VELS

VIDYASHRAM
SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

PHYSICS
PROJECT

NAME :- TANNISTHA .
D

CLASS :- XII - A

TOPIC :- HALF WAVE

RECITIFIER
CERTIFICATE:-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT :-
In the accomplishment of this project
successfully , many people have best owned
upon me their blessings and the heart pledged
support, this time I am utilizing to thank all
the people who have been concerned with
project.

Primarily I would thank god for being able to

complete this project with success. Then I would
like to thank my principal __________________________
And physics teacher_____________________________ ,
whose valuable guidance has been the ones that
helped me patch this project and make it full
proof success her suggestions and his
instructions has served as the major contributor
towards the completion of the project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and

friends who have helped me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance has been helpful in
various phases of the completion of the project.

INDEX:-
1) INTRODUCTION
2) HISTORY
3) AIM
4) THEORY
5) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
6) CONNECTION DETAILS
7) WORKING
8) MATERIALS REQUIRED
9) PROCEDURE
10 OBSERVATIONS
)
11 CALCULATIONS
)
 12 CONCLUSIONS
)
13 PRECAUTIONS
)
14 SOURCES OF ERRORS
)
15 BIBLIOGRAPHY
)
INTRODUCTION :-
Although in our daily life we use A.C. current devices. But
rectifier is a Electronic device which converts A.C. power
into D.C. power. The study of the junction diode
characteristics reveals that the junction diode
offers a low resistance path, when forward biased, and a high
resistance path, when reverse biased. This feature of the
junction diode enables it to be used as a rectifier.

The alternating signals provides opposite kind of biased

voltage at the junction after each half-cycle. If the junction is
forward biased in the first half-cycle, its gets reverse biased
in the second half. It results in the flow of forward current in
one direction only and thus the signal gets rectified. In
other words, we can say, when an alternating e.m.f. signal is
applied across a junction diode, it will conduct only during
those alternate half cycles, which
biased it in forward direction.

There are two types of Rectifiers:

1. Full- Wave Rectifier
2. Half- Wave Rectifier

LED
transformer
Diode
Wire cabel

FIRST WAVE RECITIFIER HALF WAVE RECITIFIER

HISTORY:-
From the 1880’s rectifiers have created an identity and a
field in of itself. The evolution of rectifiers has created
methods for power electronics. This first diode used in a
rectifier circuit was created in 1883.

C.T. Fritts used selenium to create this two terminal

element. Selenium, or Se is a nonmetal that rarely occurs in
an elemental state, or as a pure ore. Discovered by Jons
Hacob Berezelius, selenium is used In a few of today’s DC
power surge protectors.
With the introduction of vacuum diodes, introduced in the
early 1900’s, rectifiers were limited. A vacuum diode is a
direct that has an electron valve that supports the current
flow through only one direction. The thermionic vacuum
tube diode, originally called the Fleming valve, was invented
by John Ambrose Fleming in 1904 as a detector for radio
waves in radio receivers, and evolved into a general rectifier.
With adaptations like mercury arc tubes, rectifiers allowed
Steinmetz published a paper on wave forms, and duplication
of wave forms in the rectifying system. Vacuum diodes are
limited by low current density.

JOHN AMBORSE FLEMING JONS HACOB BEZERLIUS CHARLES PROTEUS STEINMETZ

AIM:-
“To construct a Half-wave rectifier and to determine the
current by measuring voltage and resistance using it”

PRINCIPLE:-
It is based upon the principle that junction diode offers low
resistance path when forward biased, and high resistance
when reverse biased.

THEORY:-
The half – wave rectifier circuit is made by using a
semiconductor with a load resistance. The diode is connected
in series with the secondary of the transformer and the local
resistance. The primary of the transformer is being
connected to the AC supply mains. The AC voltage across the
secondary winding changes polarities after every
half – cycle of the input AC voltage, i.e. , when upper end of
the secondary winding is positive w.r.t its lower end , the
diode is forward biased and therefore conducts current. If
the forward resistance of the diode is assumed to be zero
(in practice, however, a small resistance exists) the input
voltage during the positive half-cycles is directly applied to
the load resistance making its upper end positive w.r.t its
lower end. The waveform of the current and output
voltage are of the same shape as that of the input AC voltage.

During the negative half-cycles of the input AC

voltage ,i.e., when the lower end of the secondary winding its
positive w.r.t its upper end, the diode is reverse biased and
so does not conduct. Thus during the negative half-cycles
of the input AC voltage, the current through and voltage
across the load remains zero. The reverse current, being very
small in magnitude, is delivered to the load. Thus the output
voltage (VL) developed across load resistance is a series of
positive half-cycles of alternating voltage, with intervening
very small constant negative voltage levels, It is obvious from
the figure that the output is not a steady dc, but only
pulsating dc wave. To make the output wave smooth and
useful in a DC power supply, we have to use a filter across the
load. Since only half-cycles of the input wave are used, it is
called a halfwave rectifier. A constant output voltage from
the DC power supply is very important as it directly impacts
the reliability of the electronic device we connect to the
power supply. We can make the output of half wave rectifier
smooth by using filter (a capacitor filter or an inductor filter)
across the diode. In some cases an resistor – capacitor
coupled filter (RC) is also used.

ADVANTAGES OF HALF WAVE

RECITIFIER:-
1. Half – Wave rectifier requires only a single rectifier to
work .
2. Half – Wave rectifier is significantly cheap

DISADVANTAGES OF HALF WAVE

RECITIFIER:-

1. Half Wave rectification involves a lot of wastage of energy

and hence is
not preferred.
2. Some small currents flows during reverse bias due to
minority charge.Carriers as the output across is negligible.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
CONNECTION DETAILS:-
Connections are done as in the circuit. The A.C. supply is
given to both the input wires of the transformer and the two
ends of the secondary coil is given to the P side of the two
diodes and the N side of the diodes are twined and
then connected to one end of the capacitor and the other end
to the center tap lead and to the resistor.
Further, the other end of capacitor with the diode connect
ion is connected to the other end of the resistor. Connections
are done as in the circuit.

The A.C. supply is given to both the input wires of the

transformer and the two ends of the secondary coil is given
to the P side of the two diode and the N side of the diode are
then connected to one end of the capacitor and the other end
to the center tap lead and to the resistor.

WORKING:-

Let us understand how a half-wave rectifier transforms AC

into DC.
1. A high AC voltage is applied to the primary side of the step-
down transformer. The obtained secondary low voltage is
applied to the diode.
2. A high AC voltage is applied to the primary side of the step-
down transformer. The obtained secondary low voltage is
applied to the diode.
For better understanding, let us simplify the half-wave
circuit by replacing the secondary transformer coils with a
voltage source as shown below:

When the diode is forward biased, it acts as a closed switch.

But, during the negative half cycle of the AC source voltage,
the equivalent circuit becomes as shown in the figure below :
When a diode is reverse biased, it acts as an open switch.
Since no current can flow to the load, the output voltage is
equal to zero.
HALF WAVE RECITIFIER WAVE
FORM:-
The half - wave rectifier waveform before and after
rectification is shown below in the figure:

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER CAPACITOR

FILTER:-
The output waveform of a half-wave rectifier is a pulsating
DC waveform. Filters in half-wave rectifiers are used to
transform the pulsating waveform into constant DC wave
forms. A capacitor or an inductor can be used as a filter.

Applications of Half-Wave Rectifier:

Here are a few common applications of half wave rectifiers:
1. They are used for signal demodulation purpose
2. They are used for rectification applications
3. They are used for signal peak applications
MATERIALS REQUIRED:-

S.NO NAME QUANTITY

1) Step down transformer 1
2) capacitor 1
3) cardboard 1
4) Insulating tape 1 roll
5) LED 1
6) Diode 1
 7) resistor 1
8) plug 1
9) Connecting wires 35 cm
PROCEDURE:-

i. Take a AC Supply and connect it to switch.

ii. Connect the terminal part of the AC to the p part of the
diode using wire.
iii.Now Connect the other part of the AC terminal to the
Capacitor.
iv.Connect the n-part of the diode to the capacitor.
v. Connect the both ends of a capacitor to the resistance box.
vi.Place a connection between voltmeter and resistance box
by joining the terminals of voltmeter.

vii. Now power on the switch and find out the resultant
voltage by changing the resistance box.
viii. Calculate the current by measuring the mean voltage and
resistance using ohm's law.

OBSERVATIONS:-

RESISTANCE( IN OHM) VOLT ( IN V)

CALCULATIONS:-
RESULTS:-
The average current produced by the Half-wave rectifier =
0.264 Ampere

CONCLUSION:-

A Half-wave rectifier is rarely used in practice. It is never

preferred as the power supply of an audio circuit because of
the very high ripple factor. High ripple factor will result in
noises in input audio signal , which intern will affect audio
quality.
Advantage of this rectifier is only that its cheap, simple and
easy to construct. It is cheap because of the low number of
components involved. Simple because of the straight
forwardness in circuit design. Measuring the mean current
flow helps us to understand the amount of AC passed
through the circuit.

PRECAUTIONS:-
  DO NOT SWITCH ON THE CIRCUIT BEFORE CHECKING
WHEATHER IT IS CORRECT OR NOT.

THE CONNECTION BETWEEN VOLTMETER AND
RESISTANCE BOX SHOULD BE MADE CORRECTLY.

CONNECT ALL THE WIRES PROPERLY. LOOSE
CONNECTION MAY END UP IN FAILURE OF CIRCUIT.

CAPACITOR OF LESS VOLT MAY BE CONNECTED TO THE
DIODE

SORCES OF ERROR:-

  The p and in parts of the diode may be changed.

  The wire connection may be loose.

BIBILOGRAPHY:-

➢ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
➢ Google Images
➢ NCERT Physics Class – 12
➢ https://byjus.com/physics/half-wave-rectifier/
➢ http://www.physics-and-radio
electronics.com/electronic-devices-and
➢ http://www.electronics tutorials.ws/diode/diode_5.html
➢ http://www.circuitstoday.com/half-wave rectifiers