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Lecture 2 - Statics & Force Systems

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29 views23 pages

Lecture 2 - Statics & Force Systems

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kbkeng.lk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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4500ICBTME

Engineering Mechanics

Lecture 2 –Statics & Force


Systems
Ms. Sanjana Dias
Finding resultant force in
cartesian notation
2D Force System
2-D Simple Rectangular Coordinate Systems

Coplanar forces

Magnitude is always positive Scalar component


Example 1
• The link in a, b and c are subjected to forces F1 & F2.
Determine the magnitude and the direction of the resultant
force.
Example 2
• Determine the x and y components of F1 and F2 acting
on the boom shown below. Express each force as a 2D
Cartesian vector.
3D Cartesian Vectors
• The operations of vector algebra, when applied to
solving problems in three dimensions, are greatly
simplified if the vectors are first represented in
Cartesian vector form.
3D Cartesian Plane
Rectangular Components of a
Vector
Assume that a vector A may have one, two, or
three rectangular components along the x, y, z
coordinate axes, depending on how the vector is
oriented relative to the axes.
When A is directed within an octant of the x, y, z
frame as in the figure, then by two successive
applications of the parallelogram law, we may
resolve the vector into components as

𝐴 = 𝐴 ′ + 𝐴𝑧
and then 𝐴 ′ = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦

Combining these equations, to eliminate 𝐴′ , 𝐴 is


represented by the vector sum of its three
rectangular components
𝑨 = 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑨𝒚 + 𝑨𝒛
Cartesian Unit Vectors
• Cartesian Unit Vectors: In three
dimensions, the set of Cartesian unit
vectors, i, j, k, is used to designate the
directions of the x, y, z axes, respectively.
• Cartesian Vector Representation: Since
the three components of A act in the
positive i, j, and k directions.

Separating the magnitude and direction of


each component vector will simplify the
operations of vector algebra, particularly in
three dimensions.
Cartesian Unit Vectors
• Magnitude of a Cartesian Vector: It is always possible to obtain
the magnitude of A provided it is expressed in Cartesian vector
form. As shown below, from the blue right triangle,

𝐀 = 𝐀 ′ 𝟐 + 𝐀𝟐, and from the gray right triangle, 𝐀′ = 𝐀𝟐 + 𝐀𝟐.


𝐳 𝐱 𝐲

• Combining these equations to eliminate A′ yields


Rectangular components -Angles
between the axes
Coordinate Direction Angles
• Coordinate Direction Angles: The direction of A is determined by
the coordinate direction angles 𝛼 (alpha), 𝛽(beta), and 𝛾 (gamma),
• Note that regardless of where A is directed, each of these angles
will be between 0° and 180°.
• To determine 𝛼, 𝛽, and 𝛾, consider the projection of A onto the x, y,
z axes.
Unit Vector Formula
Coordinate Direction Angles
The easiest way of determining direction angles of 3D
vector.
• Form a unit vector uA in the direction of A. uA will have a magnitude of
one and be dimensionless provided A is divided by its magnitude

Since the magnitude of a vector is equal to the positive square root of the
sum of the squares of the magnitudes of its components, and uA has a
magnitude of one;
Addition of Cartesian Vectors
if A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k and
B = Bxi + By j + Bzk

The resultant vector, R, has components which are


the scalar sums of the i, j, k components of A and B,

Therefore, the force resultant is the vector sum of


all the forces in the system;

𝑭𝑹 = σ 𝑭 = σ 𝑭𝒙 𝒊 + σ 𝑭𝒚 𝒋 + σ 𝑭𝒛 𝒌
Example 1 – Cartesian Vectors
i. Express the force F as a Cartesian vector
1. The angles of 60° and 45° defining the
direction of F are not coordinate direction
angles.

2. Two successive applications of the


parallelogram law are needed to resolve F
into its x, y, z components

First, 𝐹 = 𝐹 ′ + 𝐹𝑧
Then 𝐹 ′ = 𝐹𝑥 + 𝐹𝑦

3. By trigonometry, the magnitudes of


the components are calculated.
ii. Find the Magnitude of F

iii. Determine the direction coordinate angles of F


Example 2 – Cartesian Vectors
Two forces act on the hook shown in the below figure. Specify the
magnitude of F2 and its coordinate direction angles so that the resultant
force FR acts along the positive y-axis and has a magnitude of 800 N.

Answers:
Here the resultant force FR and its two components,
F1 and F2, will each be expressed in Cartesian
vector form. Then, FR = F1 + F2
𝐅𝟏 = {𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝐢 + 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝐣 − 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝐤}𝐍
𝐅𝟐𝐱 = −𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟏 𝐍 , 𝐅𝟐𝐲 = 𝟔𝟓𝟎 𝐍, 𝐅𝟐𝐳 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝐍
𝑎𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟎
𝖰𝟐 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟖𝟎
𝟐 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟔𝟎
Example 3 – Cartesian Vectors
If the direction of the resultant force acting on the eyebolt is defined by the
unit vector uFR = cos 30j +sin 30k,
Determine the coordinate direction angles of F3 and the magnitude of FR.
ANY QUESTION ???

….END….

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