9,

CHAPTER
Bessel's Functions and Legendre's
(8 Polynomial, Solution in Series
For Linear Equations
SECTION-I
A.INTRODUCTION
In the early study of differential equations, we have seen that linear differential equations have
solutions in terms of elementary functions. e.g., algebraic, trigonometric, inverse trigonometriC
exponential, logarithmic functions and all other functions which can be obtained by adding, subtracting
multiplying and dividing. But there are many second order differential equations which have no solution

in terms of elementary functions. For example, the equation +(1-ax)+ a y = 0, which

dx
arises in hydrogen atom problem of quantum mechanics, has no solution in terms of elementary
functions.
In this chapter, we shall discuss an alternative method for solving differential equations in terms of
convergent series in the ascending powers of x.
First of all we develop a method of solving differential equation of the form

-+P2 y = 0 ..(1)

where Po. Pi. P2 are polynomial functions of x, in terms of infinite convergent series.

8.2. VALIDITY OF SERIES SOLUTION

Since every differential equation of form (1) does not have series solution, therefore we find
conditions under which equation () has series solution.
Dividing (1) by Po» we get

dy+p+Qy=
dx
0 ..2)
dx
where and Q
P2
P Po
=

Po
X0 is called an ordinary point of equation (1) 0 itPo (0))*
When x = 0 is an ordinary point of (1), its solution can be expressed as a series in the form

y = G + a,X + a z t o « o =
k0
) X= 0 is called singular point of (1) if P, (0) = 0. Further if xP and -Q possess derivatives
rders in the neighbourhood of x = 0, then x = 0 is called a regular singular point of equation (1)
Wisex= 0 is an irregular singular point of ().
when x= 0 is a regular singular point of (), then at least one of its solutions can be expressed as
y = a ) + a, + a + 4a oo)

149
150 ODERN'S INTEGRAL CALCULUS AND THEORY OF EQUATIONS (B.A./B.Sc. 1, Sem. 11, Kashmir Unis
where k is any rational number i.e. k is any positive or negative
integer or
a tracuon.
When x 0 is an irregular singular point of cquation (1) then equation (1) has no series solution,
solution.
ethod for solution in series when x = 0 is an ordinary point of the linear difterential equation
on

Po +P+P2 y = 0 )
dx
Step (). Let y = ao + aX + a r + agr+ .- (2)
be solution of (1)

Step (I). Finddt'2

dy by differentiating (2) and put the values of y, dy andd dy
in (1).
dx
Since (2) is a solution of (1), therefore, we shall get an identity after substituting the values of y
y
d
dx
and
dx
in (1). in (1).
Step I . Equate to zero the coefficients of various powers of x and find ag, az, a in terms of
and a. Also equate to zero the coefficients of x".
The relation so obtained is known as the recurrence relation.
By putting different values of n in the recurrence formula, we can determine the values of various
as in terms of a and a.
Step IV. Substitute the values of a ag, ag in (2), we get the series solution of (1) in terms
of arbitrary constants ag and a.

Example 1. Solve in series the equation +x+ y =0.

dx

Solution. The given differential equation is =0 1)

Clearly x = 0 is an ordinary point of (1). Let its series solution be

y = +
a ax +
ar +a +
4,"+ * =
2= 0aX
Then a + 2ar + 3a,x+ .
dx + na"-l+. kay
k =1

and = 2.1 a +3.2 agr +4.3 a . .

+n(n - 1) a-2+ . = 2 k (k-1)a%

dx
k2

Substituting the values of y, dy and

dx
in (1), we get
dr
[2.1 + 3.2 + 4.3
a ax+ agx
+(n + 2) (n + 1) a. ] +x [a, +2ax+ uay
..+na,-+(n + 1) a, +1+.+[4+a,x + a,x +. .az+ aX** .
Eauating to zero the coefficients of various powers of
x, we get
QESSEL'S FUNCTIONS AND LEGENDRE'S
POLYNOMIAL, SOLUTION IN SERIES FOR ****** 151

Constant term; 2a2 +a 0a^= 50

Coefficients of x ; 6a3+ a ta =
0
a^ =
Coefficients of ; 12a4+ 2a +az =0 a^= -2 =
A.2
4:2

Coefficients of x" : (n + 2) (n + 1) a, + 2+ n a, t+ an =0

+1
n+2 ( : n + 1 z 0]
n+2) (n +1) " +2n3)

Putting n = 3, 4, 5, 6 in (3), we get

1
as 5-3 4 4-2 6-4
1 1
a4 -3314 48642
Substituting the values of a;'s in (2), we get

y= +ax-a0*-4t4.40* 5.4 6:4-70**

1 x

+ 2.4-6:8

solution of (1) containing two arbitrary constants an and a,

which is the required

Example 2. Solve i series theeguation (1-)-2+2y=0

differential equationis
Solution. The given

a+2y = 0 ...(1)

is an ordinary point of (1). Let its series solution he

Clearly x =0
y a + ax + azr + az +. "+.
k=0
 (B.A./B.SC. , Sem.,
Kashmir Uni
ni.)
EQUATIONS
THEORY OF
152 CALCULUS AND
E H N S INTEGRAL
k(k-1)a,r*-2

Then
dy
ka, and d=
dr2
k = (0

ddx k = 0

dy dy in (), we get
Substituting the value of y.and
dx dx
a2+. + n{n -

1) a ** (7* )na, + -
(1 ) [2.1 a, 3.24
+ + 4.3
*'+.
+n
*7* 2) (n + 1) a,n +2r" . . . 2r [a, + 2a,x + 3ax+
+ 2 [4 + ax
+
az * . *. 0

of x, we get
Equating to zero the coefficients of various powers
Coefficient of Constant term: 2a+ 240 0 a2 =-ao
Coeficient ofx 643 -2a, + 2a,= 0 ag0
0
Coetficient of "; (n + 2) (n + 1) a,2 -n (n - 1)4,- 2na, + 24,=
n(n-1)+20n-1),
(n+2)(n-1).
an+2 n(n-1)+2nan
(+2) (n +1) (n+2)(n
(n+2)(n +1) == n

of ..3)
On+2 n+1
( : n+2 0)
Putting n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 . . in (3), we get

2 3 1 4

Substituting the values of a's in (2), we get

y =
a a - a+0x3-
*
+0-$-ox
y = 1-- solution
.+axis the required
of equation (1) containing arbitrary constants a and a.

EXERCISE 8.1
Solvethe following equations in series
d2
+xy = 0
d'y-y
d2
=0
+xy =0
4. 2-2y
dx
0

5. d-y+y =
d2 dx
dx dx
 aESSEL'S FUNCTIONS AND
LEGENDRE'S POLYNOMIAL, SOLUTION IN SERIES FOR. 153
153
ANSWERS

9!

2. y= ao
4!

3. y= 4 1
3-4.7.8

4. y 1

5. y
a

6. y =
a 8
128
Method for solution in seríes of a linear differential
ofof the equation.
equation when x = 0 is a regular singulari Yon

dx .(1)
where Po, P, P2 are polynomial functions of x.

Step 1. Assume that y = r (4 + a,x + ax+ = 2a" (2)

n=0

where a 0 and a,'s are constant, is trial solution of (1).

Step 2. Find b y differentiating (2) and put the values of2 and y in (1).
Since (2) is a solution of (1), therefore, we shall get an identity after substituting the values of

d2'd and yin (1).

co-efficients of lowest power of r in the identity obtained in step 2. We

tep 3. Equate to zero the
nall get aa quadratic in k, which gives two values of k.
get o

his equation in k is càlled the Indicial Equation. in terms of a by equating to zero the c o
ep 4. Determine the values of a, az, 43, . .

vari powers of r in the identity obtained in Step 2.

icients of various
the nature of the roots of indicial equation.
ep 5. Now following four cases arise depending upon
are unequal and do not
differ by an integer.
The roots of indicial equation
(ië) The roots of indicial equation are equal.
154
ODERN'S INTEGRAL CALCULUS AND THEORY OF
EQUATIONS (B.A./B.Sc.I, Sem., Kashmir Uni1.)
) The roots of indicial equation are unequal and they difer by an integer.
value of k, makes a
co-efficient
v) The roots of indicial equation differ by an integer and one

of y indeterminate.
of the second order linear differential
Note. General solution of the equation. The indicial equation,
to these two
equation, is a quadratic and hence it gives two values of k in general. Corresponding
Values of k, we shall have two solutions (from 2). If y = U and y = V are the two solutions of (1), then
y A U + BV, where A, B are constants, is called a general solution of (1).

TYPE
When the Roots of the Indicial Equation are different and they do not differ by an integer
t h e indicial equation has wo roots k =a , Bwhere I a -Bl is a non integer, then we get two

linearly independent solutions. One corresponding to k a and other to k B. Iy U, y Vbe the =

= = =

Mo solutions then the general solution of the equation is given by y = AU + BV, where A, B are

arbitrar constants.
Example 3. Solve completely in series the equation.

2x(1- dx +1-)+3y
Solution. The given equation is:
2x(1-x)+1-)+3y= 0
dr
y = la +a,x + a + s , o] .(2)
Let
where ao# 0, a az .... are all constants, be a trial solution of (1).

akr-1+ a, (k +1) *+a, (k +2) »*+l+ eas

and =
ak(k -1)*i+a (k +
1) kr* -i+a(k + 1) (k+ 2) x* +

dx
Substituting these values in (1), we get

(2x 2) lak (k -1)-2+a, k+ 1) kr-+a,(k + 2) (k + ) * + *] + (1 -) lakr

=0 identically
a, (k + 1) +a, k + 2) **'+ a o]+3 [4r+ a,k*l +a,k*2 + . . ool

Equating to the co-efficients of various powers of x, we get

zero

coeff. of * - ' ; 2agk (k - 1)+ agk = 0 [lt is the indicial equation

(:40)
ak (2k ) =
0 k =
0 or
roots of the indicial equation are different and do not differ by an integer.
Clearly the
coeff. of x; 2a, (k + 1)k- 240 k (k 1) + a (k
-

+ 1) -

ag k+ 34 =0
-k 3) = 0
a (k + 1) (2k+ ) - % [2k -

a k+ ) (2k +
1)-ag (2k-3) (k + ) =0
(2k-3) .3) k+ 1 #0
2k+1
0
2) (k 1)- 2a, (k+ 1) k+ a (k + 2) a, (k + 1) + 3a1 =

of x+l; 2a, (k + +
-

coef.
BESS FUNCTIONS AND LEGENDRE'S POLYNOMIAL, SOLUTION IN 155
a k +2) (2k +3)
SERIES FORR . *******

-a [2k + 2k + k+ 1 -3] =0
a2 (k + 2) (2k + 3) -a, (2k +3k 3]= 0
2) 0
a, (k+ 2) (2k + 3) a (2k - 1) (k + 2) 0
-
=

=
2k-1
a2 a1 2k+3 k+2 0]
This equality can also be obtained
from (3) by changing k to k +1 and a to a2 and 4o to
a
Similarly we can
prove ag =
a2
2k+1
and so on.
When k =0, then
a =
4o
- 300

5)--)G)-
and

one of the solution of (1) is

a3
- - 1-3.5 and so on.

-2
When k =
.then a o-4o
2 =(0) (a,) = 0 and ag = 2 = ) =0 and so on

other solution of (1) is

y = ( o - 4 =a 2 (1 - ) = a,V (say)
Hence the general solution of (1) is
y = C (GU) + C2 (4,V) or y = AU + BV

3
ie.

Example 4. Bessel's Equation of Order n.

h - -h)
Solve: 2 +(-n)y =0, where 2n is a non integer.
dx
Solution. The given equation is

( - * ) y =o .(1)

Let y =
*lao+a+a+ +s. ] ..(2)
where * O, aq, az, a.4.. are constants, be a trial solution of (1).
a = dkrk- 1+a, (k + 1) **+a, (k + 2) **+ s . o
dr
 EQUATIONS (B.A./B.SC. I1,
Sem.
Kashmir Uni
I, Kashmi.
THEORY OF
156 CALCULUS AND
NS INTEGRAL
+ 2) (k
+ 1)x* +
o. 0

and
agk (k - 1) sk-2+a, (k
+ 1) kr* -I+ a, (k
2
Substituting these values in (1), we get * o] +x lakrk-1,
2) (k + )x a.4.
I +
a, (k
+
lak k 1) - 2 + a, (k + 1) kr - +1.
a2*t . . o]=0
-

(r2- n') la+ a,r*'+

+1)*+a, (k +2) + + . e ] +

identically
of x, we get
Equating to zero the co-efficients of various power Indicial equation)
coct. of r* : ak (k - 1) + a k - n'a = 0

a(k-n) = 0 ^ k =tn are different and

(:40)
they do n
of the indicial equation
Since 2n is not an integer, therefore, the roots

differ by an
integer. =0
coeff. of rk*l;a, (k +1) k +a, (k + 1) -a,n 3)
0
a [k +1) - n']
=

coeffof **2; a, (k +2) (k 1) a, (k + 2) ag- na2

+ + + =0
0 4)
a, [(k +2) - n*] + a
=

Similarly, we can prove that

0 5)
a3 ICk +3) n'] -

+
a =

and so on
a,ICk+r-a+a,-2 = 0 .6)
[Note it carefulyl

From (3 k = tn (k+ 1)-n 0a =0 From (3)

Similarly. a3 0, as =0, i.e. azr + 1 0 tr= 0, 1, 2, 3 . .

From (6) -2
(k+r)-n
Putting r = 2, 4, 6, s . , we get

do
(k+2)-2

(&+4- &+4-(&+2-
When k = n,
4
(n+2- 2 (n+1)

n+4)-|(n+2- 2'21(n+2(«t)
Similarly,
203:(n+3) (n+2)(n+1)and so on.
Substituting the values of a's in (2), one solution of (1) is

y= 4g
2 22 (n+1) 22!(n+2)(n+1) 2°3! (n+3) (n +2) (n+1)
ta
 cuS FUNCTIONS AND LEGENDRE'S POLYNOMIAL, SOLUTION IN SERIES FOR.
B E S S E L ' S
157
**s***

Now when k= - n, the other solution of (1) is obtained by changing to -n in the first solution,
and we get

x
t a,V (say)
y do 22 (1-n) 2'21(2-n)(1-n) 23!(3-n)(2-n)(1-n)
Hence the general solution of (1) is

C 4U) +c2 (4,V) =AU + BV

A 22 (n+1) 22!(n+2)(n+1) 231(n +3)(n+2)(n+1)

x
2 (1-n) 2'2!(2-»)(1-n) 23!(3-n)(2-n)(1-n)
TYPE II
When the roots of indicial equation are equal:
indicial then first of all we find all a's in terms
Ifk =a, a be the two equal roots of the equation,

Substituting the value k = a in

of k and then write down a solution of y in terms of k. Also find ak

U and V
y and
dy we get two linearly independent solutions of the equation. If
these solutions are

ak
where A, B are arbitrary constants.
then y = AU + BV is the general solution of the given equation,
in series the equation
Example 5. Integrate a

= 0

Solution. The given equation is

0 .(1)

2)
Let y
=
l a + at+ax+ o ]
all constants, be a trial
solution of (1).
where a # 0, d1, a2 . . .
are

d k r k -1+a, (k+ 1) *+ a (k +2) k*l+..

*

a2 (k + 2) (k+ 1) x* + . . 0 0
+ a, (k + 1) k*
+
and aqk (k- 1) - 2
dx
Substituting these values in (1), we get
1) * 2) (k+ o]+ (1-5x) lakk-14
- ) [ak (k -1) *-2 + a, (k + 1) kr*+a2 (k+
+...

- 4 l4+ a * +ak+2 + o =0 identically

a, (k+1) + a2 k +2) x+1.
 (o l1,
158
MODERN'S INTEGRAL CALCULUS AND THEORY OF EQUATIONS (B.A/B.Sc.I1, Sem. shmir Uni.)
Kashmir
Equating to zero the co-efficients of various powers of x, We get
coeff. of x - ; ak (k - 1) + ak= 0 ak =
0, which is the indicial equation.
4 0 k = 0, 0, i.e., the two roots of indicial equation are equal.
=0
Coef of x* ; a, (k 1)
+ kagk(k-

+ + 1) -

1) a (k
-

5agk 440
-

a (k + 1) (k+ 1) =
an (k* + 4k + 4)

k+2]
+
coef. of * * ' ; a , (k + 2) (k + 1) - a , (k + 1) k + a , (k + 2) - 5a, (k + 1) - 4a, = 0

a (k + 2) (k + 2) (k+ 6k + 9)

(k+412
Similarly k+10, and so on.
Substituting these values in (2), we have

y ag . (3)

Differentiating (3) both sides w.r.t. k, we get

ak log 1 * +
+40 xtk+1 (k+1
+1 (k+12° k+l (k+1
.. (4)
Putting k = 0 in (3) and (4), we get

y =
ag [ 1+ 2x + 32 + 43 + ..
0o] =
an U (Say)
and
ok
=
ag log x [l + 22x +3x + 4+ . .
o] -

240
1.2 x + 2.32+ 3.41 .
koy logx(4, U) - 24, [1.2x+2.312 + 3.4+. o =bo V(Say)

Hence the general solution is y =

ej (agU) +
c2 (baV) i.e. y =
AU + BV, where
U =
I+22x +322+ 423+ oo;
V U log x 2
and A, B
(1.2x2.3x + 3.4x +
-

..
0o)
are arbitrary constants.
Example 6. Bessel's Equation of zero order.

Solve
++y
dx
= 0.
ecCSELS FUNCTIONS AND LEGENDRE'S POLYNOMIAL, SOLUTION IN SERIES FOR 159
.
.
Solution. The given equation is
d*y +xy = 0
dr dx .(1)
Let y =
[aq t ax + a,x +.. co] .(2)
where ag *0, a1, a2. are constants be a trial solution of (1).

d
= apk -+a (k + 1) x* + a, (k +2) *l+...

and = apk (k 1) *-2 + a, (k + 1) kk- 1 + an (k +2) (k + 1) x*+.. c

Substituting these values in (1), we get
[ank (k 1) x +a, (k+ 1) krk-l + a, (k + 2) (k + 1) x+ ...
]
+[akr-l+a, (k +1) x* + ay, (k +2) **+l) +... o]
+x
la+ a,* + a,rk +2 + o] 0 Identically ..
=

Equating to zero the various power of x, we get

coeff. of r* ';ak (k -1) + ak =0 [Indicial Equation]
ak = 0 k 0, 0 i.e., the
=
roots of indicial equation are equal
coef. of *; a, (k + 1) k + a, (k + 1) = 0 (40)
a (k + 1)4 = 0 a =0
k+1 0 ]
coeff. of x**l; a, (k + 2) (k + 1) + a (k + 2) + a 0

az (k + 2) + a = 0
a2 (k+2)
Similarly we can prove a= 0 and a4 t44?a+n2 and so on.
from (2), we have

1
(k+2)2 (k+4 a+2 | (3)
Differentiating (3) w.r.t. k, or both sides, we get

x
ok
o log.* +.. o
(k+2) (k +4) (k +2)

+ 22
(k+2 (k+4) (k+2) \k +4 k+2|
.(4)
Putting k = 0 in (3) and f4), we get

2 = ay U(Say)

=ok Ulog r+
=
a [U log x +
V]
 EQUATIONS (B.A./B.Sc. ,
Sem. li, Kashmiri
THEORY OF
160 MODERN'S INTEGRAL CALCULUS AND

where V l
Hence the general solution of (1) is
+ C240 (U log
x + V)
y =
C (a6U)
= AU + B (U log x+ V)
BV where
=
(A + B log x) U +

.. 00 andd

U=1,*2.22 642*
*******

TYPE II.
and one root of it makes some co-
When the root of indicial equation differ by an integer
efficients of y as infinite.
integer. Let k a makes
is =

ofthe indicial equaiton where ß-a

an
Let a, B (a <ß) be the two roots
by changing ay to A (k a). Calcualte
-

some coeficients of y as infinite, then we modify the form

ay independent solutions U and V
ay from the modified form. Substitute k = a in y and we get two
ak where
AU + BV is the general solution of the given equation
(say) of the given equation. Hence y
=

A, B are arbitrary constants.

Example 7. Solve: x (1 -x) 3

dx2
-y =0.
Solution. The given equation is

... (1)
x-) -3x-y 0
d (2)
y = * (4 + a,x + a +... 00)
Let
where ag # 0, a1, ag.are constants be a trial solution of (2)

F akr +a,(k+ 1)x* + a, (k +2) x+l+... o

and
dy = ak (k-1)k-2 +a,k + 1) krk=+ a, (k + 2) (k + 1)+
d
Substituting these values in (1), we get
(x-)lak (k -1) ** +ak + 1) kr*- + az (k+ 2) (k + 1) *+
-3r l4k x-+ a,(k + 1) *+a, (k +2) * ' t .
ldentically
[4 +a,*+ a, +2
-

o] 0 =

Equating to zero various power of x, we get

coeff. of; a k (k- ) = 0 Indicial equation)
( 4 0)
k = 0, 1
Clearly the roots of indicial equation differ by an integer.
Here k-ki 1-0= I =

coeff. of * ; a, (k + 1) k - agk (k - 1) - 3ak - 4 = 0

a (k +1)k-ag k+ 1 = 0
 G
RESSELS FUNCTIONS AND LEGENDRE'S POLYNOMIAL, SOLUTION IN SERIES FOR 161
*
ak-a k + 1) = 0 :k+ 1 0]
k+1
. (3)
k
coef. of r* l; az (k + 2) (k + 1) - a, (k+ 1)k- 3a, (k + 1) - a = 0
a k + 2) (k + 1) - a, (k + 2)2= 0

a (k+ 1) -a k +2) = 0 k + 2 * 0]

a2 k+2)2a
k+1 . (4) [Using
and so on.
Putting these values in (2), we get

y =

Here root viz k =0 makes some co-efficients

one
w e modify y be
of y as infinite
changing a to Ag (k-0) = Agk

k
y = Ap [k +(k + 1)x+ (k + 2)+ (k + 3) r + . )
. (5)
Differentiating (5) w.r.t., k we get

A log x {k + (k + 1) x + (k +2) r*+ (k +3) x+

Ok
*l+r+r+r+.. o) ...(6)
Putting the value k = 0 in (5) and (6), we get
y An [0 +x+ 2x+3r. ] =AqU (Say)
oy
[log x {0+ lx +2x+3x+.+(1 +x+*+*.)=A,V (Say)
Hence the general solution of (1) is
y = C (AU) + C2 (A,V) = AU + BV, where A, B are constants and

U = x (1 +2x + 3xr +... o) =x (l -x)2

V = U log x + 1 +x++*'.. co =-U log r+ (1 - x)-

TYPE IV
When the roots of indicial equation differ by an integer and one root of it makes a co-efficient
y indeterminate.
Let a, B, (a, B) be the mwo roots ofthe indicial equation where ß - a is an integer. Let k = a makes

one this case the general solution ofthe equation is obtained

the co-efficients ofy indeterminante. In contains wo
by p of y which then arbitrary
constants.
ling k = a in the value
Xample 8. Legendre's Equation of order
n.

+n (n+1)y = 0.
Sobve: (-
 OF EQUATIONS (B.A.B.Sc. l, Sem.Il, Kashmir tUni.
AND THEORY
162 INTEGRAL CALCULUS
MODERN'S
Solution. The given equation is

d- -2n(n+1y= 0
dr dr
+ a,r+.. ) 2)
Let y =
* (a +a,r
are constants, be a trial solution of (1).
where a *0, a1. az
..

4 kr-! +a, (k +1) *+ a, (k +2)**'*.

(k 1) * + . .
+ 1) k-+a, (k +
2) +

and 40k (k + 1)-2+a, (k

d
Substituting these values in (1), we get
+ 1)**.+ o]
1) krk-1 +a, (k 2) (k
+
(1 ) l a k (k +1)*-2 +a, (k
+
*+ o]
(k + 1) f + a, (k +2)
...

-2x la,- + a
r*+2+ o] = 0 ldenticaly
+n (n + 1)la% *+ a,+l+a,
...

the various powers of x,

we get
Equating to zero Indicial equation
0
coef. of ak (k- 1) =
(4 0)
k = 0, 1
differ by an integer
Clearly roots of indicial equation a,k = 0
(k+1 0 )
k 0
coef. of r -l; aj (k + 1)
=

value and hence indeterminate.

when k 0, a, can have any
=

But when k= 1, a
= 0
and of them viz. k = 0, makes a
Thus the roots of indicial equation differ by an integer one

indeterminate.
(k-1)-240k + n (n + 1) ag 0 =

coeff. ofr; a, (k+ 2) k+ 1)-agk

az (k + 2) (k 1)
+ ao lk (k + 1) - n (n + 1)}
=

a (k+3) k+2) = al(k + 1) (k + 2) (n 1)}

n + -

Similarly
and a, (k +4) (k+ 3) a,{k +2) (k+3) n (n + 1)}
= -

and so on.

When k= 0, we get

n (n + 1)
az (2-1) = d l - n (n + 1)]
2!

(n +2)(n -1).
ag (3-2) = a, [2-n-n]
3!
a (4-3)=az 16 - n*- n] = - az (n +3) (n - 2)

(n +3)(n-2) (n+3) (n ++Dn (n-2)

44 43 4!

[Using the
as
value

(n+4) (n+1) (n-1) (n-3)

Similarly a and s0o on.
5!
 3)
RESSELS FUNCTIONS AND
LEGENDRE'S PoLYNOMIAL, SOLUTION IN SERIES
Substituting these values in (2), we
FOR . 163
get

y=)1" 2!
2 (n+3) (n+) n(n-2)4
4!

(n+2) (n-1) .3 (n+ 4) (n +2)

3!
,

5!
(n-)(n),5++
is the general solution of (1)
Example 9. Hermite Equation. i t contains two arbitrary constants
Sohe the equation: dy
+2py 0. where p is any constant.
d
Solution. The given equation is

d
d"y-2x+2py =0 dx .. (1)
Let
where
y =
l d +a,x +a^r+... o] (2)
a* 0, a. a.. are constants, be a trial solution
of (1).
dy
a kr*=' +a, (k + 1) *+ a, (k +2).+l..0

and
dy
=ak (k -1) x-2+a (k +1) kr-+ a, (k +2) (k + )+.
dr
Substituting these values in (1), we get
lan k (k- 1) -2 + a, (k + 1) kr*-l + a, (k +2) (k +1) r . + o]
-

2x la +a, (k + 1)*+a, (k + 2) x* ]
+2p lag + a * + a * * .o) = 0
Equating to zero the various power of x, we get
coeff. of r-2; ak (k -

1) = 0 Indicial equation)
k 0,1 (400)
Clearly the roots of indicial equation differ by in integer.
Here k-k l-0=0

0 ak 0
coef. of - ; a, (k+ 1)k = k +l * 0)
When k = 0, a, can have may values and hence indeterminate.
But when k = 1, aj = 0
Thus the roots of indicial equation differ by an integer and one of them viz. k = 0, makes a

indeterminate.
=0
oEl. of ; (k + 2) (k + )a2- 2ak +2p ay
(k+ 2) (k + ) a = 2 k -p)
=0
3) (k + 2) a1- 24,(k )+ 2pa,
+
COelf. of rk+ l; (k +
2(k+1 -pla
k+3) (k + 2) a1
=

k + 4) (k + 3) a4 21k + 2 -Pl a and so on.

Similarly =

When k 0, we get
(2-(1) a = - 2pa%
2!
 MODERN'S INTEGRAL CALCULUS AND THEORY
OF EQUATIONS (B.A./B.Sc. I1, Sem.I1, Kashmir Uni
164
-
2 (p-1)a
(3)(2) a = 2(1 -P)a1 a3 3!

2 ( p - - 2 p{p-2)
2 (2 - p)a2 a 4 4!
(4)(3) a = 4:3

22 (p-1Dp=S
Similarly
2p-3)
54
5!
a etc.

Substituting these values, we get

5!
y 4!
(: it contains two arbitrary constants]
is a general solution of (1).

EXERCISE 8.2

Solve in the series the following equations

1. ()9x((-x) 12+4y=0 n 4x4+2+y=o

dx
dx

Ci) 2x3-++1)=0
iv) 2x d2
+(2»2-)+y=0.
dr

(x-)2+(1-x)-y =0 (n 1+1)+2y=0
2. ) dr

(iv) -y0.
cin +*y=0
dr
dx
-(1+3x)-y =0
3. +(a2 -4)y=0o
) 2 d +ax (i) x(1-x)
dx

4. ?y=0 () (1-*)-2+2y
dr
=0
dx

(i) (2+*)t (l+x)y=0 iv) dy2 = 0

dx d
(v) +8 4y=0.
dx
(2 +x2) Y _ d y 6ry = 0 i) 2x (1x) +5-7)-3y =0
S. i) dx
ax d

i ) 4x +21-)-y=0 iv) 2 - +(1-x)y=0

ds dr d

6. () dyy+xy =0
2 t y =0 (ii) +(1+x)+2y =0
d
 )
aEsSELS FUNCTIONS AND LEGENDRE'S POLYNOMIAL, SOLUTION IN SERIES FOR . 165

ANSWERS
1. () y AU + BV, where

U-1++ 6:9
+... 0o and
8-11 2 13-16
8 11 14
+t... 0
10-13 10-13 16 T.

y=A-2 B ...0

(ii) y= A
25-4.9 2.5.4.9.6.13
22 2
B 3.4.7.8 3.4-7:8-11-12
(iv) y= A/2
+-B s7
2. (i) y=Al + BV, where
1-2.5
x+... 00 and

V=U logx- 2x+ +.

AU + BV, where
(ii) y =

U= 1-2r+

V=Ulog x+2|2
AU + BV where
(iii) y =

-x+0o and
=
1-* 3 (21
V= Ulogx*: -Fa*i*Joi*i)'*
(iv) v= (A + B log x) + (3!)
(212

BV, where
3. () y =AU +
and
 MODERN'S INTEGRAL CALCULUS AND THEORY Or rQUAIONO (MA/ d0, , ierm, 1, Kashrr Uni)
166

V=U log+
() y= AU + BV, where

U- - nd

V=- U log r + | | -- 5 1 - I 1 t . o

4y 4 34 8.9 3-4:78112
4.58:9 4:5:8.9-12 13

-+0|+aX
5

(ii) y= a

(iv)y= a

L*R165.3-24
8 16
+
t+Br-3/2

(ii) y = -+-
2 212 3 +B 5 57
4
(iv) y= A
2:5245.9 .+B + 2.45-7
6. ()y=A
22.42 2242 6

+B logrta