I mgvavb
cvV 13.9: wba©vwiZ †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi gvb
cvV 13.10: mshy³ †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ
cvV 13.11: mshy³ †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ: mgm¨v I mgvavb
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 13.1 R¨vwgwZK †KvY I w·KvYwgwZK †KvY

cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb˗
 R¨vwgwZK I w·KvYwgwZK †KvY eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 abvZ¥K †KvY I FYvZ¥K †Kv‡Yi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb,
 †PŠKY ev PZzf©vM e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 w·KvYwgwZK †Kv‡Yi Ae¯’vb †Kvb PZzf©v‡M _vK‡e Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~L¨ kã R¨vwgwZK †KvY, w·KvYwgwZK †KvY, abvZ¥K, FYvZ¥K, †PŠKY ev PZyf©vM

g~jcvV˗
R¨vwgwZK †KvY: R¨vwgwZ‡Z mvaviYZ `yBwU iwk¥i wgj‡b †KvY Drcbœ nq Ges †Kv‡Yi cwigvY 0o n‡Z 360o Gi
g‡a¨ wmgve× _v‡K Ges Zv memgqB abvZ¥K nq, KLbI FYvZ¥K nq bv|
w·KvYwgwZK †KvY: w·KvYwgwZ‡Z GKwU N~Y©vqgvb iwk¥ Aci GKwU w¯’i
iwk¥i †cÖwÿ‡Z Ny‡i wbw`©ó Ae¯’v‡b Avm‡Z †h cwigvY AvewZ©Z nq, ZvB Y
B
H iwk¥ Øviv m„ó †Kv‡Yi cwigvc| A
g‡b Kiæb XOX Ges YOY `yBwU w¯’i iwk¥ j¤^fv‡e Aew¯’Z| GLb hw`
GKwU N~Y©vqgvb iwk¥ Avw` Ae¯’&vb OX n‡Z Nwoi KuvUvi wecixZ w`‡K
N~Y©b ïiæ K‡i OA Ae¯’v‡b G‡m w¯’i nq Zvn‡j w·KvYwgwZK ‡Kv‡Yi X O X
mÁvbymv‡i N~Y©vqgvb iwk¥ Øviv m„ó †Kv‡Yi cwigvY XOA| GLb hw`
GB iwk¥wU GKB w`‡K Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z Avw` Ae¯’vb OX cvi n‡q OB
C
Ae¯’v‡b G‡m w¯’i nq Zvn‡j m„ó †Kv‡Yi cwigvY n‡e XOB Ges Zv
Y
Pvi mg‡KvY A‡c¶v e„nËi| Avevi hw` N~Y©vqgvb iwk¥wU Nwoi KuvUv
†hw`‡K Ny‡i Avw` Ae¯’vb n‡Z †mw`‡K Ny‡i OC Ae¯’v‡b G‡m w¯’i nq Zvn‡j m„ó †Kv‡Yi cwigvY n‡e XOC|
wbw`©ó cwigvY †KvY wPwýZ Kivi ci N~Y©vqgvb †iLvwU †h cÖvšÍ Ae¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i †mB cÖvšÍ Ae¯’vb‡K cÖvwšÍK †iLv
ev e¨vmva© †f±i (Radius Vector) ejv nq| w·KvYwgwZK †KvY¸‡jv‡K mvaviYZ A, B, C,  (Avjdv), 
(weUv),  (Mvgv),  (w_Uv) BZ¨vw` A¶i Øviv m~wPZ Kiv nq|
abvZ¥K I FYvZ¥K †KvY:
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv OA iwk¥ Ges OB iwk¥‡K Nwoi KuvUv †hw`‡K N~‡i Zvi wecixZ w`‡K N~i‡Z †`‡LwQ
Ges OC iwk¥‡K Nwoi KuvUv †hw`‡K N~‡i †mw`‡K N~i‡Z †`‡LwQ| myZivs †Kv‡bv iwk¥‡K Nwoi KuvUvi wecixZ w`‡K
(Anticlockwise) N~iv‡j Drcbœ †KvY‡K abvZ¥K (Positive) †KvY ejv nq Ges †Kv‡bv iwk¥‡K Nwoi KuvUvi w`‡K
(Clockwise) N~iv‡j Drcbœ †KvY‡K FYvZ¥K (Negative) †KvY ejv nq| myZivs w·KvYwgwZK †Kv‡Yi cwigvY 00
n‡Z ïiæ K‡i †h †Kvb gv‡bi n‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv abvZ¥K I FYvZ¥K †h‡Kvb gv‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e R¨vwgwZK
†Kv‡Yi cwigvc ïay abvZ¥K, KLbI FYvZ¥K nq bv| w·KvYwgwZK †Kv‡Yi cwigvc Rvb‡Z n‡j †PŠKY ev PZzf©vM
m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z n‡e|

222 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

D”PZi MwYZ BDwbU 13

†PŠKY ev PZzf©vM (Quadrant): wPÎ j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e, j¤^fv‡e

`Ûvqgvb XOX Ges YOY mij‡iLv `yBwU mgZj †¶ÎwU‡K PviwU As‡k Y
wef³ K‡i‡Q| GB PviwU As‡ki cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K †PŠKY ev PZzf©vM (Quadrant)
e‡j| wP‡Î XOY, YOX, XOY I YOX Ask‡K h_vμ‡g cÖ_g, wØZxq, 2q ‡PŠKY 1g ‡PŠKY
Z…Zxq I PZz_© †PŠKY ejv nq| w·KvYwgwZK †Kv‡Yi cwigvY hvB †nvK bv †Kb
Zv †h‡Kvb GKwU †PŠK‡Yi g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb Ki‡e| cÖwZ †PŠK‡Y †Kv‡Yi cwigvY X O X
900 |
3q ‡PŠKY 4_© ‡PŠKY
ZvB, Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq GKwU abvZ¥K †Kv‡Yi cwigvc 90°
A‡c¶v Kg n‡j 1g PZzf©v‡M _vK‡e| Avevi 360°I 450° g‡a¨ _vK‡jI Y
†KvYwU 1g PZzf©v‡MB _vK‡e| GKBfv‡e †Kv‡bv abvZ¥K †Kv‡Yi gvb 90°†_‡K
180° Gi g‡a¨ _vK‡j 2q PZzf©v‡M, 180° I 270°g‡a¨ _vK‡j †KvYwU 3q PZzf©v‡M, Ges 270°I 360°Gi
g‡a¨ _vK‡j 4_© PZzf©v‡M _vK‡e| Abyiƒcfv‡e GKwU FYvZ¥K †Kv‡Yi cwigvc −90°†_‡K 0 g‡a¨ _vK‡j 4_©
PZzf©v‡M, 180°†_‡K 90°Gi g‡a¨ 3q PZzf©v‡M, 270°†_‡K 180°Gi g‡a¨ 2q PZzf©v‡M I 360°
†_‡K 270°Gi g‡a¨ _vK‡j 1g PZzf©v‡M _vK‡e| 0° I 360° ev Gi †h‡Kv‡bv c~Y©mvswL¨K ¸wYZK XOX
†iLvi Ges 90°I 270°G‡`i †h‡Kv‡bv c~Y©mvswL¨K ¸wYZK YOY †iLvi Dci Ae¯’vb Ki‡e|
GLb Avmyb Avgiv D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g eyS‡Z †Póv Kwi w·KvYwgwZK †KvY wKfv‡e †Kvb& †PŠK‡Y Ae¯’vb K‡i|
D`vniY 1: 280 †KvY †Kvb& †PŠK‡Y Ae¯’vb K‡i? Y
mgvavb: 280 †KvYwU PZz_© †PŠK‡Y Ae¯’vb Ki‡e|
†h‡nZz 280 = 3×90+10 280o
e¨vL¨: †h‡nZz 280 †KvYwU abvZ¥K| AZGe †KvYwU Drcbœ n‡e †KvY X X
m„wóKvix N~Y©vqgvb iwk¥wU Nwoi KvUvi wecixZ w`‡K N~Y©‡bi d‡j| GLv‡b O
N~Y©vqgvb †iLvwU Nwoi KvUvi wecixZ w`‡K Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z wZbwU †PŠK‡Y 270 A
AwZμg K‡i Ges Aewkó 10 Ny‡i 4_© †PŠK‡Y OA Ae¯’v‡b _vK‡e| myZivs Y
280 †KvYwU 4_© †PŠK‡Y Ae¯’vb Ki‡e|
D`vniY 2: 280 †KvYwU †Kvb& †PŠK‡Y Ae¯’vb Ki‡e| Y A
mgvavb: †h‡nZz 280 = (3×90+10)
 280 †KvYwU 1g †PŠK‡Y Ae¯’vY Ki‡e| 280o
e¨vL¨v: †h‡nZz 280 †KvbwU FYvZ¥K| AZGe †KvbwU Drcbœ n‡e †KvY X X
O
m„wóKvix N~Y©vqgvb iwk¥wU Nwoi KuvUvi w`‡K NyY©‡bi d‡j| GLv‡b N~Y©vqgvb
iwk¥wU Avw` Ae¯’vb OX n‡Z Nwoi KuvUv †hw`‡K †Nv‡i †mw`‡K Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z
wZbwU †PŠK‡Y 270 AwZμg Kivi ci Aewkó 10 AwZμg K‡i 1g †PŠK‡Y Y
OA Ae¯’v‡b _vK‡e| myZivs 280 †KvYwU 1g †PŠK‡Y Ae¯’vb Ki‡e|

mvims‡ÿc˗
 R¨vwgwZ‡Z mvaviYZ `yBwU iwk¥i wgj‡b †KvY Drcbœ nq Ges †Kv‡Yi cwigvY 0o n‡Z 360o Gi g‡a¨
wmgve× _v‡K Ges Zv memgqB abvZ¥K nq, KLbI FYvZ¥K nq bv|
 w·KvYwgwZ‡Z GKwU N~Y©vqgvb iwk¥ Aci GKwU w¯’i iwk¥i †cÖwÿ‡Z Ny‡i wbw`©ó Ae¯’v‡b Avm‡Z †h cwigvY
AvewZ©Z nq, ZvB H iwk¥ Øviv m„ó †Kv‡Yi cwigvc|

w·KvYwgwZ 223
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

 †Kv‡bv iwk¥‡K Nwoi KuvUvi wecixZ w`‡K N~iv‡j Drcbœ †KvY‡K abvZ¥K †KvY ejv nq Ges †Kv‡bv iwk¥‡K
Nwoi KuvUvi w`‡K N~iv‡j Drcbœ †KvY‡K FYvZ¥K †KvY ejv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 13.1˗

1. wb‡¤œ DwjøwLZ †KvY¸‡jv †Kvb& PZzf©v‡M Ae¯’vb Ki‡e wbY©q Kiæb|

(i) 440o (ii) 530o (iii) ˗515o (iv) 740o

cvV 13.2 †KvY cwigv‡ci GKK

cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb˗
 †KvY cwigv‡ci wewfbœ c×wZ¸‡jv eY©bv I e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~L¨ kã lvUg~jK, kZg~jK, e„Ëxq, wWwMÖ, †MÖW, †iwWqvb

g~jcvV˗
w·KvYwgwZK †Kv‡Yi cwigvc
msÁvbymv‡i mg‡Kv‡Yi cwigvY nj w¯’i ev aªæe (Constant) mg‡KvY‡K g~j GKK a‡i w·KvYwgwZK †KvY cwigv‡ci
Rb¨ wZb cÖKvi c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq| GB c×wZ¸‡jv njÑ
(i) lvUg~jK c×wZ (Sexagesimal System)
(ii) kZg~jK c×wZ (Centesimal System)
(iii) e„Ëxq c×wZ (Circular System)
(i) lvUg~jK c×wZ: lvUg~jK c×wZ‡Z mg‡KvY‡K †KvY cwigv‡ci GKK aiv nq| GB c×wZ‡Z GK mg‡KvY‡K ev
900 †KvY‡K mgvb 90 fv‡M fvM K‡i cÖwZwU fvM‡K GK wWMÖx ejv nq|
GK wWwMÖ‡K mgvb 60 fvM K‡i cÖwZfvM‡K GK wgwbU (1=One Minute) Ges GK wgwbU‡K mgvb 60 fvM K‡i
cÖwZ fvM‡K GK †m‡KÛ (1= One Second) aiv nq|
cÖwZwU wWwMÖ‡K 60 wgwb‡U Ges cÖwZwU wgwbU‡K 60 †m‡K‡Û fvM Kiv nq| A_©vr
1 mg‡KvY = 90 (beŸB wWMÖx)
1 = 60' (lvU wgwbU)
1' = 60" (lvU †m‡KÛ)
¶z`ªZg fvM¸‡jv 60 e‡j Gi bvgKiY n‡q‡Q lvUg~jK †KvY cwigv‡ci GB c×wZ‡K mvaviY (Common) ev e„wUk
(British) c×wZI ejv nq|
(ii) kZg~jK c×wZ: GB c×wZ‡Z GK mg‡KvY‡K mgvb 100 fv‡M fvM K‡i cÖwZwU fvM‡K †MÖW ejv nq| cÖwZwU
†MÖW‡K GK kZg~jK wgwbU Ges cÖwZwU GK kZg~jK wgwbU‡K GKkZg~jK †m‡KÛ fvM Kiv nq| A_©vr
1 mg‡KvY = 100g (GKkZ †MÖW)
1 = 100 (GKkZ kZg~jK wgwbU)

224 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

D”PZi MwYZ BDwbU 13

1 = 100 (GKkZ kZg~jK †m‡KÛ)

¶z`ªZg fvM¸‡jv 100 e‡j Gi bvgKiY n‡q‡Q kZg~jK| GB c×wZ‡K divwm c×wZI e‡j|
(iii) e„Ëxq c×wZ: GB c×wZ‡Z g~j GKK nj †iwWqvb (Radian)| G‡K 1c wPý Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
†h †Kvb e„‡Ëi e¨vmv‡a©i mgvb e„ËPvc H e„‡Ëi †K‡›`ª †h †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Zv‡K ejv nq GK †iwWqvb †KvY|
†iwWqvb GKwU w¯’i (Constant) †KvY| Q
wP‡Î PQR e„‡Ëi †K›`ª O e„‡Ëi e¨vmva© OP = r Ges e¨vmv‡a©i mgvb Pvc PQ| PQ Pvc
R O P
†K›`ª O †Z ∠POQ Drcbœ K‡i‡Q| D³ †Kv‡Yi cwigvYB GK †iwWqvb| A_©vr ∠POQ r
GK †iwWqvb|

mvims‡ÿc-
 lvUg~jK c×wZ‡Z mg‡KvY‡K †KvY cwigv‡ci GKK aiv nq| mg‡KvY‡K ev 900 †KvY‡K mgvb 90 fv‡M
fvM K‡i cÖwZwU fvM‡K GK wWMÖx ejv nq|
 GB c×wZ‡Z GK mg‡KvY‡K mgvb 100 fv‡M fvM K‡i cÖwZwU fvM‡K †MÖW ejv nq|
 GB c×wZ‡Z g~j GKK nj †iwWqvb (Radian)| G‡K 1c wPý Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
 †h †Kvb e„‡Ëi e¨vmv‡a©i mgvb e„ËPvc H e„‡Ëi †K‡›`ª †h †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Zv‡K ejv nq GK †iwWqvb
†KvY| †iwWqvb GKwU w¯’i (Constant) †KvY|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 13.2-

1. †KvY cwigv‡ci wewfbœ c×wZ¸‡jv eY©bv I e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

cvV 13.3 †KvY cwigv‡ci wewfbœ cÖwZÁvmg~n

cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb˗
 †Kv‡Yi wWMÖx cwigvc I †iwWqvb cwigv‡ci m¤úK© wbY©‡qi Rb¨ wb‡¤œv³ cÖwZÁvmg~n eY©bv I e¨vL¨v
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~L¨ kã e„Ë, cwiwa, e¨vm AbycvZ

g~jcvV˗
†Kv‡Yi wWMÖx cwigvc I †iwWqvb cwigv‡ci m¤úK© wbY©‡qi Rb¨ wb‡¤œv³ cÖwZÁvmg~n Ges †Kv‡Yi e„Ëxq cwigvc
m¤ú‡K© Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb|
cÖwZÁv 1: †h †Kvb `yBwU e„‡Ëi ¯^˗¯^ cwiwa I e¨v‡mi AbycvZ mgvb|
cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæb O `yBwU e„‡Ëi mvaviY †K›`ª| eo e„ËwU‡Z n msL¨v mgvb evû A
O A
wewkó ABCD ... eûfzR AsKb Kiæb| OA, OB, OC, OD .... †hvM Kiæb| GB
†iLv¸wj †QvU e„ËwU‡K A', B', C', D', ....we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| GLb A'B', B'C', B
B
D C
C
w·KvYwgwZ 225
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

C'D', ..... †hvM Kiæb| Zvn‡j A'B'C'D' .... †ÿÎwU †QvU e„‡Ë AšÍwj©wLZ n˗msL¨K mgvb evû wewkó eûfzR n‡e|
GLb OA = OB (eo e„‡Ëi `yBwU e¨vmva©)
Ges OA = OB ( †QvU e„‡Ëi `yBwU e¨vmva©)
OA OB
myZivs  ,
OA OB
AZGe, AOB, OAB Ges OAB Gi mvaviY †KvY
AZGe, OAB Ges OAB m`„k‡KvYx wÎfzR|
AB OA
 
AB OA
n. AB OA
ev, 
n. AB OA
n. AB n. AB
ev, 
OA OA
eo e„‡Ëi AšÍwj©wLZ eûfz‡Ri cwimxgv †QvU e„‡Ëi AšÍwj©wLZ eûfz‡Ri cwimxgv
A_©vr eo e„‡Ëi e¨vmva© = †QvU e„‡Ëi e¨vmva© ........................(i)
GLb eûfz‡Ri evû msL¨v n hZ †ekx n‡e AB, AB ......... Ges Ab¨vb¨ evû¸wji ˆ`N©¨ ZZ †QvU n‡e| hw` n
......... Gi gvb Amxg nq Zvn‡j Dfq eûfz‡R evû¸wj e„‡Ëi cwiwai mv‡_ cÖvq wg‡k _v‡K|
myZivs (i) bs mgxKiY wbgœiƒc AvKvi aviY Ki‡e,
eo e„‡Ëi cwiwa †QvU e„‡Ëi cwiwa
=
eo e„‡Ëi e¨vmva© †QvU e„‡Ëi e¨vmva©
eo e„‡Ëi cwiwa †QvU e„‡Ëi cwiwa
ev, eo e„‡Ëi e¨vm = †QvU e„‡Ëi e¨vm ........................................... (ii)
Gfv‡e †h †Kvb msjMœ e„Ë AsKb K‡i (ii) bs mgxKi‡Yi mZ¨Zv cÖgvY Kiv hvq|
myZivs †h †Kvb `yBwU e„‡Ëi ¯^˗¯^ cwiwa I e¨v‡mi AbycvZ mgvb|
gšÍe¨ 1: †h‡Kv‡bv e„‡Ëi cwiwa I e¨v‡mi AbycvZ memgq mgvb I GKB aªæe msL¨v|
†h †Kv‡bv e„‡Ëi cwiwa
†mB e„‡Ëi e¨vm = aªæe msL¨v
G aªæe msL¨vwU‡K wMÖK eY© π (cvB) Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| π GKwU Ag~j` msL¨v Ges `kwg‡K cÖKvk Ki‡j GwU
GKwU AšÍnxb A‡cŠbtcywbK msL¨v (π  3⋅1415926535897932........) |
gšÍe¨ 2: mvaviYZ Pvi `kwgK ¯’vb ch©šÍ π Gi Avmbœ gvb π = 3⋅1416 e¨envi Kiv nq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ π Gi
gvb mnmª j¶vwaK `kwgK ¯’vb ch©šÍ wbY©xZ n‡q‡Q| †h‡nZz π Gi Avmbœ gvb e¨envi Kiv nq †m‡nZz DËiI n‡e
Avmbœ| ZvB Dˇii cv‡k ÔcÖvqÕ †jLv Aek¨ KZ©e¨| cieZ©x mg¯Í Kv‡R Ab¨ †Kv‡bviƒc ejv bv _vK‡j Pvi `kwgK
¯’vb ch©š— π Gi Avmbœ gvb 3⋅1416 e¨envi Kiv n‡e|
Amywm×všÍ: e„‡Ëi e¨vmva© ÔrÕ n‡j, cwiwa n‡e 2πr |
cwiwa
†Kvb e„‡Ëi e¨vmva©‡K r Ges d aiv n‡j (ii) bs m~Î Abymv‡i, d 
ev, cwiwa = d = 2r = 2r
 e„‡Ëi cwiwa = 2r
cÖwZÁv 2: e„‡Ëi †Kv‡bv Pvc Øviv Drcbœ †K›`ª¯’ †KvY H e„ËPv‡ci mgvbycvwZK|

226 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

D”PZi MwYZ BDwbU 13

cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæb, PQR e„‡Ëi †K›`ª O Ges e¨vmva© OP | Q e„‡Ëi Dci Ab¨ GKwU we›`y| d‡j QP e„‡Ëi GKwU
Pvc Ges ∠POQ e„‡Ëi GKwU †K›`ª¯’ †KvY| Q

Zvn‡j, †K›`ª¯’ ∠POQ, Pvc QP. Gi mgvbycvwZK n‡e|

R
O P
A_©vr, †K›`ª¯’ ∠POQ ∞ Pvc QP | r

cÖwZÁv 3: †iwWqvb †KvY GKwU aªæe †KvY|

cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæb O †K›`ª wewkó GKwU e„‡Ëi e¨vmva© r| GLb e„‡Ëi e¨vmv‡a©i mgvb K‡i e„‡Ëi cwiwa n‡Z AB
e„ËPvc A¼b Kiæb| OA, OB †hvM Kiæb| Zvn‡j mÁvbymv‡i AOB = 1C | GLb OA mij‡iLvi Dci OC
1 r
j¤^ A¼b Kiæb| Zvn‡j AOC = GK mg‡KvY Ges e„ËPvc AC = e„‡Ëi cwiwai GK PZz_©vsk =  2r =
4 2
Agiv Rvwb e„ËPvc Øviv m„ó †K›`ª¯’ †KvY e„ËPvcwUi mgvbycvwZK| C
AOB AOC B
AZGe =
e„ËPvc AB e„ËPvc AC
AOB e„ËPvc AB O A
ev,  r
AOC e„ËPvc AC
1c r
ev, GK mg‡KvY 
r
2
2
ev, 1c =  GK mg‡KvY

†h‡nZz  Ges mg‡Kv‡Yi gvb aªæe, AZGe †iwWqvb GKwU aªæe †KvY|
†Kv‡Yi e„Ëxq cwigvc
e„Ëxq GKK A_©vr †iwWqvb GK‡K †Kv‡bv †Kv‡Yi cwigvc Zvi e„Ëxq cwigvc (Circular Measure) ejv nq|
cÖwZÁv 4: e„‡Ëi †h †Kvb Pvc I Zvi e¨vmv‡a©i AbycvZ H e„‡Ëi †K‡›`ª †mB Pvc Øviv Drcbœ †Kv‡Yi mgvb|
cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæb, POQ GKwU wbw`©ó †KvY| O †K †K›`ª K‡i r Gi mgvb e¨vmva© wb‡q GKwU e„Ë AsKb Kiæb hv
OP Ges OQ †K h_vμ‡g A I B we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| GLb e„‡Ëi e¨vmv‡a©i mgvb GKwU e„ËPvc AC wbb| Zvn‡j,
Pvc AC = e¨vmva© OA Ges AOC = GK †iwWqvb| Q
Avgiv Rvwb, GKwU e„ËPvc Øviv m„ó †K›`ª¯’ †KvY †mB e„ËPvcwUi mgvbycvwZK| B C
AOB AOC
myZivs Pvc AB = Pvc AC
AOB Pvc O P
ev, AOC = Pvc AC r A

AOB Pvc
ev, GK †iwWqvb = r
Pvc
ev, AOB = r × GK †iwWqvb
s
ev, AOB = r †iwWqvb, †hLv‡b Pvc AOB = s
myZivs e„‡Ëi †h †Kvb Pvc I Zvi e¨vmv‡a©i AbycvZ H e„‡Ëi †K‡›`ª †mB Pvc Øviv Drcbœ †Kv‡Yi mgvb|
GLb AOB Gi e„Ëxq cwigvc  †iwWqvb n‡j Zv‡K AOB = †iwWqvb AvKv‡i wjLv hvq|

w·KvYwgwZ 227
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

s
Zvn‡j AOB = r †iwWqvb
s
ev, †iwWqvb = r †iwWqvb
s
ev,  = r
s  r

mvims‡ÿc-
 †h‡Kv‡bv e„‡Ëi cwiwa I e¨v‡mi AbycvZ memgq mgvb I GKB aªæe msL¨v| G aªæe msL¨vwU‡K wMÖK eY© π
(cvB) Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
 mvaviYZ Pvi `kwgK ¯’vb ch©šÍ π Gi Avmbœ gvb π = 3⋅1416 e¨envi Kiv nq|
 e„‡Ëi †Kv‡bv Pvc Øviv Drcbœ †K›`ª¯’ †KvY H e„ËPv‡ci mgvbycvwZK|
 †iwWqvb †KvY GKwU aªæe †KvY|
 e„‡Ëi †h †Kvb Pvc I Zvi e¨vmv‡a©i AbycvZ H e„‡Ëi †K‡›`ª †mB Pvc Øviv Drcbœ †Kv‡Yi mgvb|
 e„‡Ëi †h †Kvb Pvc s, Zvi e¨vmva© Ges r H e„‡Ëi †K‡›`ª †mB Pvc Øviv Drcbœ †KvY  n‡j s  r |

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 13.3-

1. cÖgvY Kiæb, †iwWqvb GKwU aªæe †KvY|

s
2. cÖgvY Kiæb  = r ,†hLv‡b s = e„‡Ëi Pvc Ges r = e„‡Ëi e¨vmva©|

cvV 13.4 †KvY cwigv‡ci wewfbœ GK‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK©

cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 †KvY cwigv‡ci wewfbœ GK‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 m¤úK©¸‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-
†KvY cwigv‡ci wewfbœ GK‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK©:
(K) lvUg~jK I kZg~jK GK‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK©
lvUg~jK c×wZ‡Z 1 mg‡KvY = 90Ges kZg~jK c×wZ‡Z 1 mg‡KvY = 100g
myZivs 90 = 100g  90 = 100g  9 = 10g  1 = 10g
g
10
 =  9  = 1.11g (cÖvq)
 
Avevi, 10g =9

228 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

D”PZi MwYZ BDwbU 13

9
1g = = 0.9 (cÖvq)
10
(L) lvUg~jK I e„Ëxq GK‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK©
cÖwZÁv 3˗Gi †iwWqvb †Kv‡Yi eY©bvq Avgiv cvB,
2
1 †iwWqvb = mg‡KvY

2 2 
myZivs 1c =  mg‡KvY  1c =  × 1c = 

1c = = 5717'44.8"
3.1416
 3.1416
Avevi, 1 =  †iwWqvb  1 = †iwWqvb = 0.0174533 †iwWqvb
180
wKš‘ Aci `yBwU c×wZ Abymv‡i
2 mg‡KvY = 180 = 200g
2 mg‡KvY = 180 = 200g= c
c
1 mg‡KvY = 90 = 100g=

(M) g‡b Kiæb, GKwU wbw`©ó †Kv‡Yi cwigvY‡K lvUg~jK kZg~jK I e„Ëxq c×wZ‡Z h_vμ‡g D wWMÖx, G †MÖW Ges
R †iwWqvb wb‡`©k Kiv nj| Zvn‡j,
 
180 =  †iwWqvb  1 = †iwWqvb  D =  × D †iwWqvb


Avevi †h‡nZz 200g =  †iwWqvb  Gg =  × G †iwWqvb
D G
myZivs =  =  = R
D G R
 = =
 
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K eûj e¨eüZ †KvYmg~‡ni wWwMÖ I †iwWqv‡bi m¤úK© †`Iqv n‡jv:
c c c
(i) 1 = (ii) 30 = × 30 =
  
c c c c
(iii) 45 = × 45 = (iv) 60 = × 60 =
   
c c c
(v) 90 = × 90 = (vi) 180 = × 180 = c
  
c
(vii) 360 = × 360 = 2c

e¨envwiK †¶‡Î †iwWqvb cÖZxK (c) mvaviYZ wjLv nq bv| †iwWqvb cÖZxK Dn¨ †i‡L m¤úK©¸wj‡K Avgiv
wbgœwjwLZfv‡e co‡ev|
    
1 = , 30 = , 45 = , 60 = , 90 = , 180 = 360 = 2 BZ¨vw`|
    

D`vniY 1: 2015'30" †K †iwWqv‡b cÖKvk Kiæb|

30 1
mgvavb: 30" = 60 '= 2 '

w·KvYwgwZ 229
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

1 31 31  31   31 
 15'30" = 152 ' = 2 ' = 2 ' =2×60 = 120
   
 
31 2431 2431 2431 c
AZGe 2015'30" = 20120 =  120  = 120×90 mg‡KvY = 10800 × 
   
2431
= 21600 × c = 0.116 c (cÖvq)

D`vniY 2: 20g25'20" †K lvUg~jK c×wZ‡Z cÖKvk Kiæb|

mgvavb: 20g25'20" = 20g+0.25g +0.0020g =20.252 g = 20.252 × 100 mg‡KvY
= 0.20252 mg‡KvY = 90 × 0.20252 = 18.2258 = 18 (60 × 0.2268)'
= 1813.608' = 1813' (60×0.608)" = 1813' 36.48"
D`vniY 3: †Kvb wÎfz‡Ri †KvY¸wji AbycvZ 3:4:5| †KvY¸wj‡K wWMÖx I †iwWqv‡b cÖKvk Kiæb|
mgvavb: aiæb, GKwU †Kv‡Yi cwigvY = 3x
AZGe, kZ©g‡Z wÎfz‡Ri Aci †KvY `yBwU 4x Ges 5x.
wÎfz‡Ri wZb †Kv‡Yi mgwó = 180
180
A_©vr 3x+4x+5x = 180  12x = 180  x = 12 = 15
cÖ_g †KvYwU = 3x = 3×15 = 45
wØZxq †KvYwU = 4x = 4×15 = 60
Z…Zxq †KvYwU = 5x = 5×15 = 75
c
Avevi, 1 = 
 c
45 = × 45 =
 
  c
60 = × 60 =
 
 5c
Ges 75 =  × 90 = 1
c c 5c
 wÎfz‡Ri †KvY wZbwU 45, 60, 75 A_ev , , Ges
  1
D`vniY 4: GKwU Mvoxi PvKvi e¨vm 4 dzU Ges PvKvwU cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 8 evi †Nv‡i| MvwowUi MwZ‡eM wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: PvKvi e¨vm d = 4 dzU
d 4
 PvKvi e¨vmva© r =  =  dzU = 2 dzU
 PvKvi cwiwa = 2r = 2 × 3.1416×2 dzU = 12.5664
A_©vr PvKvwU 1 evi Ny‡i 12.5664 dzU `~iZ¡ AwZμg K‡i|
†h‡nZz PvKvwU cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 8 evi †Nv‡i|
AZGe 1 †m‡K‡Û MvwowUi AwZμg `~iZ¡ = 12.5664×8 dzU
12.5664×8×60×60
 1 N›Uv ev 60×60 ... ... ... ... ... = 12.5664×8×60×60 dzU = MR

12.5664×8×60×60
=
×1760
gvBj = 68.544 gvBj = 69 gvBj (cÖvq)

230 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

D”PZi MwYZ BDwbU 13

 MvwowUi MwZ‡eM N›Uvq 69 gvBj (cÖvq)

D`vniY 5: GKwU e„&ËKvi c‡_ N›Uvq 6 wK.wg. †e‡M †`Š‡o GK e¨w³ 36 †m‡K‡Û Ggb GKwU e„ËPvc AwZμg K‡i
hv †K‡›`ª 56 †KvY Drcbœ K‡i| e„‡Ëi e¨vm wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: 1 N›Uvq ev 60×60 †m‡K‡Û AwZμg K‡i = 6 wK.wg. = 6×1000 wg.
6×1000
 1 †m‡K‡Û Ó Ó Ó = ×60 wg.
6×1000×36
 36 †m‡K‡Û Ó Ó Ó = wg.
×60
= 60 wg.
  e„‡Ëi Pvc = 60 wg.
s
Avgiv Rvwb r
s
 r = 

†h‡nZz r = e„‡Ëi e¨vmva©, s = e„ËPvc, †Kv‡Yi cwigvb
c
GLv‡b s = 60 wg., × 180
AZGe gvb ewm‡q cvB˗
60 60×180
r = 60p wg. = 56×3.1416 wg. = 61.38 wg.
180
e„‡Ëi e¨vm = 2r= 2× = 122.74 wg. = 123 wg. (cÖvq)

D`vniY 6: 10 wgUvi DuPz GKwU LywU KZ `~‡i 15 †KvY Drcbœ K‡i|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb AB LywUwU f‚wgi Dci O we›`y‡Z 15 †KvY Drcbœ K‡i| aiæb OA = r| †h‡nZz AOB Lye
¶z`ª| myZivs AB˗Gi ˆ`N©¨ OA Gi ˆ`‡N©¨i Zzjbvq Lye ¶z`ª n‡e| myZivs AB †K GKwU e„‡Ëi Pvc aiv †h‡Z cv‡i
hvi †K›`ª D Ges e¨vmva© = r. B

15 15 15 
GLb 15 = 60 = 60×60 = 60×60  †iwWqvb
GLb s = r m¤úK© n‡Z cvB 15
15 O A
10 = r. 60×60×180 r wg.

60×60×180×10 60×60×180×10 60×60×180×10

ev, r = wg. = 15×3.1416 wg. = 15×3.1416×1000 wK.wg. = 137.509 wK.wg (cÖvq)
15
= 137.51 wK.wg (cÖvq)
AZGe LywUwU 137.51 wK.wg `y‡i 15 †KvY Drcbœ K‡i|
D`vniY 7: c„w_ex †_‡K m~‡h©i Mo `~iZ¡ 9,25,00,000 gvBj aiv nj| hw` m~h© `k©‡Ki †Pv‡Li Ae¯’v‡bi mv‡_ 32
†KvY Drcbœ K‡i, Zvn‡j m~‡h©i e¨vm KZ?
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb m~‡h©i e¨vm D gvBj| †h‡nZz `k©‡Ki †Pv‡Li
Ae¯’v‡bi mv‡_ m~‡h©i A_©vr m~‡h©i e¨vm Øviv Drcbœ †Kv‡Yi cwigvb m~h'
Lye †QvU, myZivs `k©K A_©vr c„w_ex n‡Z m~‡h©i `~i‡Z¡i Zzjbvq m~‡h©i D

e¨v‡mi cwigvY AwZ ¶z`ª n‡e| 32'

9,25,00,000 gvBj

w·KvYwgwZ 231
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

myZivs m~‡h©i e¨vm‡K †mB e„‡Ëi Pvc Kíbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i hvi e¨vmva© = 9,25,00,000 gvBj Ges †K›`ª nj
`k©‡Ki Ae¯’vb|
32 32 
GLb 32 = 60 = 60 ×180 †iwWqvb
GLb s = r †hLv‡b s = e„‡Ëi Pvc, r = e„‡Ëi e¨vmv_© Ges = wbw`©ó †KvY m¤úK© n‡Z cvB˗
32 92500000×32×3.1416
D = 9,25,00,000 × 60×180 = 60×180
= 8,61,031 gvBj (cÖvq)

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 13.4-

1. †iwWqv‡b cÖKvk Ki:

(i) 205'6" (ii) 4025'36" (iii) 4512'23.2"
2. lvU g~jK c×wZ‡Z cÖKvk Kiæb˗

(i) 23g25'20" (ii) 5g2'5" iii) 15
3. GKwU PvKvi e¨vmva© 3 wg. n‡j Zvi cwiwa KZ?
11
4. GKwU wÎfz‡Ri †KvYmg~n h_vμ‡g x, 25g Ges 36 | x˗Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
5. GKwU Mvwoi PvKv 200 evi AveZ©b K‡i 800 wgUvi AwZμg K‡i| PvKvi e¨vmva© wbY©q Kiæb|
6. GKwU †ijMvoxi PvKvi e¨vm 1.5 wgUvi Ges PvKvwU cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 5 evi †Nv‡i| †ijMvoxi MwZ‡eM N›Uvq KZ?
7. `yBwU †Kv‡Yi mgwó I AšÍi h_vμ‡g 1 †iwWqvb I 1 n‡j ¶z`ªZg †KvYwUi gvb †iwWqv‡b cÖKvk Kiæb|
8. GKwU wÎfz‡Ri wZbwU †Kv‡Yi AbycvZ 1:2:3| †KvY wZbwU‡K wWMÖx I †iwWqv‡b cÖKvk Kiæb|
D R
9. GKwU †Kv‡Yi wWMÖx‡Z cwigvc D I †iwWqv‡b cwigvc Rc n‡j †`Lvb †h, 180 =  .
10. lvUg~jK I kZg~jK c×wZ‡Z GKwU †Kv‡Yi cwigvc h_vμ‡g x I y n‡j †`Lvb †h 250x = 81y|
11. GK e¨w³ N›Uvq 10 gvBj †e‡M †`Š‡o 36 †m‡K‡Û Ggb GKwU e„ËPvc AwZμg K‡i hv e„‡Ëi †K‡›`ª 56 †KvY
Drcbœ K‡i| e„‡Ëi e¨vm wbY©q Kiæb|
12. hw` GKwU e„ËPvc 40 dzU `xN© e¨vmva© wewkó e„‡Ëi †K‡›`ª 60g †KvY Drcbœ K‡i, Zvn‡j e„ËPvcwUi ˆ`N©¨ wbY©q
Kiæb|
13. wbgœwjwkZ mg‡q e„ËvKvi Nwoi N›Uvi KuvUv I wgwb‡Ui KuvUvi ga¨eZ©x †Kv‡Yi cwigvc‡K †iwWqv‡b, wWMÖx I
†MÖ‡W cÖKvk Kiæb|
(i) 10 Uv 15 wgwbU (ii) 3 Uv (iii) 4 Uv 40 wgwbU
14. c„w_ex †_‡K Puv‡`i `~iZ¡ 237600 gvBj| Puv‡`i e¨vm c„w_exi †Kvb we›`y‡Z 16 †KvY Drcbœ K‡i| Puv‡`i
e¨vm wbY©q Kiæb|
15. c„w_ex †_‡K m~‡h©i `~iZ¡ 14.9×107 wKwg Ges c„w_exi †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z m~‡h©i e¨vm 32 †KvY Drcbœ K‡i| m~‡h©i
e¨vm KZ?
16. c„w_exi e¨vmva© 6440 wKwg n‡j c„w_exi Dci †h `ywU ¯’vb †K‡›`ª 32 †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Zv‡`i `~iZ¡ wbY©q
Kiæb|
17. Puv‡`i e¨vm `k©‡Ki †Pv‡Li mv‡_ 30 †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Ges m~‡h©i 32| hw` m~h©, Puv‡`i †_‡K 675 ¸Y `~‡i
Aew¯’Z nq, Zvn‡j Zv‡`i e¨v‡mi AbycvZ wbY©q Kiæb|
18. GKwU Mv‡Qi D”PZv 50 Ges MvQwUi `k©‡Ki †Pv‡Li Ae¯’v‡b 9 †KvY Drcbœ K‡i| Mv‡Qi †Mvov n‡Z `k©‡Ki
`~iZ¡ KZ?

232 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

D”PZi MwYZ BDwbU 13

cvV 13.5 w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n

cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 m~²‡Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 †h †Kv‡bv †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 wewfbœ PZzf©v‡Mi w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi wPý wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~L¨ kã m~²‡KvY, w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ, ¯’vbvsK, e¨vmva© †f±i, w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi wPý

g~jcvV-
w·KvYwgwZi GB As‡k cÖ_‡g m~²‡Kv‡Yi †¶‡Î w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n (sine, cosine, tangent, secant,
cosecant, cotangent) m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e| m~²‡Kv‡Yi AbycvZmg~‡ni gva¨‡g †h‡Kv‡bv †Kv‡Yi
w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n wbY©‡qi †KŠkj Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e| AbycvZ mg~‡ni cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© Ges wewfbœ
PZzf©v‡M G‡`i wPý wK n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡e| w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ msμvšÍ KwZcq A‡f` m¤ú‡K© aviYv
†`Iqv n‡e| GQvovI Av`k© †KvYmg~‡ni (0, 30, 45, 60, 90) w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ Ges AbycvZmg~‡ni
m‡ev©”P ev me©wb¤œgvb A_©vr gv‡bi cwiwa m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbvI GB As‡k AšÍf©y³ _vK‡e|
A
m~²‡Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n
P
wP‡Î XOA GKwU m~²‡KvY| aiæb †KvYwU | OA evû‡Z †h †Kvb
GKwU we›`y P wbb| P we›`y n‡Z OX Gi Dci PM j¤^ Uvbyb| Zvn‡j
AwZfzR
GKwU mg‡KvYx wÎfyR POM Drcbœ nj| ∠POM Gi mv‡c‡¶ OP j¤^
wÎfz‡Ri AwZfzR (Hypotenuse), OM fywg (adjecent side), PM

j¤^ (opposite side) Ges∠POQ =(m~²‡KvY)| GLb POM
O f~wg M X
Gi wZbwU evû OP, OM I PM wb‡q QqwU AbycvZ MVb Kiv hvq|
PM OM PM OP OP OM
AbycvZ¸‡jv , , , , ,
OP OP OM OM PM PM
GB AbycvZ¸‡jv‡K  †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ ejv nq|
Zvn‡j  †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ‡K wb‡gœv³fv‡e AwfwnZ Kiv
nqt
PM j¤^
 = sine  ( †Kv‡Yi mvBb) ev ms‡¶‡c sin 
OP AwZfzR
OM f‚wg
 = cosine  ( †Kv‡Yi ‡KmvBb) ev ms‡¶‡c cos 
OP AwZfzR
PM j¤^
  tangent  ( †Kv‡Yi U¨vb‡R›U) ev ms‡¶‡c tan 
OM f‚wg

w·KvYwgwZ 233
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

OM f‚wg
  cotangent  ( †Kv‡Yi †KvU¨vb‡R›U) ev ms‡¶‡c cot 
PM j¤^
OP AwZfzR
  secant  ( †Kv‡Yi †m‡K›U) ev ms‡¶‡c sec 
OM f‚wg
OP AwZfzR
  cosecant  ( †Kv‡Yi †Kv‡m‡K›U) ev ms‡¶‡c cosec 
PM j¤^
†h †Kv‡bv †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ
g‡b Kiæb GKwU N~Y©vqgvb iwk¥ Avw` Ae¯’vb OX n‡Z N~Y©b ïiæ K‡i OP Y
Ae¯’v‡b Gm ∠XOP  †KvY Drcbœ K‡i| GLb P we›`y n‡Z XOX r P (x,y)
†iLvi Dci PM j¤^ A¼b Kiæb| g~jwe›`y O n‡Z P we›`yi `~iZ¡ OP †K 
y
P we›`yi e¨vmva© †f±i e‡j| g‡b Kiæb, OM  x Ges PM  y | GLb P X O x M X
we›`yi ¯’vbvsK (x,y) Ges e¨vmva© †f±i OP  r n‡j  †Kv‡Yi
w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ¸‡jv wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e msÁvwqZ nq: Y
PM P we›`yi y-¯’vbvsK y
sin    
OP P we›`yi e¨vmva© †f±i r
OM P we›`yi x-¯’vbvsK x
cos   
OP P we›`y i e¨vmva© †f±i r
PM P we ›`y i y- ¯’ vbvsK y
tan      (hw` x  0 nq)
OM P we ›`y i x- ¯’ vbvsK x
OM P we ›`y i x- ¯’ vbvsK x
cot     (hw` y  0 nq)
PM P we ›`y i y- ¯’ vbvsK y
OP P we›`yi e¨vmva© †f±i r
sec    (hw` x  0 nq)
OM P we›`yi x-¯’vbvsK x
OP P we›`yi e¨vmva© †f±i r
cosec    (hw` y  0 nq)
PM P we›`yi y-¯’vbvsK y
Dc‡ii eY©bvq P we›`y Ges O we›`y wfbœ we›`y e‡j OP  r  0 | †mBRb¨ sin  Ges cos memgqB A_©en|
hw` cÖvwšÍ evû OP, x A‡ÿi Dci Aew¯’Z nq Zvn‡j y0, KviY x˗A‡ÿi Dci Aew¯’Z †h †Kv‡bv we›`yi y Gi
¯’vbvsK k~b¨| Giƒc †Kv‡Yi Rb¨ cot  , cosec msÁvwqZ bq| Avevi hw` cÖvwšÍ evû OP, y˗A‡ÿi Dci Aew¯’Z
nq Zvn‡j x  0, KviY y˗A‡ÿi Dci Aew¯’Z †h †Kv‡bv we›`yi x˗Gi ¯’vbvsK k~b¨| Giƒc †Kv‡Yi Rb¨
tan  , sec msÁvwqZ bq|
w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi wPý
g‡b Kiæb GKwU N~Y©vqgvb iwk¥ Avw` Ae¯’vb OX n‡Z N~Y©b ïiæ K‡i OP Ae¯’v‡b Gm ∠XOP  †KvY Drcbœ
K‡i| GLv‡b P we›`yi Ae¯’vb XOY, YOX, XOY A_ev YOX GB PviwU PZzf©v‡Mi †h †Kv‡bv GKwU‡Z n‡Z
cv‡i| GLb P we›`y n‡Z XOX †iLvi Dci PM j¤^ A¼b Kiæb| g~jwe›`y O n‡Z P we›`yi `~iZ¡ OP †K P we›`yi
e¨vmva© †f±i e‡j| g‡b Kiæb, OM  x Ges PM  y|
Y Y
P (x,y) P (x,y) r
r
y y 

x M X M x O X
X O X

234
Y Y evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
D”PZi MwYZ BDwbU 13

1g wPÎ 2q wPÎ
Y Y

M x   x M
X y O X X O y X
r
r P (x,y)
P (x,y)
Y Y
3q wPÎ 4_© wPÎ

N~Y©vqgvb iwk¥ Avw` Ae¯’vb OX n‡Z N~Y©b ïiæ K‡i  cwigvY †KvY Drcbœ Kivi ci PviwU PZzf©v‡Mi †h †Kv‡bv
GKwU‡Z Ae¯’vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| †h‡nZz e¨vmva© †f±i OP ( r) me©`v abvZ¥K AZGe  †Kv‡Yi wewfbœ Abycv‡Zi
wPý x I y Gi wPý A_©vr OM I PM evûi cwigv‡Yi Dci wbf©i K‡i (wPÎ)|
GLb hw` N~Y©vqgvb iwk¥i †kl Ae¯’vb A_©vr e¨vmva© †f±i cÖ_g PZzf©v‡M Ae¯’vb K‡i (1g wPÎ) Zvn‡j x, y, r
cÖ‡Z¨‡KB abvZ¥K n‡e| myZivs Zv‡`i mKj AbycvZ abvZ¥K n‡e| myZivs cÖ_g PZzf©v‡M Aew¯’Z mKj
w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ abvZ¥K n‡e| Y
hw` e¨vmva© †f±i wØZxq PZzf©v‡M Ae¯’vb K‡i (2q wPÎ) Z‡e x
FYvZ¥K Ges y I r abvZ¥K| myZivs wØZxq PZzf©v‡M x ewR©Z AbycvZ 2q PZzf©vM 1g PZzf©vM
A_©vr sin I cosec AbycvZ `yBwU abvZ¥K Ges Ab¨vb¨ AbycvZmg~n sin I cosec mKj AbycvZ
FYvZ¥K| AbycvZ abvZ¥K abvZ¥K
hw` e¨vmva© †f±i Z…Zxq PZzf©v‡M Ae¯’vb K‡i (3q wPÎ) Z‡e x I y X O X
DfqB FYvZ¥K Ges r abvZ¥K| myZivs Z…Zxq PZzf©v‡M x I y m¤^wjZ 3q PZzf©vM 4_© PZzf©vM
tan I cot cos I sec
AbycvZ A_©vr tan I cot AbycvZ `yBwU abvZ¥K Ges Ab¨vb¨
AbycvZ abvZ¥K AbycvZ abvZ¥K
AbycvZmg~n FYvZ¥K|
hw` e¨vmva© †f±i PZz_© PZzf©v‡M Ae¯’vb K‡i (4_© wPÎ) Z‡e y FYvZ¥K Ges x I r abvZ¥K| myYZivs wØZxq PZzf©v‡M
y ewR©Z AbycvZ A_©vr cos I sec AbycvZ `yBwU abvZ¥K Ges Ab¨vb¨ AbycvZmg~n FYvZ¥K|
wbw`©ó †KvY Drcbœ Kivi ci N~Y©vqgvb iwk¥ †Kvb& PZzf©v‡M Ae¯’vb Ki‡e Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡j cv‡ki wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨
Avgiv w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi wPý wbY©q Ki‡Z cvwi|

cvV 13.6 w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ¸‡jvi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©

cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 w·KvYwgwZK AbycvvZ¸‡jvi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

w·KvYwgwZ 235
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡ki wP‡Î POM = 

AZGe msÁvbyhvqx
PM OP
(i) sin   , cos ec 
OP PM
PM 1 1 1
 sin     ,  cos ec  
OP OP cos ec sin 
PM
OM OP
(ii) cos  , sec 
OP OM
1 1
 cos  , sec 
sec cos
PM OM
(iii) tan   , cot  
OM PM
PM 1 1 1
 tan     , cot  
OM OM cot  tan 
PM
PM
PM sin 
(iv) tan    OP 
OM OM cos
OP
cos
Abyiƒcfv‡e cot  
sin 
(v) wPÎ n‡Z cx_v‡Mviv‡mi cÖwZÁv Abyhvqx
PM 2  OM 2  OP 2
PM 2 OM 2 OP 2
ev, 2
 2
 2
[Dfq c¶‡K OP 2 Øviv fvM K‡i]
OP OP OP
2 2
 PM   OM 
ev,     1
 OP   OP 
ev, sin    cos   1
2 2

ev, sin 2   cos 2   1 ....................... (1)

(vi) wPÎ n‡Z cx_v‡Mviv‡mi cÖwZÁv Abyhvqx
PM 2  OM 2  OP 2
PM 2 OM 2 OP 2
ev, 2
 2
 2
[Dfq c¶‡K OM 2 Øviv fvM K‡i]
OM OM OM
2 2
 PM   OP 
ev,   1   
 OM   OM 
ev, tan    1  sec 
2 2

ev, sec 2   1  tan 2  ........................ (2)

(vii) wPÎ n‡Z cx_v‡Mviv‡mi cÖwZÁv Abyhvqx

236 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

D”PZi MwYZ BDwbU 13

PM 2  OM 2  OP 2
PM 2 OM 2 OP 2
ev, 2
 2
 2
[Dfq c¶‡K PM 2 Øviv fvM K‡i]
PM PM PM
2 2
 OM   OP 
ev, 1     
 PM   PM 
ev, 1  cot    cos ec 
2 2

ev, cos ec 2  1  cot 2  ......................... (3)

(1), (2) I (3) bs m~θ‡jv‡K wb¤œwjwLZ AvKv‡iI wjLv hvq|
sin 2   1  cos 2  ; cos 2   1  sin 2 
sec 2   tan 2   1; sec 2   1  tan 2 
cosec2  cot 2   1; cosec2  1  cot 2 

cvV 13.7 w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi aªæeZv I mxgve×Zv

cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi aªæeZv wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi mxgv wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi mxgve×Zv wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~L¨ kã w·‡KvYwgwZK AbycvZ, aªæeZv, mxgve×Zv

g~jcvV-
w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi aªæeZv
GKwU wbw`©ó cwigvY †Kv‡Yi Rb¨ †h †Kvb wbw`©ó w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi gvb me mgqB aªæe|
g‡b Kiæb ∠XOP | w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi gvb OA evû‡Z P we›`yi Ae¯’v‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv| OA
evû‡Z Aci GKwU we›`y P wbb| GLb P I P we›`y n‡Z OX Gi Dci h_vμ‡g PM I PM j¤^ A¼b Kiæb|
AZGe POM Ges POM `yBwU m`„k mg‡KvYx wÎfyR|
†h‡nZz POM Ges POM m`„k, P
PM OP PM P M  OP OP 
AZGe  A_©vr  ev 
P M  OP  OP OP  PM P M 
OM OP OM OM  OP OP 
Abyiƒcfv‡e,  A_©vr  ev 
OM  OP  OP OP  OM OM  
PM OM PM P M   OM OM 
Ges  A_©vr  ev  M
P M  OM  OM OM  PM P M  O X

w·KvYwgwZ 237
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

myZivs XOA =  n‡j

PM P M  OP OP 
sin    , cos ec  
OP OP  PM P M 
OM OM  OP OP 
cos   , sec  
OP OP  OM OM 
PM P M  OM OM 
tan    , cot   
OM OM  PM P M 
N~Y©vqgvb iwk¥i †kl Ae¯’vb †h †Kv‡bv PZzf©v‡M Ae¯’vb KiæK bv †Kb, wÎfzR `yBwU m`„k‡KvYx nIqv QvovI Abyiƒc
evûi wPÎ GKB cÖK…wZi nq| myZivs †h †Kv‡bv wÎfzR n‡Z w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ wbY©q Ki‡j Zv‡`i gvb I wPý
GKB n‡e|
myZivs wbw`©ó cwigvY †Kv‡Yi Rb¨ †h †Kvb wbw`©ó w·KvYwgwZK Abycvv‡Zi gvb aªæeK|
w·KvYwgwZK mxgv
w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi wbw`©ó mxgv Av‡Q| GB mxgvi evB‡i w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ Ae¯’vb K‡i bv| GLb Avgiv
w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi mxgv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡ev|
g‡b Kiæb, POM=  GKwU m~²‡KvY Ges PM  OM
(i)  †Kv‡Yi cÖ‡Z¨K w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ POM˗Gi `yBwU evûi AbycvZ| myZivs Giƒc cÖ‡Z¨K AbycvZ GKwU
abvZ¥K ev¯Íe msL¨v|
(ii) POM˗G AwZfyR OP e„nËg evû|
myZivs PM  OP Ges OM  OP
PM OM
ev,  1 Ges  1 [OP Øviv Dfq c¶‡K fvM K‡i]
OP OP
A_©vr sin   1 Ges cos   1 
OP OP
Avevi  1 Ges 1
PM OM
A_©vr cos ec  1 Ges sec   1
(iii) POM˗G †h †Kvb `yB evûi mgwó Z…Zxq evû A‡c¶v e„nËi|
myZivs PM + OM > OP
PM OM
ev,   1 [OP Øviv Dfq c¶‡K fvM K‡i]
OP OP
A_©vr sin   cos   1
w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi gv‡bi mxgve×Zv
Avcbviv Rv‡bb sin 2   cos 2  1
†h‡nZz ev¯Íe msL¨vi eM© me©`v abvZ¥K, myZvivs sin 2  Ges cos 2  cÖ‡Z¨KwUi gvb abvZ¥K n‡e| Avevi G‡`i
†hvMdj 1 e‡j †KvbwUi gvb + 1 A‡cÿv e„nËi n‡Z cv‡i bv| A_©vr sin  ev cos Gi gvb +1 A‡cÿv e„nËi
1
ev 1 A‡cÿv ÿz`ªZi n‡Z cv‡i bv| A_©vr  1  sin   1 Ges  1  cos  1 | †h‡nZz cosec 
sin 
1
Ges sec  myZivs cosec Ges sec Gi gvb  1 A_ev  1 | wKš‘ tan  I cot  Gi gv‡bi
cos
†Kv‡bv mxgv wba©viY Kiv hvq bv|

238 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

D”PZi MwYZ BDwbU 13

cvV 13.8 w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ: mgm¨v I mgvavb

cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ m¤úwK©Z mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-
c~e©eZ©x cvVmg~‡n w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ, wewfbœ PZzf©v‡M w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi wPý, w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~‡ni
cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©, w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi aªæeZv I mxgve×Zv BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb cv‡V
w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi cÖ‡qvM A_©vr wewfbœ mgm¨v I mgvavb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
D`vniY 1: sin  AbycZ‡K cot  Gi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiæb|
1
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, sin  
cos ec
Avevi, cos ec  1  cot 2   cos ec   1  cot 2 
1
 sin  
 1  cot 2 
21 1
D`vniY 2: hw` sin   nq, Z‡e cÖgvY Kiæb sec  tan   2 , hLb  cÖ_g PZzf©v‡M Aew¯’Z|
29 2
21
mgvavb: sin  
29
GLb sin   cos 2   1
2

2
 21  441 400
 cos   1  sin   1     1 
2 2

 29  841 841
400 20
 cos   
841 29
†h‡nZz  cÖ_g PZzf©v‡M Aew¯’Z, AZGe cos Gi gvb abvZ¥K n‡e|
1 sin  1 1 29 21 50 1
GLb sec  tan         2
cos cos 20 21 20 20 20 2
29 29

1  sin  1  sin 
D`vniY 3: cÖgvY Kiæb,   2 sec
1  sin  1  sin 

mgvavb:
1  sin 

1  sin 

1  sin  1  sin    1  sin  1  sin  
1  sin  1  sin  1  sin  1  sin   1  sin  1  sin  

1  sin  2 
1  sin  2  1  sin  2  1  sin  2
1  sin 2  1  sin 2  cos 2  cos 2 

w·KvYwgwZ 239
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

1  sin  1  sin  1  sin   1  sin  2

     2 sec
cos cos cos cos
tan   sec  1 1  sin 
D`vniY 4: cÖgvY Kiæb, 
tan   sec  1 cos
sin  1 sin   1  cos
 1
tan   sec  1 cos cos cos
mgvavb:  
tan   sec  1 sin   1  1 sin   1  cos
cos cos cos
sin   1  cos sin   1  cos sin   1  cos 
 
sin   1  cos sin   1  cos sin   1  cos 


sin   1  cos 
2

sin   1  cos sin   1  cos 

sin 2   1  cos 2   2 sin   2 cos  2 sin  cos

sin 2   1  cos 
2

sin 2   cos 2   1  2 sin   2 cos 1  sin  



sin 2   1  2 cos  cos 2 
1  1  2 sin   2 cos 1  sin   2  2 sin   2 cos 1  sin  
 
sin 2   1  2 cos  cos 2   cos 2   2 cos  cos 2 
21  sin    2 cos 1  sin   1  sin  2  2 cos  1  sin 
  
2 cos  2 cos 2  cos 2  2 cos  cos

sec A  1
D`vniY 5: cÖgvY Kiæb,  cot A  cos ecA
sec A  1
sec A  1

 sec A  1
sec A  1

  
sec A  1

sec A  1 
2

mgvavb:
sec A  1  sec A  1
sec A  1  
sec A  1
2
tan 2 A
1
sec A  1 sec A 1 1
    cos A  cot A   cot A
tan A tan A tan A sin A sin A
cos A
 cos ecA  cot A

D`vniY 6: cÖgvY Kiæb,  1  sin   1  sin    21  cos 

2

mgvavb:  1  sin   1  sin     1  sin     1  sin    2

2 2 2
1  sin  1  sin 
 1  sin   1  sin   2 1  sin 2 
 2  2 cos 2   2  2 cos  21  cos 

D`vniY 7: cÖgvY Kiæb, sin   cos ec 2  cos   sec  2  tan 2   cot 2   1
mgvavb: sin   cos ec 2  cos   sec 2
 sin 2   cos ec 2  2 sin  cos ec  cos 2   sec 2   2 cos  sec 

240 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

D”PZi MwYZ BDwbU 13

 sin 2   cos 2   cos ec 2  sec 2   2  2  1  cos ec 2  sec 2   4

 cos ec 2  sec2   3  cos ec 2  1  sec2   1  1
 cot 2   tan 2   1  tan 2   cot 2   1
a
D`vniY 8:  m~²‡KvY Ges tan   n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb, sin 2   cos 2   1
b
a sin  a sin 2  a 2 sin 2  a2
mgvavb: tan        
b cos b cos 2  b 2 1  sin 2  b 2
 b 2 sin 2   a 2 1  sin 2    b 2 sin 2   a 2  a 2 sin 2 
 
 b 2 sin 2   a 2 sin 2   a 2  sin 2  a 2  b 2  a 2
2
a
 sin 2  
a  b2
2

a2 a 2  b2  a 2 b2
Avevi cos 2   1  sin 2   1  2 2  
a b a 2  b2 a 2  b2
a2 b2 a2  b2
GLb sin 2   cos 2   2 2  2 2  2 2  1
a b a b a b
D`vniY 9: hw` sin A  cos A  a Ges sec A  cos ecA  b nq, Z‡e cÖgvY Kiæb, ba 2  1  2a

mgvavb: ba 2  1  sec A  cos ecA sin A  cos A2  1 
 sec A  cos ecAsin A  cos A  2 sin A cos A  1
2 2

 sec A  cos ecA1  2 sin A cos A  1  sec A  cos ecA.2 sin A cos A
 2sin A cos A sec A  sin A cos A cos ecA  2sin A  cos A  2a

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 13.8-

wb¤œwjwLZ A‡f`¸‡jv cÖgvY Kiæb (1˗15)

sin A 1  cos A
1.   2 cos ecA
1  cos A sin A
2. sec 4 A  sec 2 A  tan 4 A  tan 2 A
1  cos
3. (i)  cos ec  cot 
1  cos
1  sin 
(ii)  sec  tan 
1  sin 
1  cos 1  cos
4.   2 cot 
1  cos 1  cos
cos  cos  sin   sin 
5. 
sin   sin  cos   cos
cos 2 A  sin 2 A
6.  cos ecA  sec A
sin A cos 2 A  cos A sin 2 A

w·KvYwgwZ 241
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

1 1 1 1
7.   
sec A  tan A cos A cos A sec A  tan A
sin A  sin B cos A  cos B
8.  0
cos A  cos B sin A  sin B
1  sin   cos 1  sin   cos
9.   2 cos ec
1  sin   cos 1  sin   cos
2
1  tan 2   1  tan  
10.  
1  cot 2   1  cot  
11. sin  1  tan    cos 1  cot    sec  cos ec
12. sec 4 A  tan 4 A  1  2 sec2 A tan 2 A
1  sin 
13. tan   sec  
2

1  sin 
2 2
 m cos   m sin   m2
14.      2
 n cot    n tan   n
1  sin  1  sin 
15.  sec  sec 
1  sin  1  sin 
16. hw` sin   sin   1 nq, Z‡e †`Lvb †h tan 4   tan 2   1
4 2

12
17. (i) sin   n‡j cos I tan  Abycv‡Zi gvb KZ n‡e?
13
9
(ii) cos  n‡j tan  I cos ec Abycv‡Zi gvb KZ n‡e?
41
18. x  a cos  b sin  Ges y  a sin   b cos n‡j †`Lvb †h, x 2  y 2  a 2  b 2
sin 2 k k2
19. k tan   tan k n‡j †`Lvb †h, 
 
sin 2  1  k 2  1 sin 2 
sin   cos
20. tan   n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb, 2 cos   sin   cos 
sin   cos

cvV 13.9 wba©vwiZ †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi gvb

cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 wba©vwiZ †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~‡ni gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 mgm¨v mgvav‡bi AbycvZmg~‡ni gvb cÖ‡qv‡M Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-
wewfbœ †Kv‡Yi †hgb 00, 300, 450, 600 Ges 90o †Kv‡Yi Rb¨ AbycvZ¸‡jvi gvb wfbœ nq| GLb Avmyb †Kvb&
†Kv‡Yi Rb¨ w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi gvb wK nq †m m¤ú‡K© Rvwb|

242 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

D”PZi MwYZ BDwbU 13

450 †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ

cv‡ki wP‡Î XOA = 450| OA evû‡Z P †h †Kvb we›`y Ges P n‡Z OX evû‡Z PM j¤^|
GLb POM = 450, PMO = 90o, AZGe OPM = 45o
A
myZivs OM = PM
aiæb OM = PM = a P
 OP  OM 2  PM 2  a 2  a 2  2a 2  a 2 a2
PM a 1
GLb, sin 45o    a
OP a 2 2
OM a 1 450
cos 45o   
OP a 2 2 X
O a M
PM a
tan 45o   1
OM a
OM a
cot 45o   1
PM a
OP a 2
sec 45o    2
OM a
OP a 2
sec 45o    2
OM a
OP a 2
cos ec45o    2
PM a
30o I 60o †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ A
P
30o A_ev 60o †Kv‡Yi Rb¨ Abycv‡Zi gvb wfbœ n‡e| GLb Avgiv
†`wL GB `yBwU †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi wK gvb cvIqv hvq|
2a 60o
wP‡Î XOA = 30o| OA evû‡Z P †h †Kvb we›`y Ges P n‡Z OX
a
evû‡Z PM j¤^|
GLb POM = 30o, PMO = 90o 30o a3
O 30o M X
AZGe OPM = 60o
PM †K P ch©šÍ Ggbfv‡e ewa©Z Ki †hb PM = PM nq| PO 60o
a
†hvM Kiæb| 2a
GLb POM = POM P
AZGe POM = POM = 30o A
Ges OPM = OPM = 60o
AZGe OPP GKwU mgevû wÎfyR|
aiæb PM = PM = a
AZGe PP = PM + P M = PM + PM= 2PM = 2a
OP = OP = 2a
GLb OM  OP 2  PM 2  2a 2  a 2
 4a 2  a 2  3a 2  a 3

w·KvYwgwZ 243
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

AZGe
PM a 1 OM a 3 3
sin 30o    cos 30o   
OP 2a 2 OP 2a 2
PM a 1 OM a 3
tan 30o    cot 30o    3
OM a 3 3 PM a
OP 2a 2 OP 2a
sec 30o    cos ec30o   2
OM a 3 3 PM a

Avevi,
OM a 3 3 PM a 1
sin 60o    cos 60o   
OP 2a 2 OP 2a 2
OM a 3 PM a 1
tan 60o    3 cot 60o   
PM a OM a 3 3
OP 2a OP 2a 2
sec 60o   2 cos ec60o   
PM a OM a 3 3
k~b¨ (0) †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ
k~b¨‡Kv‡Yi Avw`evû I cÖvwšÍK †iLv Awfbœ| G‡¶‡Î P(x,y) we›`y XOX A‡¶ g~jwe›`yi Wvbcv‡k¦© Aew¯’Z|
AZGe x = r, y = 0
GLb Y
y 0
sin 0o   0
r r
x r r
cos 0o    1
r r
X O P(x,y) X
y 0
tan 0o    0
x r
r r
sec 0o    1
x r Y
GLv‡b cot0o I cosec0o mÁvwqZ bq, KviY y = 0|
mg‡Kv‡Yi (90o) w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ
90o †Kv‡Yi †¶‡Î cÖvšÍevû OY eivei Ges P(x,y) we›`y YOY A‡¶ g~jwe›`yi Dc‡ii w`‡K Aew¯’Z|
d‡j x = 0 Ges y = r Y
myZivs
y r P(x,y)
sin 90o   1
r r r
x 0
cos 90o    0 X
r r X O
x 0
cot 90o    0
y r

Y

244 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

D”PZi MwYZ BDwbU 13

r r
cos ec90o   1
y r
GLv‡b tan90o I sec90o mÁvwqZ bq, KviY x = 0|
e¨env‡ii myweav‡_© wewfbœ †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi gvbmg~n QK AvKv‡i wb‡¤œ †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
†KvY  0o 30o 45o 60o 90o
AbycvZ 
1 1 3
sin 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos 1 0
2 2 2
1
tan 0 1 3 AmsÁvwqZ
3
1
cot AmsÁvwqZ 3 1 0
3
2
sec 1 2 2 AmsÁvwqZ
3
2
cosec AmsÁvwqZ 2 2 1
3

jÿbxq: w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi gvbmg~n‡K g‡b ivLvi mnR wbqg˗

(K) 0, 1, 2, 3 Ges 4 msL¨v¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K 4 Øviv fvM K‡i fvMd‡ji eM©g~j wb‡j h_vμ‡g sin 0o, sin 30o,
sin 45o, sin 60o Ges sin 90o Gi gvb cvIqv hvq|
(L) 4, 3, 2, 1 Ges 0 msL¨v¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K 4 Øviv fvM K‡i fvMdj¸‡jvi eM©g~j wb‡j h_vμ‡g cos 0o, cos
30o, cos 45o, cos 60o Ges cos 90o Gi gvb cvIqv hvq|
(M) 0, 1, 3 Ges 9 msL¨v¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K 3 Øviv fvM K‡i fvMdj¸‡jvi eM©g~j wb‡j h_vμ‡g tan 0o, tan 30o,
tan 45o Ges tan 60o Gi gvb cvIqv hvq| (D‡jL¨ †h, tan 90o msÁvwqZ bq)|
(N) 9, 3, 1 Ges 0 msL¨v¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K 3 Øviv fvM K‡i fvMdj¸‡jvi eM©g~j wb‡j h_vμ‡g cot 45o, cot
60o, cot 90o Gi gvb cvIqv hvq| (D‡jL¨ †h, cot 0o msÁvwqZ bq)|
(O) secant Gi gvb cosine Gi gv‡bi ¸YvZ¥K wecixZ Ges cosecant Gi gvb sine Gi gv‡bi ¸YvZ¥K wecixZ|
n  90o †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ
g‡b Kiæb n GKwU c~Y© msL¨v| GLb XOX  †K x ˗Aÿ Ges YOY  Y
†K y ˗Aÿ we‡ePbv K‡i n Gi wewfbœ gv‡bi Rb¨   n  90o †Kv‡Yi P(0,r)
w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi gvb wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e cvIqv hvq˗
(i) hLb n  4k , †hLv‡b k GKwU c~Y© msL¨v A_©vr hLb r
P(r,0) P(r,0)
n  0, 4, 8, 12,..............  4,  8,  12,........ BZ¨vw` ZLb cÖvwšÍK
r O r X
evû OP abvZ¥K x Aÿ OX Gi Dci c‡o| myZivs P we›`yi ¯’vbvsK X
n‡e r ,0 , †hLv‡b OP  r  0. r
0 r P(0,r)
myZivs sin    0, cos   1
r r Y

w·KvYwgwZ 245
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

(ii) hLb n  4k  1 , †hLv‡b k GKwU c~Y© msL¨v A_©vr hLb n  3,  7,  11,..............1, 5, 9, 13,........
BZ¨vw` ZLb cÖvwšÍK evû OP abvZ¥K y Aÿ OY Gi Dci c‡o| myZivs P we›`yi ¯’vbvsK n‡e 0, r  , †hLv‡b
OP  r  0.
r 0
myZivs sin    1, cos   0
r r
(iii) hLb n  4k  2 , †hLv‡b k GKwU c~Y© msL¨v A_©vr hLb n  2,  6,  10,..............2, 6, 10,........
BZ¨vw` ZLb cÖvwšÍK evû OP FYvZ¥K x Aÿ OX  Gi Dci c‡o| myZivs P we›`yi ¯’vbvsK n‡e  r ,0  ,
†hLv‡b OP  r  0.
0 r
myZivs sin    0, cos   1
r r
(iv) hLb n  4k  3 , †hLv‡b k GKwU c~Y© msL¨v A_©vr hLb n  1,  5,  9,..............3, 7, 11,........ BZ¨vw`
ZLb cÖvwšÍK evû OP FYvZ¥K y Aÿ OY  Gi Dci c‡o| myZivs P we›`yi ¯’vbvsK n‡e 0,r  , †hLv‡b
OP  r  0.
r 0
myZivs sin    1, cos   0
r r
D`vniY 1: gvb wbY©q Kiæb, sin 45o sin 60o  cos 45o cos 60o
mgvavb: sin 45o sin 60o  cos 45o cos 60o
1 3 1 1 3 1 3 1
 .  .   
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
D`vniY 2: gvb wbY©q Kiæb, 3 tan 2 45o  sin 2 60o  cot 2 30o  sec2 45o
2 8
1 1
mgvavb: 3 tan 2 45o  sin 2 60o  cot 2 30o  sec2 45o
2 8
2
2  3 1
 31    
  
2
3 
1
2
2
 
 2  2 8
3 3 2 24  6  12  2 26  18 8
 3      1
4 2 8 8 8 8
2 tan A
D`vniY 3: hw` A  30o nq Z‡e cÖgvY Kiæb, sin 2 A 
1  tan 2 A
3
mgvavb: sin 2 A  sin 2.30o  sin 60o 
2
1
2.
2 tan A 2 tan 30o 3
 
1  tan 2 A 1  tan 30o 2
Avevi 2
 1 
1  
 3

246 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

D”PZi MwYZ BDwbU 13

2 2
2 3 3
 3  3   
3 1 4 3 4 2
3 3
2 tan A
 sin 2 A 
1  tan 2 A
1  2 sin 60o cos 60o 1  2 sin 60o cos 60o
D`vniY 4: †`Lvb †h,   2 cos 30o
sin 60  cos 60
o o
sin 60  cos 60
o o

1  2 sin 60 cos 60 1  2 sin 60o cos 60o

o o
mgvavb: evgcÿ= 
sin 60o  cos 60o sin 60o  cos 60o
3 1 3 1 3 3
1  2. . 1  2. . 1 1
 2 2 2 2  2  2
3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
   
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2


2 3 2 3
 
   
2  3 3 1  2  3 3 1  
3 1 3 1 
3 1 3 1 
2 3 23 3  2 3  23 3 4 32 3
 
 3   1
2 2 3 1
2 3
  3
2
3
Wvbcÿ= 2 cos 30o  2.  3
2
 evgcÿ = Wvbcÿ
D`vniY 5: mgvavb Kiæb, 2 sin 2   3 cos , hLb  abvZ¥K my²‡KvY
mgvavb: 2 sin 2   3 cos  21  cos 2    3 cos
 2  2 cos 2   3 cos  2 cos 2   3 cos  2  0
 2 cos2   4 cos  cos  2  0  2 cos cos  2  1cos  2  0
 2 cos  1cos  2  0
nq 2 cos  1  0 A_ev cos  2  0
 2 cos  1  cos  2 hv m¤¢e bq
1
 cos   cos 60o
2
  60o
D`vniY 6: mgvavb Kiæb, 3 tan   cot    4 hLb 0o    90o
 1 
mgvavb: 3 tan   cot    4  3  tan   4
 tan  

w·KvYwgwZ 247
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

 tan 2   1 
 3 
tan 
 
  4  3 tan 2   1  4 tan 
 
 3 tan   4 tan   3  0  3 tan 2   3 tan   tan   3  0
2

   
 3 tan  tan   3  1 tan   3  0  tan   3   
3 tan   1  0
nq tan   3  0 A_ev, 3 tan   1  0
 tan   3  tan 60o  3 tan   1
1
  60o  tan    tan 30o
3
  30o
†h‡nZz 0o    90o
  30o , 60o

mvims‡ÿc˗
 0, 1, 2, 3 Ges 4 msL¨v¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K 4 Øviv fvM K‡i fvMd‡ji eM©g~j wb‡j h_vμ‡g sin 0o, sin
30o, sin 45o, sin 60o Ges sin 90o Gi gvb cvIqv hvq|
 4, 3, 2, 1 Ges 0 msL¨v¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K 4 Øviv fvM K‡i fvMdj¸‡jvi eM©g~j wb‡j h_vμ‡g cos 0o,
cos 30o, cos 45o, cos 60o Ges cos 90o Gi gvb cvIqv hvq|
 0, 1, 3 Ges 9 msL¨v¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K 3 Øviv fvM K‡i fvMdj¸‡jvi eM©g~j wb‡j h_vμ‡g tan 0o, tan
30o, tan 45o Ges tan 60o Gi gvb cvIqv hvq| (D‡jL¨ †h, tan 90o msÁvwqZ bq)|
 9, 3, 1 Ges 0 msL¨v¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K 3 Øviv fvM K‡i fvMdj¸‡jvi eM©g~j wb‡j h_vμ‡g cot 45o,
cot 60o, cot 90o Gi gvb cvIqv hvq| (D‡jL¨ †h, cot 0o msÁvwqZ bq)|
 secant Gi gvb cosine Gi gv‡bi ¸YvZ¥K wecixZ|
 cosecant Gi gvb sine Gi gv‡bi ¸YvZ¥K wecixZ|
 sin 90 o     cos  ; cos90 o     sin  ; tan 90 o     cot  ;
cot 90 o     tan  ; sec90 o     cosec ; cosec90 o     sec

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 13.9-

gvb wbY©q Kiæb (1˗4)

1. 3 sin 30o  4 sin 3 30o
2. 5 sin 90o  3 cos 0o  6 tan 45o  sec 2 45o
  3  
3. cot 2  2 cos 2  sec 2  4 sin 2
6 3 4 4 6
   
4. tan 2 .sin . tan . tan 2
4 3 6 3
cÖgvY Kiæb (5˗9)
1  cos 30o
5.  sec 60o  tan 60o
1  cos 30 o

248 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

D”PZi MwYZ BDwbU 13

       
6. cos cos  sin sin  sin cos  cos sin
3 4 3 4 4 6 4 6
7. 1  2 sin 30  2 cos 30  1  cos 60o
2 o 2 o

1  tan 2 30o 1
8. 
1  tan 2 30o 2
        
9. sin 2  cos ec 2 cos 2  cot 2 sec 2   tan 2  cos 2 cot 2  sec 2
2 4 4 6 6 3 2 4 4
    
10. tan 2  cos 2  x sin n‡j x ˗Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
cos tan
4 3 4 4
3
   1 
11. 3 tan 2  sin 2  x cot 2  sec2  1 n‡j x ˗Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
4 3 6 8 4
12. A  60 , B  30 n‡j wb¤œwjwLZ m~θ‡jvi mZ¨Zv hvPvB Kiæb|
o o

(i) sin  A  B   sin A cos B  cos A sin B

(ii) cos A  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B
tan A  tan B
(iii) tan  A  B  
1  tan A tan B
2 tan A
(iv) tan 2 A 
1  tan 2 A
(v) cos 3 A  4 cos3 A  3 cos A
(vi) sin 3B  3 sin B  4 sin 3 B
mgvavb Kiæb (13˗16)
13. 2cos 2   sin 2    1,  abvZ¥K my²‡KvY|
14. sec 2   2 tan  ,  abvZ¥K my²‡KvY|
15. cos ec  cot   2 3 ,  abvZ¥K my²‡KvY|
16. sin   cos  2 ,  abvZ¥K my²‡KvY|

cvV 13.10 mshy³ †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ

cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 mshy³ †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~L¨ kã mshy³ †KvY, w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ

g~jcvV-

w·KvYwgwZ 249
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

, 90o, 180o ........ Giƒc †KvY‡K  †Kv‡Yi mshy³ †KvY ejv nq| mshy³ †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ
wbY©‡qi mgq `~i‡Z¡i wPý¸‡jv wPý¸‡jv Aek¨B we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡e ¯§iY ivL‡Z n‡e †h e¨vmva© †f±i me
mgqB abvZ¥K| Giƒc †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ‡K  †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq|
(˗) †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ
g‡b Kiæb, GKwU N~Yv©qgvb iwk¥ Avw` Ae¯’vb OX n‡Z Nwoi KvUvi wecixZ w`‡K Ny‡i XOP =  Ges Nwoi
KvUvi w`‡K Ny‡i XOQ = ˗  †KvY Drcbœ K‡i| GLb P we›`y †_‡K OX Gi Dci PN j¤^ AsKb Kiæb| PN
†K ewa©Z Ki‡j Zv OQ †iLv‡K Q we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
g‡b Kiæb, P I Q we›`yi ¯’vbvsK h_vμ‡g (x,y) I (x1,y1)
Zvn‡j ON = x, PN = y Ges ON = x1, QN = y1
GLb OPN I OQN mg‡KvYx wÎfzRØq n‡Z cvB,
PON = QON, ONP = ONQ Ges ON mvaviY evû|
myZivs, ΔOPN I ΔOQN me©mg
 PN= QN; OP = OQ = r (e¨vmva© †f±i)
¯’vbvs‡Ki wPý we‡ePbv K‡i cvB, x1 = x, y1 = y
y1 y
myZivs, sin () = sin QON = r = r =  sin PON =  sin 
x1 x
cos () = cos QON = r = r = cos PON = cos 
y1 y
tan () = tan QON = x = x =  tan PON = tan 
1
Abyiƒcfv‡e, cosec () = cosec 
sec () = sec 
cot () =  cot 

(900 ˗ ) †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ

g‡b Kiæb, GKwU NyYv©qgvb iwk¥ OX Ae¯’vb n‡Z Nwoi KuvUvi wecixZ w`‡K Ny‡i XOP =  †KvY Drcbœ K‡i|
Aci GKwU N~Yv©qgvb iwk¥ GKB Avw` Ae¯’vb OX n‡Z GKB w`‡K Ny‡i XOY = 900 †KvY Drcbœ Kivi ci OY
Ae¯’vb n‡Z Nwoi KvuUvi w`‡K Ny‡i YOQ =  †KvY Drcbœ K‡i| Zvn‡j, XOQ = 900 ˗ 
GLb OP = OQ †iLv wbb Ges P I Q n‡Z OX †iLvi Dci h_vμ‡g PN I QM j¤^ AsKb Kiæb|
g‡b Kiæb, P I Q we›`yi ¯’vbvsK h_vμ‡g (x,y) I (x1,y1)
Zvn‡j ON = x, PN = y Ges OM = x1, QM = y1
GLb ΔOPN I ΔOQM mg‡KvYx wÎf‚R n‡Z cvB,
PON = OQM Ges OP = OQ myZivs, wÎfzRØq me©mg|
AZGe, QM = ON; OM = PN; OP = OQ = r (e¨vmva© †f±i)
A_v©r, y1 = x, x1 = y
y1 x
myZivs, sin (900 ˗ ) = sin XOQ = r = r = cos XOP = cos 
x1 y
cos (900 ˗ ) = cos XOQ = r = r = sin XOP = sin 
y1 x
tan (900 ˗ ) = tan XOP = x = y = cot XOP = cot 
1

250 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

D”PZi MwYZ BDwbU 13

Abyiƒcfv‡e, cosec (900 ˗ ) = sec 

sec (900 ˗ ) = cosec 
cot (900 ˗ ) = tan 
`ªóe¨: 900 ˗  Ges  ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK †KvY| `yBwU cwic~iK †Kv‡Yi Rb¨ GKwUi sine AciwUi cosine,
GKwUi tangent AciwUi cotangent Ges GKwUi cosecant AciwUi secant Gi mgvb| †hgb, 300 I 600 †KvY
ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK| AZGe sin 300 = cos 600 ev sin 600 = cos 300, tan 300 = cot 600 ev tan 600 = cot
300, cosec 300 = sec 600 ev cosec 600 = sec 300
(900 + ) †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ
g‡b Kiæb, GKwU NyYv©qgvb iwk¥ Avw` Ae¯’vb OX n‡Z Nwoi KuvUvi wecixZ w`‡K Ny‡i XOP =  †KvY Drcbœ
K‡i| H GKB †iLv GKB w`‡K AviI Ny‡i POQ = 900 †KvY Drcbœ K‡i| Zvn‡j, XOQ = 900 + 
GLb OP = OQ wbb Ges P I Q n‡Z x A‡ÿi Dci h_vμ‡g PN I QM j¤^ AsKb Kiæb|
g‡b Kiæb, P I Q we›`yi ¯’vbvsK h_vμ‡g (x,y) I (x1,y1)
Zvn‡j ON = x, PN = y Ges OM = x1, PM = y1
GLb ΔOPN I ΔOQM mg‡KvYx wÎf‚R n‡Z cvB,
PON = QOY = OQM Ges OP = OQ, myZivs wÎfzRØq me©mg|
AZGe, QM = ON; OM = PN; OP = OQ = r (e¨vmva© †f±i)
¯’vbvs‡Ki wPý ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i cvB, y1 = x, x1 = ˗ y
y1 x
myZivs, sin (900 + ) = sin XOQ = r = r = cos XOP = cos 
x1 -y
cos (900 + ) = cos XOQ = r = r = ˗ sin XOP = ˗ sin 
y1 x
tan (900 + ) = tan XOP = x = -y = ˗ cot XOP = ˗ cot 
1
Abyiƒcfv‡e, cosec (900 + ) = sec 
sec (900 + ) = ˗ cosec 
cot (900 + ) = ˗ tan 
(1800 ˗ ) †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ
c~‡e©i wbqg AbymiY K‡i R¨vwgwZK c×wZ‡Z (1800 ˗ ) †Kv‡Yi wÎKvYwgwZK AbycvZ wbY©q Kiv hvq| wKš‘ wb‡gœi
c×wZ AbymiY K‡i Avgiv mn‡R (1800 ˗ ) †Kv‡Yi wÎKvYwgwZK AbycvZ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvwi|
myZivs, sin (1800 ˗ ) = sin {900 + (900 ˗ )} = cos (900 ˗ ) = sin 
cos (1800 ˗ ) = cos {900 + (900 ˗ )} = ˗ sin (900 ˗ ) = ˗ cos 
tan (1800 ˗ ) = tan {900 + (900 ˗ )} = ˗ cot (900 ˗ ) = ˗ tan 
Abyiƒcfv‡e, cosec (1800 ˗ ) = cosec 
sec (1800 ˗ ) = ˗ sec 
cot (1800 ˗ ) = ˗ cot 
(1800 + ) †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ
R¨vwgwZK c×wZ‡Z (1800 + ) †Kv‡Yi wÎKvYwgwZK AbycvZ wbY©q Kiv hvq| Avevi wb‡gœi c×wZ AbymiY K‡i
Avgiv mn‡RB (1800 + ) †Kv‡Yi wÎKvYwgwZK AbycvZ wbY©q Kiv hvq|
myZivs, sin (1800 + ) = sin {900 + (900 + )} = cos (900 + ) = ˗ sin 

w·KvYwgwZ 251
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cos (1800 + ) = cos {900 + (900 + )} = ˗ sin (900 + ) = ˗ cos 

tan (1800 + ) = tan {900 + (900 + )} = ˗ cot (900 + ) = ˗ (˗tan ) = tan 
Abyiƒcfv‡e, cosec (1800 + ) = ˗ cosec 
sec (1800 + ) = ˗ sec 
cot (1800 + ) = cot 
(2700 ˗ ) †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ
sin (2700 ˗ ) = sin {1800 + (900 ˗ )} = ˗ sin (900 ˗ ) = ˗ cos 
cos (2700 ˗ ) = cos {1800 + (900 ˗ )} = ˗ cos (900 ˗ ) = ˗ sin 
tan (2700 ˗ ) = tan {1800 + (900 ˗ )} = tan (900 ˗ ) = cot 
Abyiƒcfv‡e, cosec (2700 ˗ ) = ˗ sec 
sec (2700 ˗ ) = ˗ cosec 
cot (2700 ˗ ) = tan 
(2700 + ) †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ
sin (2700 + ) = sin {1800 + (900 + )} = ˗ sin (900 + ) = ˗ cos 
cos (2700 + ) = cos {1800 + (900 + )} = ˗ cos (900 + ) = ˗ (˗ sin ) = sin )
tan (2700 + ) = tan {1800 + (900 + )} = tan (900 + ) = ˗ cot 
Abyiƒcfv‡e, cosec (2700 + ) = ˗ sec 
sec (2700 + ) = cosec 
cot (2700 + ) = ˗ tan 
(3600 ± ) †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ
cÖwgZ Ae¯’v‡b (3600 ˗ ) Ges (3600 + ) †KvY `yBwU h_vμ‡g (˗ ) I  †Kv‡Yi ms‡M wg‡j hvq| myZivs,
(3600 ˗ ) †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ (˗ ) †Kv‡Yi mswkøó Abycv‡Zi mgvb Ges (3600 + ) †Kv‡Yi
w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ  †Kv‡Yi mswkøó Abycv‡Zi mgvb|
AZGe, sin (3600 ˗ ) = sin (˗ ) = ˗ sin 
cos (3600 ˗ ) = cos (˗ ) = cos 
tan (3600 ˗ ) = tan (˗ ) = ˗ tan 
cosec (3600 ˗ ) = cosec (˗ ) = ˗ cosec 
sec (3600 ˗ ) = sec (˗ ) = ˗ sec 
cot (3600 ˗ ) = cot (˗ ) = ˗ cot 
Ges, sin (3600 + ) = sin 
cos (3600 + ) = cos 
tan (3600 + ) = tan 
cosec (3600 + ) = cosec 
sec (3600 + ) = sec 
cot (3600 + ) = cot 
mshy³ †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ wbY©‡qi wbqg
(i) hw`  †KvYwU 900-Gi †Rvo ¸wYZ‡Ki mv‡_ †hvM A_ev we‡qvM nq (1800 ± , 3600 ± ), Z‡e †mB †Kv‡Yi
AbycvZ‡K  †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Z cÖKvk Ki‡j g~j Abycv‡Zi †Kvbiƒc cwieZ©b nq bv| A_v©r sine,

252 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

D”PZi MwYZ BDwbU 13

cosine, tangent BZ¨vw` sine, cosine, tangent-B _v‡K| wKš‘ Zvi wPý abvZ¥K bv FYvZ¥K n‡e Zv wbY©q
Kivi Rb¨  †KvY‡K abvZ¥K m~²‡KvY a‡i †KvYwU †Kvb& PZzf©v‡M Zv wbY©q K‡i wP‡ýi PZzf©vM wbY©q wbqg
Abyhvqx mn‡RB wbY©q Kiv hvq|
(ii) hw`  †KvYwU 900-Gi we‡Rvo ¸wYZ‡Ki mv‡_ †hvM A_ev we‡qvM nq (900 ± , 2700 ± ....... BZ¨vw`), Z‡e
†mB †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ‡K  †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Z cÖKvk Ki‡j sine, cosine, tangent,
cotangent, secant, cosecant cwiewZ©Z n‡q h_vμ‡g cosine, sine, cotangent, tangent, cosecant,
secant nq| wKš‘ Zvi wPý abvZ¥K bv FYvZ¥K n‡e Zv wbY©q Kivi Rb¨  †KvY‡K abvZ¥K m~ÿ‡KvY a‡i g~j
†KvYwU †Kvb& PZzf©v‡M Ae¯’vb K‡i Zv wbY©q K‡i wP‡ýi PZyf©vM wbqg Abyhvqx mn‡RB wbY©q Kiv hvq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 13.10-

1. mshy³ †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~‡ni gvb wbY©q Kiæb|

cvV 13.11 mshy³ †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ: mgm¨v I mgvavb

cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 mgm¨v mgvav‡b mshy³ †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-
c~‡e©i cv‡V Avcbviv mshy³ †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ m¤ú‡K© Ávb AR©b K‡i‡Qb| eZ©gvb cv‡V wewfbœ mgm¨v
mgvav‡b AbycvZmg~n cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
D`vniY 1: gvb wbY©q Kiæb, (i) sin 23700 (ii) sec 5100 (iii) tan(˗15900)
1
mgvavb: (i) sin (23700) = sin (26900+300) = ˗ sin 300 = ˗ 2
e¨vL¨v: GLv‡b N~Yv©gvb iwk¥ hw` Ae¯’vb n‡Z Nwoi KuvUvi wecixZ w`‡K N~Y©b ïiæ K‡i 23700 †KvY Drcbœ Kivi ci
Z…Zxq †PŠK‡Y Ae¯’vb Ki‡e| †h‡nZz †KvYwU n 900 +  (hLb n †Rvo msL¨v) AvKv‡ii sin AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e
Ges †h‡nZz Z…Zxq †PŠK‡Y sin FYvZ¥K d‡j wPý FYvZ¥K n‡e|
2
(ii) sec (5100) = sec (5900+600) = cosec 600 =
3
(iii) tan (˗15900) = ˗ tan (˗15900) [†h‡nZz tan (˗) = ˗ tan ]
1
= ˗ tan (17900+600) = ˗ (˗ cot 600) = cot 600 =
3
D`vniY 2: gvb wbY©q Kiæb, (i) cos 1980 + sin 4320 + tan 1680 + tan 120
(ii) sin 4200 . cos 3900 + cos (˗3000) . sin (˗3300)
mgvavb: (i) cos 1980 + sin 4320 + tan 1680 + tan 120

w·KvYwgwZ 253
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

= cos (2900+180) + sin (5900˗180) + tan (2900˗120) + tan 120

= ˗ cos 180 + cos 180 ˗ tan 120 + tan 120 = 0
(ii) sin 4200. cos 3900 + cos (˗3000). sin (˗3300)
= sin (5900˗300) . cos (4900+300) ˗ cos (3900+300).sin (3900+600)
= cos 300 . cos 300 ˗ (˗ sin 300) . (cos 600) sin(˗)= ˗sin][cos(˗)= cos]
3 3 1 1 3 1 4
= . + . = + = =1
2 2 2 2 4 4 4
 5 37 3
D`vniY 3: gvb wbY©q Kiæb, (i) sin2 17 18 + sin2 8 + cos2 18 + cos2 8
14 39 41 23
(ii) sec2 17 ˗ sec2 17 + cot2 34 ˗ cot2 34
 5 37 3
mgvavb: (i) sin2 17 18 + sin2 8 + cos2 18 + cos2 8
 3  3
= {sin ( ˗ 18 )}2 + {sin ( ˗ 8 )}2 +{cos (2 + 18 )}2 + cos2 8
 3  3
= sin2 18 + sin2 8 + cos2 18 + cos2 8
  3 3
= ( sin2 18 + cos2 18 ) + ( sin2 8 + cos2 8 ) = 1 +1 = 2
14 39 41 23
(ii) sec2 17 ˗ sec2 17 + cot2 34 ˗ cot2 34
3 5 7 11
= {sec ( ˗ 17 )}2 + { sec (2 + 17 )}2 +{cot ( + 34 )}2 ˗ {cot ( ˗ 34 )}2
3 5 7 11
= sec2 17 ˗ sec2 17 + cot2 34 ˗ cot2 34
3 5  5  3
= sec2 17 ˗ sec2 17 + {cot (2 ˗ 17 )}2 ˗ {cot (2 ˗ 17 )}2
3 5 5 3 3 5 5 3
= sec2 17 ˗ sec2 17 + tan2 17 ˗ tan2 17 = 1 + tan2 17 ˗ 1 ˗ tan2 17 + tan2 17 ˗ tan2 17 = 0

 3  3 
D`vniY 4: †`Lvb †h, sin (2 + ) cot ( 2 + ) cos ( ˗ ) = sin (2 ˗ ) sin ( 2 ˗ ) cot (2 + )
 3
mgvavb: evgcÿ = sin (2 + ) cot ( 2 + ) cos ( ˗ )
 
= sin (2 + ) cot (3  2 + ) cos ( ˗ ) = cos  (˗tan ) (˗cos )
sin 
= cos . tan . cos  = cos . cos  = sin . cos 
cos 
 3 
Wvbcÿ = sin (2 ˗ ) sin ( 2 ˗ ) cot (2 + ) = cos .(˗cos ). (˗tan )
sin 
= cos .(˗tan ) .(˗cos ) = cos . tan . cos  = cos . cos  = sin . cos 
cos 
 evgcÿ = Wvbcÿ

254 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

D”PZi MwYZ BDwbU 13


D`vniY 5: hw` n˗Gi gvb ïb¨ A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ msL¨v nq Z‡e, sin {n + (˗1)n 4 } Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
  1
mgvavb: hLb n = 0, ZLb sin {n + (˗1)n 4 } = sin 4 =
2
hw` n †Rvo msL¨v Ges m GKwU ALÛ msL¨v nq Z‡e, n = 2m
    1
 sin {n + (˗1)n 4 } = sin {2m + (˗1) 2m 4 } = sin (2m + 4 ) = sin 4 =
2
Avevi, n we‡Rvo msL¨v n‡j Z‡e, n = 2m + 1 n‡e
 
 sin {n + (˗1)n 4 } = sin {(2m+1) + (˗1) 2m+1 4 }
   1
= sin (2m +  ˗ 4 ) = sin ( ˗ 4 ) = sin 4 =
2
 1
myZivs n˗Gi gvb ïb¨ A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ msL¨v n‡j Avgiv cvB, sin {n + (˗1)n 4 } =
2

D`vniY 6: mgvavb Kiæb tan  ˗ 3 cos  ˗ sin  + 3 = 0, hLb 00    2

mgvavb: tan  ˗ 3 cos  ˗ sin  + 3 = 0
sin 
ev, tan  ˗ 3 cos  ˗ . cos  + 3 = 0
cos 
ev, tan  ˗ 3 cos  ˗ tan . cos  + 3 = 0
ev, tan  + 3 ˗ tan . cos  ˗ 3 cos  = 0
ev, (tan  + 3 ) ˗ cos  (tan  ˗ 3 ) = 0
ev, (tan  + 3 ) (1˗ cos ) = 0
  
nq, tan  + 3 = 0  tan  = ˗ 3  tan  = ˗ tan 3  tan  = tan ( ˗ 3 ) A_ev, tan (2 ˗ 3 )
2 5
 tan  = tan 3 , tan 3
2 5
= 3 , 3
A_ev, 1˗ cos  = 0  cos  = 1  cos  = cos 00, cos 2
  = 00, 2
†h‡nZz, 00    2
2 5
  = 00, 3 , 3 , 2

D`vniY 7: mgvavb Kiæb sin2  ˗ cos2  = cos , hLb 00    3600

mgvavb: sin2  ˗ cos2  = cos 
ev, 1 ˗ cos2  ˗ cos2  = cos 
ev, 1 ˗ 2cos2  = cos 
ev, 2cos2  + cos  ˗ 1 = 0
ev, 2cos2  + 2cos  ˗ cos  ˗ 1 = 0

w·KvYwgwZ 255
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

ev, 2cos  (cos  + 1) ˗ 1(cos  + 1) = 0

ev, (cos  + 1) (2cos  ˗ 1) = 0
nq, cos  + 1 = 0  cos  = ˗1 = cos 1800
  = 1800
1
A_ev, 2cos  ˗ 1 = 0  2cos  = 1  cos  = 2  cos  = cos 600 = cos (3600 ˗ 3000)
  = 600, 3000
†h‡nZz, 00    3600
  = 600, 1800, 3600

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 13.11-

gvb wbY©q Kiæb (1-4)

1. (i) sin 6750 (ii) cot 21900 (iii) cosec 7650 (iv) sec (˗25800) (v) cot (˗15600)
29 16 5 19
2. (i) sin (˗ 4 ) (ii) cosec 3 (iii) tan ( 2 ˗ 3 )
3. (i) sin 1050 + sin 2550 + cos 4500 + cos 5400 (ii) cos 4200 sin (˗3000) ˗ sin 8700 cos 5700
sin 2500 + tan 2900
(iii) tan 2250 cot 4050 + tan 7650 cot 6750 (iv) cot 2000 + cos 3400
 5 8 9
4. (i) sin2 7 + sin2 14 + sin2 7 + sin2 14
 19 31 37
(ii) cos2 24 + cos2 24 + cos2 24 + cos2 24
 3 5 7 9 11
(iii) sin2 12 + sin2 12 + sin2 12 + sin2 12 + sin2 12 + sin2 12
5. †`Lvb †h,
5 7  3 5
(i) sin ( 2 + ) cos (3 ˗ ) cot ( 2 + ) = sin (2 ˗ ) sin ( 2 ˗ ) cot ( 2 + )
3 5 3
(ii) cos2 (3 + ) cosec ( 2 + ) cot ( 2 ˗ ) = sin2 ( 2 ˗ ) sec (4 ˗ ) tan (3˗ ) = ˗ sin 
6. n˗ GKwU ALÛ c~Y© msL¨v n‡j gvb wbY©q Kiæb,
n   n 
(i) tan { 2 + (˗1)n 4 } (ii) sin {n + (˗1)n 6 } (iii) cosec { 2 + (˗1)n 6 }
7
sin (- ) cot ( - 2 ) sec (- )
7. †`Lvb †h, tan  =
3 5
cos ( - 2 ) cosec ( + 2 )
8. wb‡gœi mgxKiY¸‡jv n‡Z ˗Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb,
(i) sec  = ˗2, hLb 900    1800 (ii) tan  = ˗ 3 , hLb 2700    3600
3
(iii) sin  = , hLb 3600    5400
2
9. mgvavb Kiæb: hLb 00    3600

256 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

D”PZi MwYZ BDwbU 13

(i) 2(sin cos + 3 ) = 3 cos  + 4 sin  (ii) 2 sin2  + 3 cos  = 0

(iii) 1˗ 2sin  ˗ 2cos  + cot  = 0 (iv) tan2  + sec  = ˗1
(v) 3tan2  ˗ 4 3 sec  + 7 = 0 (vi) cot  + tan  = 2 sec 
(vii) cot  + cosec  = 3

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1. lvUg~jK c×wZ‡Z †KvY cwigv‡ci GKK wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
(K) wWwMÖ (L) †MÖW (M) †iwWqvb (N) †KvbwUB bq
o
2. 1 Gi 60 fv‡Mi GK fvM mgvb KZ?
(K) 1 (L) 15 (M) 30 (N) 60
3. GKwU PvKvi e¨vmva© 10 †m.wg.| PvKvwU GKevi Nyi‡j KZ †m.wg. `~iZ¡ AwZμg Ki‡e?
(K) 5 (L) 10 (M) 15 (N) 20
4. r e¨vmv‡a©i GKwU e„‡Ëi cwiwa I e¨v‡mi AbycvZ KZ?
(K) 1 : r (L) r : 1 (M)  (N)  GKK
5. lvUg~jK c×wZ‡Z-
(i) 1o  60
(ii) 1  60
(iii) 1 mg‡KvY  5400
Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
(K) (i) I (ii) (L) (i) I (iii) (M) (ii) I (iii) (N) (i), (ii) I (iii)
6. s  r m~‡Î  †K †Kvb& GK‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z nq?
(K) wWwMÖ (L) †iwWqvb (M) †MÖW (N) †m‡KÛ

7. †Kv‡bv Pvc e„‡Ëi cwiwai mv‡_ †iwWqvb †KvY Drcbœ Ki‡j -
2
(i) †K‡›`ª  †iwWqvb †KvY Drcbœ Ki‡e|
(ii) DcPvc I AwaPvc mgvb n‡e|
(iii) PvcwU n‡e e„‡Ëi e„nËg R¨v|
Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
(K) (i) I (ii) (L) (i) I (iii) (M) (ii) I (iii) (N) (i), (ii) I (iii)
wb‡Pi Z_¨ †_‡K 8-10 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b:
GKwU wÎfz‡Ri wZbwU †Kv‡Yi AbycvZ 3 : 4 : 5 |
8. wÎfz‡Ri e„nËg †KvYwUi e„Ëxq gvb KZ?
   5
(K) (L) (M) (N)
6 4 3 12
9. wÎfz‡Ri ÿz`ªZg †KvYwUi gvb lvUg~jK c×wZ‡Z KZ?
(K) 30o (L) 45o (M) 60o (N) 75o
10. wÎfzRwU †Kvb ai‡bi wÎfzR?
(K) m~²‡KvYx (L) mg‡KvYx (M) ¯’~j‡KvYx (N) †KvbwUB bq
11. sine Gi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ wb‡Pi †KvbwU?

w·KvYwgwZ 257
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

j¤^ j¤^ f‚wg f‚wg

(K) (L) (M) (N)
f‚wg AwZfzR j¤^ AwZfzR
12. cosine Gi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
j¤^ j¤^ f‚wg f‚wg
(K) (L) (M) (N)
f‚wg AwZfzR j¤^ AwZfzR
13. cot n‡jv-
1 sin  cos 
(i) (ii) (iii)
tan  cos  sin 
Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
(K) (i) I (ii) (L) (i) I (iii) (M) (ii) I (iii) (N) (i), (ii) I (iii)
wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 14-17 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b-
cv‡ki wP‡Î ABC -G  m~ÿ‡KvY C

3

14. AC  KZ? A 2 B

(K) 4 (L) 5 (M) 13 (N) 15

15. sin  Gi gvb KZ?
3 3 2 2
(K) (L) (M) (N)
2 13 13 3
16. cos Gi gvb KZ?
3 3 2 2
(K) (L) (M) (N)
2 13 13 3
17. tan  Gi gvb KZ?
3 3 2 2
(K) (L) (M) (N)
2 13 13 3
18. sin   cos  1 n‡j,  Gi gvb-
(i) 0o (ii) 30o (iii) 90o
Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
(K) (i) I (ii) (L) (i) I (iii) (M) (ii) I (iii) (N) (i), (ii) I (iii)
19. A  30 , B  60 n‡j cos A  B  Gi gvb KZ?
o o

1
(K) 0 (L) 1 (M) -1 (N)
2
20. -305o †KvYwU †Kvb PZzf©v‡M _vK‡e?
(K) cÖ_g (L) wØZxq (M) Z…Zxq (N) PZz_©
21. cos 330 o
 Gi gvb KZ?
3 3 1 1
(K)  (L) (M) (N) 
2 2 2 2
wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 22-23 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b-
3
A  cos  x   
2

258 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

D”PZi MwYZ BDwbU 13

22. A Gi gvb KZ?

(K) sin x (L)  sin x (M) cos x (N)  cos x
23. x Gi gvb KZ †iwWqvb?
   
(K) (L) (M) (N)
6 4 3 2
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
24. K I L ¯’vb `yBwU c„w_exi †K‡›`ª  †KvY Drcbœ K‡i| c„w_exi e¨vmva© R Ges ¯’vb `yBwUi ga¨eZ©x `~iZ¡ S|
(K) †`Lvb †h, c„w_exi cwiwa 2R [c„w_ex‡K e„Ë g‡b K‡i]|
(L) R Ges S Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiæb|
(M) hw` c„w_exi e¨vmva© 6440 wK.wg. nq Ges K I L ¯’vb `yBwU c„w_exi †K‡›`ª 32o357 †KvY Drcbœ K‡i
Z‡e ¯’vb `yBwUi ga¨eZ©x `~iZ¡ KZ wbY©q Kiæb|
25. GKwU PvKv 0.88 wK‡jvwgUvi c_ †h‡Z 20 evi †Nv‡i|
(K) PvKvwU GKevi Nyi‡j AwZμvšÍ `~iZ¡ wbY©q Kiæb|
(L) PvKvwUi e¨vmva© wbY©q Kiæb|
(M) PvKvwUi e¨vmv‡a©i mgvb e¨vmva© wewkó †Kv‡bv e„‡Ëi 11 wgUvi `xN© Pv‡ci m¤§yL¯’ †Kv‡Yi cwigvY wbY©q
Kiæb|
26. hw` cot   cos ec  a nq Z‡e
(K) cos ec  cot Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
a2  1
(L) cÖgvY Kiæb †h, cos  2
a 1
(M) †`Lvb †h, a  1cos   a 2  1sin   a  12  2
2

 
27. A  I B  n‡j
3 6
(K) cos A  B  I cos A  B  Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
(L) cÖgvY Kiæb †h, cos A  B   cos A  B   2 cos A cos B
(M) cÖgvY Kiæb †h, cos A  B   cos A  B   2 sin A sin B
28. hw` cos  sin   2 sin  nq Z‡e
5
(K)   †iwWqv‡bi Rb¨ cos  sin  Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
6
(L) cÖgvY Kiæb †h, cos  sin   2 cos
(M) †`Lvb †h, cos ec  2 2 cos

DËigvjv-

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 13.1

1. (i) 1g PZzf©v‡M (ii) 3q PZzf©v‡M (iii) 3q PZzf©v‡M (iv) 4_© PZzf©v‡M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 13.4

w·KvYwgwZ 259
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

1. (i) 0.111c (ii) 0.224c (iii) 0.251c

2. (i) 2050'11.5" (ii) 431'6.4" (iii) 12 3. 19 wg. 4. 102.5 5. 0.636 wgUvi
1  c

c

c
6. 85 wKwg (cÖvq) 7. 2 (1˗180 ) 8. 30,60,90, 6 , 3 , 2 11. 1080 dzU
19  5
12. 37.3 dzU (cÖvq) 13. (i) 24 , 14230', 158.3g (ii) 2 , 90, 100g (iii) 9
,
100, 111.1g
14. 221.58 gvBj (cÖvq) 15. 13.87×107 wKwg (cÖvq) 16. 1 wKwg (cÖvq)
17. 1:720 18. 3.61 gvBj (cÖvq)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 13.8
5 12 40 41
17. (i)  , (ii)  ,
13 5 9 40
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 13.9
3 3 1
1. 1 2. 0 3. 0 4. 10. 11. 13. 30o 14. 45 o
2 2 2
15. 30o 16. 45 o

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 13.11

1 1
1. (i) ˗ (ii) 3 (iii) 2 (iv) 2 (v)
2 3
1 2 1
2. (i) (ii) ˗ (iii)
2 3 3
3
3. (i) ˗1 (ii) (iii) 0 (iv) ˗1
2
4. (i) 2 (ii) 2 (iii) 3
1 2
6. (i) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) ±2, ±
3
8. (i) 120 0
(ii) 300 0
(iii) 420 0

9. (i) 600, 1200 (ii) 1200, 2400 (iii) 300, 1350, 1500 I 3150
(iv) 1800 (v) 300, 3300 (vi) 300, 1500 (vii) 600
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
1. K 2. K 3. N 4. N 5. N 6. L 7. N 8. N 9. L 10. K 11. L 12. N 13. L
14. M 15. L 16. M 17. K 18. L 19. K 20. K 21. L 22. N 23. K
24. (L) S  R (M) 3662.43 wK.wg.
25. (K) 44 wgUvi (L) 7.006 wgUvi (M) 1.57 †iwWqvb
1 3 3 1
26. (K) 27. (K) 0, 28. (K) 
a 2 2

260 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq