ABSTRACT

Online Bus Reservation System

Traveling is a large growing business across all countries. Bus reservation system deals with
maintenance of records of details of each passenger. It also includes maintenance of
information like schedule and details of each bus. We observed the working of the Bus
reservation system and after going through it, we get to know that there are many operations,
which they have to do manually. It takes a lot of time and causing many errors while data
entry. Due to this, sometimes a lot of problems occur and they were facing many disputes
with customers. To solve the above problem, and further maintaining records of passenger
details, seat availability, price per seat, bill generation and other things, we are offering this
proposal of computerized reservation system.
 USER MODULE

USER LOGIN

 The user login module in a bus reservation system is designed to provide

secure and seamless access to the platform for users, enabling them to book
tickets, view schedules, and manage their bookings.

HOME PAGE

 The system caters to a wide range of users, including individual passengers,

frequent commuters, and travel agencies. With its easy-to-use interface,
customers can search for routes, select their preferred bus type, book tickets,
and manage reservations effortlessly. Additionally, features like personalized
user accounts, booking history, and notifications ensure a seamless travel
experience.

BOOKING DETAILS

 The Booking Details section provides users with comprehensive information

about their ticket reservations, ensuring transparency and convenience. It
includes all the essential data required for a smooth travel experience, such as
bus information, passenger details, and transaction specifics. Here's an
overview of the key elements.

1. Passenger Information

 Name: Full name of the passenger(s).

 Contact Details: Phone number and email address for communication.
 ID Proof (if required): Details of government-issued ID (e.g., Aadhaar, Passport).
2. Trip Information

 Route: Departure and destination cities.

 Date and Time:
o Departure Date and Time: When the bus leaves the boarding point.
o Arrival Date and Time: Estimated arrival at the destination.
 Boarding Point: Location where the passenger boards the bus.
 Drop-off Point: Location where the passenger disembarks.

3. Bus Details

 Bus Operator: Name of the service provider or company.

 Bus Type:
o Example: Sleeper, Semi-Sleeper, AC, Non-AC, Luxury, or Volvo.
 Bus Number: Unique identification for the assigned bus.
 Seat Number(s): Allocated seat(s) for the passenger(s).

4. Payment Information

 Ticket Price: Breakdown of charges (base fare, taxes, and fees).

 Total Amount Paid: Final payment made by the user.
 Payment Mode: Payment method used (e.g., credit card, UPI, wallet).
 Transaction ID: A unique identifier for the payment transaction.

5. Ticket and Booking ID

 Booking ID: Unique ID assigned to the reservation for tracking and support.
 Ticket ID: Specific identifier for the e-ticket generated after booking.
6. Additional Information

 Terms and Conditions:

o Cancellation policies.
o Rules regarding boarding and luggage.
 Special Requests:
o Notes for special assistance or requirements.

7. Notifications

 Email/SMS Alerts: Booking details sent via email and SMS upon confirmation.
 Real-Time Updates: Notifications for schedule changes, delays, or cancellations.

SEARCH AND BOOKING

 A prominent search bar is featured on the homepage, allowing users to book tickets
quickly. Users can enter their departure and destination cities, select a travel date, and
search for available buses. This simplifies the process of finding and booking trips,
saving users time.
Example:

 Fields for "From," "To," and "Date."

 A "Search Buses" button that dynamically displays results based on user input.
 CONTENT
CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT 1

INTRODUCTION
1
1.1PROJECT AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 4

1.2BACKGROUND OF PROJECT
1.3OPERATION ENVIRONMENT

SYSTEM ANALYSIS
2 6
2.1SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT
SPECIFICATION
2.1EXISTING VS PROPOSED
2.2SOFTWARE TOOL USED
SYSTEM DESIGN
3 18
3.1 TABLE DESIGN

3.2 DATA’S FLOW DIAGRAM

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
4 22
4.1 MODULE DESCRIPTION
4.2 SCREEN SHOTS

SYSTEM TESTING
5 31
5.1UNIT TESTING
5.2INTEGRATION TESTING
CONCLUSION
6 47
REFERENCES
7 48
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The Bus Reservation System is a digital platform designed to simplify and streamline the
process of booking bus tickets for travelers. It eliminates the need for manual reservations,
providing users with a convenient, fast, and secure way to plan their journeys. By integrating
real-time bus schedules, seat availability, and online payments, this system transforms the
traditional ticket booking process into a modern and user-friendly experience.

1.1PROJECT AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The primary aim of the Bus Reservation System is to develop a user-friendly, efficient,
and secure platform that simplifies the process of booking bus tickets. The system aims
to enhance the travel planning experience for customers while streamlining
administrative tasks for bus operators. It seeks to reduce manual processes, improve
customer satisfaction, and enable a modern, hassle-free ticketing solution.

OBJECTIVES

User-Centric Features

 Provide an intuitive interface for users to search, book, and manage bus tickets easily.
 Offer personalized experiences by incorporating user accounts and travel preferences.

Real-Time Data Access

 Enable real-time updates on bus schedules, seat availability, and booking status.
 Integrate notifications for trip reminders, schedule changes, and promotional offers.

Secure and Flexible Transactions

 Implement secure payment gateways to facilitate seamless transactions.

 Support multiple payment methods, including credit/debit cards, UPI, and mobile
wallets.
Efficient Booking Management

 Allow users to view, modify, or cancel their bookings with clear policies.
 Provide detailed booking summaries, including boarding points, seat numbers, and
payment receipts.

Scalability and Reliability

 Design the system to accommodate high volumes of users and transactions without
downtime.
 Ensure data security and privacy through encryption and compliance with industry
standards.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF PROJECT

The traditional process of bus ticket booking involved manual reservations through
ticket counters or phone calls. This method was often time-consuming, prone to errors,
and inconvenient for both travelers and bus operators. With the rise of digitalization and
the increasing reliance on technology, the need for an efficient, automated system to
manage bus reservations has become essential.

The Bus Reservation System was conceived to address these challenges by leveraging
technology to simplify the booking process for users while improving operational
efficiency for bus service providers. The project aims to bridge the gap between
travelers and bus operators through a seamless, centralized platform that caters to both
parties' needs.
1.3 OPERATION ENVIRONMENT

AMD PRO A4-3350B APU with

PROCESSOR
Radeon R4 Graphics 2.00GHz

OPERATING SYSTEM MS-WINDOWS 10 PRO

MEMORY 1GB RAM OR MORE

MINIMUM 3 GB FOR DATABASE

HARD DISK SPACE
USAGE FOR FUTURE

DATABASE MY SQL
 CHAPTER 2
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
SYSTEM ANALYSIS

System analysis involves understanding the requirements, identifying the challenges, and
defining the functionalities of the Bus Reservation System. This phase ensures that the
developed system meets the needs of end-users and administrators effectively.

2.1 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

1.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

Hardware requirements refer to the physical components of a

computer or device that are necessary for running a specific software
application or operating system. These requirements outline the minimum
and recommended specifications for the processor, memory, storage,
graphics, and other essential hardware elements needed to ensure smooth
and efficient software performance.

• PROCESSOR : INTEL XEON OR AMD EQUIVALENT

• RAM : 8GB
• HARD DISK : 10 GB
 1.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
Software requirements refer to the specific software and system
configurations needed to run a particular program or application
efficiently. These requirements ensure that the software functions as
intended and can interact with the necessary components of the system,
including operating systems, libraries, and other dependent software.

• FRONT END : HTML, CSS,PHP

• BACK END : MYSQL
• OPERATING SYSTEM : WINDOW 10, MACOS, LINUX

2.1.1 Functional Requirements

1.1 User Registration and Login:

 Users must be able to create an account by providing personal details (name, email,
phone number, password).
 Login options should include:
o Username and password.
o One-Time Password (OTP) via mobile/email.
 Provide functionality for password recovery.
1.2 Search Buses:
 Users should be able to search for available buses based on:
o Departure and destination cities.
o Date and time.
 Display search results with relevant information:
o Operator name, bus type (AC, non-AC), departure time, arrival time, fare, and
seat availability.
1.3 Seat Selection and Booking:
 Allow users to view real-time seat availability.
 Enable selection of preferred seats before booking.
 Generate a summary of selected seats, fare details, and trip details before confirming
 the booking.
 Generate and send an e-ticket with all booking details (seat number, route, boarding
point) via email.

1.5 Booking Management:

 Provide a dashboard for users to:
o View current and past bookings.
o Cancel reservations based on operator policies.
o Request refunds where applicable.

2.1 Route and Schedule Management:

 Allow admins to create, update, and delete routes.
 Add or modify schedules for each route, specifying:
o Departure/arrival times.
o Frequency (daily, weekly).
2.2 Bus and Seat Management:
 Enable adding, updating, or removing buses.
 Define seat layouts and capacity for each bus.
2.3 Booking Oversight:
 Provide admins with access to view all bookings.
 Enable booking approvals and cancellations, if necessary.
2.4 User and Operator Management:
 Manage user accounts, including registration, deactivation, or banning users for
violations.
 Assign operator accounts with limited access to manage specific routes and buses.

3.1 General Functionalities

3.1.1 Notifications:
 Send email/SMS notifications for:
o Booking confirmations.
o Schedule changes.
 o Refund status.
3.2 Search and Filtering:
 Allow users and admins to filter and sort data (e.g., by date, route, operator, or fare).

3.3 Reporting and Analytics:

 Generate reports for operators and admins, including:
o Booking trends.
o Revenue details.
o Occupancy rates.
3.4 Support:
 Provide a contact form or chatbot for users to raise issues or queries.
 Include FAQs for common user questions.

2.2 EXISTING VS PROPOSED

2.2.1 User Interface and Experience:

 Web Interface: A responsive, user-friendly design that works across all devices
(desktop, tablet, and mobile) with intuitive navigation.
 Mobile Interface: A seamless mobile application (for iOS and Android) optimized for
user-friendly banking experiences, including easy access.

2.2.2 System Performance & Speed

• Existing: Slower response times, especially during peak hours or
after large- scale updates. Transaction processing can experience
delays due to outdated infrastructure or inefficient code.
• Proposed: Optimized performance, with faster transaction
processing and better system scalability. Real-time updates and
instant responses to customer interactions will be standard, reducing
latency and improving operational speed.
2.2.3 Performance Metrics
1. Response Time:
o Average response time for user actions, such as searching for
buses or booking tickets, must be under 2-3 seconds.
o Payment processing should complete within 5-10 seconds,
depending on the payment gateway.
2. Throughput:
o The system should handle up to 1,000 concurrent users for
small-scale deployment and scale to 10,000+ concurrent
users for larger implementations.
3. Downtime:
o Target system uptime is 99.9%, with minimal downtime for
maintenance.
4. Database Queries:
o Optimize database queries to fetch results in milliseconds,
ensuring quick data retrieval for bus schedules and seat
availability.

2.2.4 Factors Influencing Speed

2.1 Hardware Optimization

 Use SSD storage for faster data read/write operations.
 Allocate sufficient RAM and high-performance CPUs to servers to
handle concurrent requests efficiently.
2.2 Database Optimization
 Use indexes for frequently queried fields like bus schedules, routes,
and user bookings.
 Implement database sharding for scalability in high-traffic
scenarios.
 frequently accessed data, reducing database load.
2.3 Network Speed
 Host the system on high-speed, low-latency servers.
 Use CDNs (Content Delivery Networks) to speed up static
content delivery for users across different regions.
2.4 Application Performance
 Minimize the size of frontend assets using techniques like code
minification and image compression.
 Implement asynchronous processing for tasks like sending
notifications or generating reports.
2.5 Load Balancing
 Use load balancers to distribute traffic across multiple servers,
ensuring optimal performance during peak usage times.

2.2.5 Techniques for Enhanced Performance

1.Caching:
o Cache frequently requested data like bus schedules, routes,
and seat availability.
o Employ client-side caching to reduce server requests for
repeated users.
2. Database Optimization:
o Use normalized schema designs for reducing redundancy.
o Optimize complex queries using joins and aggregate
functions for batch processing.
3. Stress and Load Testing
 Conduct stress testing to identify the maximum user load the
system can handle before performance degrades.
 Perform load testing to simulate real-world scenarios and ensure
system stability under varying traffic conditions.

4. Monitoring and Maintenance

 Use monitoring tools like New Relic, Datadog, or Prometheus to
track performance metrics in real time.
 Set up alerts for performance bottlenecks or slow response times.
2.3 SOFTWARE TOOL USED

FRONT END

The whole Project is divided in two parts the front end and the back end.
The front end is designed using of html , Css, php, javascript.

2.3.1 HTML
i. HTML- HTML or Hyper Text Markup Language is the main
markup language for creating web pages and other information
that can be displayed in a web browser.HTML is written in the
form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle
brackets (like <html>), within the web page content.

ii. HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like <h1> and
</h1>, although some tags represent empty elements and so
are unpaired, for example <img>. The first tag in a pair is the
start tag, and the second tag is the end tag (they are also called
opening tags and closing tags).

iii. HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites.

HTML allows images and objects to be embedded and can be
used to create interactive forms. It provides a means to create
structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text
such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other
items. It can embed scripts written in languages such as
JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML web page.
2.3.2 CSS

i. CSS- Cascading Style Sheets(CSS) is a style sheet language used

fordescribing the look and formatting of a document written in a
markup language. While most often used to style web pages and
interfaces written in HTML and XHTML, the language can be
applied to any kind of XML document, including plain XML, SVG
and XUL. CSS is a cornerstone specification of the web and almost
all web pages use CSS style sheets to describe their presentation.

ii. CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of document

content from document presentation, including elements such as the
layout, colors, and fonts. This separation can improve content
accessibility, provide more flexibility and control in the specification.

iii. of presentation characteristics, enable multiple pages to share

formatting, and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural
content (such as by allowing for table less web design).CSS can also
allow the same markup page to be presented in different styles for
different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (when
read out by a speech-based browser or screen reader) and on Braille-
based, tactile devices.
2.3.3 JAVASCRIPT(JS)

i. JAVA SCRIPT- JavaScript(JS) is a dynamic computer programming language. It is

most commonly used as part of web browsers, whose implementations allow
client- side scripts to interact with the user, control the browser, communicate
asynchronously, and alter the document content that is displayed. It is also being
used in server-side programming, game development and the creation of desktop
and mobile applications.

ii. JavaScript is a prototype-based scripting language with dynamic typing and has
first-class functions. Its syntax was influenced by C.

iii. JavaScript copies many names and naming conventions from Java, but the two
languages are otherwise unrelated and have very different semantics. The key
design principles within JavaScript are taken from the Self and Scheme
programming languages. It is a multi- paradigm language, supporting object-
oriented, imperative, and functional programming styles.
2.3.4 PHP

i. PHP Hypertext Preprocessor is a server-side scripting language

primarily used for web development. It's widely used for building
dynamic websites and web applications.
Server-Side Scripting: PHP code runs on the server before the webpage
is sent to the browser, which means users do not see the PHP code but
only the output.

ii. Embedded in HTML: PHP scripts can be written directly within

HTML pages, enabling dynamic content creation (e.g., form
submissions, databases interaction, session management).
Open Source: PHP is free to use and has a large community that
actively contributes to its development.

iii. An HTML tag is a code element that defines the structure of a web
page. It is used to mark up content on a webpage to specify its meaning
and behaviour. Basic Structure: HTML tags are usually enclosed in
angle brackets (e.g., `<p>` for a paragraph, `<h1>` for a
heading).Opening and Closing Tags: Many HTML tags come in pairs:
an opening tag `<tag>` and a closing tag `</tag>`. For example,
`<div>` opens a division, and
`</div>` closes it. Purpose: Tags specify how content should be
displayed (e.g., bold text with `<b>`, links with `<a>`, images
`<img>`).
 BACKEND
MySQL is one of the most popular and widely-used open-source relational
database management systems (RDBMS). It's known for its performance,
reliability, and ease of use. Here are three key points about MySQL:

Open-Source and Free

MySQL is an open-source software, meaning it's free to use and can be
modified or distributed under the terms of the **GNU General Public
License (GPL).
Being open-source, it has a large community of contributors who help
maintain and improve the software.

Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

MySQL is a relational database system, meaning it stores data in structured
tables with rows and columns, allowing for efficient data management and
relationships between different sets of data.
It supports SQL (Structured Query Language), which is used to query,
insert, update, and manage data.

Scalable, Fast, and Reliable

Scalability: MySQL is highly scalable and can handle large amounts of data
and high traffic loads, making it suitable for both small projects and large
enterprise applications.
Performance: MySQL is known for its fast query performance and low
overhead, thanks to features like indexing, caching, and optimization.
Reliability: It provides robust data security features and backup solutions,
making it reliable for mission-critical applications.
Example Use Cases:

 Websites (Word Press, Joomla, etc.)

 Online stores (e Commerce platforms)
 Enterprise applications (e.g., customer
relationship management systems)

MySQL is part of the LAMP stack (Linux, Apache, MySQL,

PHP/Perl/Python), commonly used for developing dynamic websites and
applications.
 CHAPTER-3
SYSTEM DESIGN
 SYSTEM DESIGN

3.1 TABLE DESIGN

VARIOUS TABELS TO MAINTAIN

INFORMATION

 Database Design

 ADMIN DATABASE
 USER DATABASE
4 BUSES DATABASE

 TICKECT DETAILS
3.2 DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS:
A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data through
an information system, modeling its process aspects. A DFD shows what kind of
information will be input to and output from the system, where the data will come
from and go to, and where the data will be stored. The development of DFD’S is done
in several levels. Each process in lower level diagrams can be broken down into a
more detailed DFD in the next level. The Top-level diagram is often called context
diagram. It consist a single process bit, which plays vital role in studying the current
system. The process in the context level diagram is exploded into other process at the
first level DFD. Figures 3.1 to 3.3 shows a data flow diagram about the system.
3.3 USE CASE DIAGRAM FOR USERS AND ADMIN

A use case is a description of a system’s behaviour as it responds to a request that

originates from outside of that system (the user). In figure 3.4, a use case of the
activities in a bus transport system is shown.
In other words a use case describes “who” can do “what” with the system in question.
The use case technique is used to capture a system’s behavioural requirements by
detailing scenario-driven threads through the functional requirements.
 CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM
IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 MODULE DESCRIPTION
 Login/Signup: Customers sign up or log in to the system.
 Search for Bus: Customers enter their departure and arrival cities, along with the date
of travel.
 Select Bus: The system shows available buses based on the search criteria. Customers
choose a bus and then select their preferred seats.
 Make Payment: Customers proceed to a secure payment page and complete the
booking using a debit/credit card, PayPal, or other payment methods.
 Confirmation: A booking confirmation with the ticket details is sent to the customer
via email/SMS.
 Manage Booking: Customers can view or modify their reservation, cancel their
ticket, or request a refund if necessary.
4.2 SCREEN SHOTS

ONLINE BUS RESERVATION SYSTEM

4.2.1 ADMIN LOGIN

4.2.2 ADMIN HOME PAGE
4.2.3 ADD BUS DETAILS
4.2.4 USER LOGIN AND SIGNUP PAGE