SHA-SHIB COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT
OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LAB MANUAL

Subject Name: RDBMS LAB MANUAL

Subject Code : ME-606
Branch :Mechanical Engineering
Year : 3rd Year/6th sem
SUBJECT INDEX

1) Study of E-R Diagram

2) Study of Data Definition Language commands

3) Study of Data Manipulation Language

4) Study of data communication using SQL functions.

5) Study Join command

6) Study sub queries

7) Study Creating Views

8) Study Triggers

9) Study Procedures

10)Study DBA

commands

11)Normalization in

oracle
1. Lab Exercises:

Exercise No 1: (2 Hours)

Study of E-R Diagram

E-R diagram is a popular, high-level conceptual data model. This model and its
variations are frequently used for conceptual design of database applications, and
many database design tools employ its concepts. E-R model diagrammatic notations
are as follows:

X (n,m)
Entity Type R
Perso
name Attribute Entities of type X participate at least n, at most m
times in relationship R; * indicates .

Is-insured Relationship X  Y
Type
Entity type X is a subtype of type Y
Wedding Weak
Entity Type T1 T2
Type T1 and T2 are overlapping; an entity can
occurred Identifying
belong to both T1 and T2; default is disjoint
Relationship
phone# Multi-valued Attribute

ssn Key Attribute

to Derived Attribute
-f-r-o--m-- Partial Key
T1
⊂ T3
Optional Attribute T3=T2 T1
amount ⊂
T2
Assignment:

Design a “good” entity-relationship diagram for Bank Database. Indicate the

cardinalities for each relationship type; assign roles (role names) to each relationship if
there are ambiguities! Use sub- types, if helpful to express constraints!

Bank Database

The bank is organized into branches. Each branch is located in a particular city and is
identified by a unique name. The bank monitors the assets of each branch.
Bank customers are identified by their customer_id values. The bank stores each
customer’s name and the street and city where the customer lives. Customers may
have accounts and can take out loans. A customer may be associated with a particular
banker, who may act as loan officer or personal banker for the customer.
Bank employees are identified with their employee_id values. The bank administrator
stores the name and telephone number of each employee, the names of the
employee’s dependents, and their employee_id number of the employee’s manager.
The bank also keeps track of the employees start date and thus the length of
employment.

The bank offers two types of accounts – the savings and the checking accounts.
Accounts can be held by more than one customer, and a customer can have more
than one account. Each account is assigned a unique account number. The bank
maintains a record of each account’s balance and the most recent date on which
account was accessed by each customer holding the account. In addition, each savings
account has an interest rate and overdrafts are recorded for each checking account.
A loan originates at a particular branch and can be held by one or more customers. A
loan is identified by a unique loan number. For each loan, the bank keeps track of
the loan amount and the loan payments. Although a loan payment number does not
uniquely identify a particular payment among all those for all the bank loans, a
payment number does identify a particular payment for a specific loan. The date and
amount are recorded for each payment.
2. Lab Exercises:
Exercise No2: ( 2 Hours)

Study of Data Definition Language (DDL)

DDL is a language that allows the DBA or user to describe and name the entities,
attributes and relationships required for the application, together with any associated
integrity and security constraints. The database schema is specified by a set of
definition expressed by means of a special language called a Data Definition
Language. The DDL is used to define a schema or to modify an existing one; it cannot
be used to manipulate data.
The result of the compilation of The DDL statements is a set of tables stored in special
files collectively called the system catalog. The system catalog integrates the
metadata, is data that describes objects to be accessed or manipulated.
The SQL DDL allows database objects such as schemas, domains, tables, views and
indexes to be created and destroyed.
The main SQL DDL statements are:

 CREATE TABLE TableName

{(ColumnName dataType [NOT NULL] [UNIQUE]
[DEFAULT defaultOption] [CHECK
(searchCondition)] [,…]} [PRIMARY KEY
(listOfColumns),]
{[UNIQUE (listOfColumns),] [,…]}
{[FOREIGN KEY(listOfForeignKeyColumns)
REFERENCES ParentTableName
[(listOfCandidateKeyColumns)], [MATCH
{PARTIAL | FULL}
[ON UPDATE referentialAction]
[ON DELETE referentialAction]] [,…]}
{[CHECK (searchCondition)] [,…]})

 ALTER TABLE TableName

[ADD [COLUMN] columnName dataType [NOT NULL]
[UNIQUE] [DEFAULT defaultOption] [CHECK
(searchCondition)]
[DROP [COLUMN] columnName [RESTRICT | CASCADE]]
[ADD [CONSTRAINT [consraintName ]]
tableConstraintDefinition] [DROP [CONSTRAINT
consraintName [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]]
[ALTER [COLUMN] SET DEFAULT
defaultOption] [ALTER [COLUMN] DROP
DEFAULT]

 DROP TABLE TableName [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]

Assignment

Following Tables are used for all assignments given in the lab manual.

PropertyForRent (PropertyNo, street, city, postcode, Type, rooms, rent,

ownerNo, StaffNo, BranchNo)
Staff (StaffNo, FName, LName, position,sex , dob, salary,
branchNo) Branch (BranchNo, Street,City, PostCode)
Client ( ClientNo, FName, LName, TelNo, PrefType,
MaxRent) PrivateOwner (OwnerNo, FName, LName,
Address, TelNo) Viewing ( ClientNo, PropNo,
ViewDate, Comment) Registration (ClientNo,
BranchNo, StaffNo, DateJoined)

 Create the PropertyForRent table using the available features of the CREATE
TABLE statement.
 Change the Staff table by removing the default of ‘Assistant’ for the position
column and setting the default for the sex column to Female.
 Change the PropertyForRent table by removing the constraint that staff is not
allowed to handle more than 100 properties at a time. Change the client table by
adding a new column representing the preferred number of rooms.
 Remove the propertyforrent table
 on deletion of staffno from staff table the concern record from ProprtyForRent
must getdeleted.

3. Lab Exercises:
Exercise No 3: ( 2 Hours)

Study of Data Manipulation Language (DML) COMMANDS:

DML is a language that provides a set of operations to support the basic data
manipulation operations on the data held in the database. Data manipulation
operations usually include the following.
 Insertion of new data into the database
 Modification of data stored in the database
 Retrieval of data contained in the database.
 Deletion of data from the database.

The SQL DML statements are:

 SELECT –To query data in the database

SELECT [DISTINCT | ALL] {* | [columnExpression [AS newName]] [,….]]

FROM TableName [alias] [,…]
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY columnList] [HAVING condition]
[ORDER BY columnList]

 INSERT – To insert data into the table

INSERT INTO TableName [(ColumnList)]

VALUES (data ValueList)

 UPDATE – To update data in a table

UPDATE TableName
SET columnName1=dataValue1 [,
columnName2=dataValue2….] [WHERE
searchCondition]

 DELETE – To delete data from a table

DELETE FROM
TableName [WHERE
searchCondition]

Assignment
 List full details of all Staff.
 Produce a list of salaries for all staff showing only the staff number, the
first and last names, and the salary details.
 List the property numbers of all properties that have been viewed.
 Produce a list of monthly salaries for all staff, showing a staff number, the
first and last names and the salary details.
 List all staff with a salary greater than $10000.
 List the addresses of all branch offices in London or Glasgow.
 List all staff with a salary between $20000 and $30000.
 List all managers and supervisors.
 List the details of all viewings on Property PG4 where a comment has not been
supplied.
 Produce a list of salaries for all staff range in descending order of salary.
 List the details of PrivateOwners where address field contains a string ‘Glasgow’.
 Produce an abbreviated list of properties range in order of property type.
 How many properties cost more than $350 per month to rent?
 How many different properties were viewed in May 2001?
 Find the total no of managers and the sum of their salaries.
 Find the Min and Max staff salaries.
 Find the no of staff working in each branch and the sum of their salaries.
 For each branch office with more than one member of staff find the no of staff
working in each branch and the sum of their salaries.
 List the staffs who work in the branch at ‘163 Main Street’.
 List all staff whose salary is greater than the average salary and show by how
much their salary is greater than the average.
 List the properties that are handled by staff who work in the branch at ‘163 Main
Street’.
 Find all staff s whose salary is larger than the salary of at least one member
of staff at branch B003.
 Find all staff whose salary is larger than the salary of every member of staff at branch
B003.
 Insert a new row into the staff table supplying data for all columns.
 Populate the StaffPropCount table using details from the staff and PropertyForRent
table.
 Give all staff a 3% pay increase
 Give all managers a 5% pay increase
 Promote David Ford (StaffNo-SG14) to manager and change his salary to $18000.
 Delete all viewings that relate to property PG4.
 Delete all rows from the viewing table.
 4. Lab Exercises:
Exercise No 4: ( 2 Hours)

Study of data communication using SQL functions:

Functions serve the purpose of maintaining data items and returning a

result .Functions are also capable of accepting user supplied values and constants and
manipulating them. Such user defined values or constants are called arguments. Any
number of arguments can be passed to function.
Functions that act on only one value at a time are called scalar functions. Functions
can be classified corresponding to different data types as:

Aggregate Functions
 AVG (DISTINCT | ALL | n)
 MIN (DISTINCT | ALL | expr)
 COUNT (DISTINCT | ALL | expr)
 COUNT (*)
 MAX (DISTINCT | ALL | expr)
 SUM (DISTINCT | ALL | n)

Numeric Functions
• ABS(n)
• POWER(m,n)
• ROUND(n,m)
• SQRT(n)

String Functions
• LOWER(char)
• INITCAP(char)
• UPPER(char)
• SUBSTR(char,m[,n])
• LENGTH(word)
• LTRIM(char[,set])
• RTRIM(char[,set])
• LPAD(char1,n [,char2])
• RPAD(char1,n [,char2])

Conversion Functions
• TO_NUMBER(char)
• TO_CHAR(n[,fmt])

Date Conversion Functions

• TO_DATE (char [, fmt])

DATE Functions
• ADD_MONTHS(d,n)
• LAST_DAY(d)
• MONTHS_BETWEEN(d1,d2)
• NEXT_DAY(date, char)
Set Operations
• UNION
• UNION ALL
• INTERSECTION
• MINUS

Assignment

• List the no of jobs available in the EMP table

• List the no of employees working with the company.
• List the dept no and number of employees in each dept.
• List the total salary, max and min salary and the average salary of employees’
job wise for deptno 20 only.
• List the average salary for all department employing more than five people.
• List the max salary of employee working as salesman.
• Display the name in the lowercase, job in the initial capitalization for all managers.
• Display the value 45.923 rounded to the hundredth number and ten decimal places.
• For employees in dept 30, display the ename and number of weeks/months
employed.
• Display the head of the company, who has no manager, display that there is
no manager for that name.
• Display the job and total salary for each job category with a total salary for
each job category 3000 and sort list by total salary.
• Display the number of managers without listing them.
• Write a query to display the minimum and maximum salary for each job
type ordered alphabetically.
5. Lab Exercises:

Exercise No 5: ( 2 Hours)

Study Join command

The SQL join operation combines information from two tables by forming pairs of
related rows from the two tables. The row pairs that make up the joined table are those
where the matching columns in each of the two tables have the same value.
If we need to obtain information from more than one table the choice is between using
a sub query and using a join.

In a relational database system, the total required data might not be available in a
single table. Generally the data is scattered. Because if the total data is stored in a
single table it will lead to a lot of redundancy. So, often we have to bring the data of
two or more tables together to get the required information.
The act of combining two or more tables in such a way that you retrieve values from
the columns of all the tables, to get the required data is called as joining. In order to
join two tables, there must be a common column between those two tables. For
example to join COURSES and BATCHES table, we use CCODE column as that is a
common column between these two tables.
The following SELECT command is used to get information about batches from both
COURSES
and BATCHES table. We take a row from BATCHES table and get the name of course
from COURSES table using CCODE column of BATCHES. CCODE column of BATCHES is
used to get the corresponding row from COURSES table. As we used equal to operator
to join these two tables, the join is also called as equi-join.

select bcode, batches.ccode, name, fcode, stdate from batches, courses where
batches.ccode = courses.ccode

BCODE CCODE NAME FCODE STDATE

b1 ora Oracle database gk 12-JAN-01

b2 asp ASP.NET da 15-JAN-01
b3 c C programming hs 20-JAN-01
b4 xml XML Programming dh 02-MAR-
01
b5 java Java Language hs 05-APR-
01
b6 vbnet VB.NET da 12-JUL-01
b7 ora Oracle database jc 15-AUG-
01

In the above query the following are the important points.

1. Two tables are used in FROM clause. Tables are separated by comma.
2. WHERE clause contains the condition using which both the tables are to be joined.
3. Column CCODE is to be qualified using the table name as it exits in both the table
that are used in FROM clause.

Table Alias
While joining the table we have to qualify the columns that are in more than one table
using the table name. If table name is lengthy this process could be very tedious. Table
alias is a short name that can be used to refer to the table name in the query. For
example, the above query can be rewritten using table alias as follows:
select bcode, b.ccode, name, fcode,
stdate from batches b, courses c
where b.ccode = c.ccode

B is the alias to table BATCHES and C is the alias for COURSES. Throughout the query
table BATCHES can be referred using the alias B and COURSES using alias C. As the
purpose of using an alias is to shorten the reference to table, alias is generally very
short. Also remember alias is available only in the query in which it is created.

Product of two tables

While tables are joined, if WHERE clause is not given then it results in PRODUCT of the
table that are being joined. Product is the result in which each row of first table is
joined with each row of the second table. This is also called as Cartesian product.The
following example will join

select bcode, b.ccode, name, fcode, stdate, enddate from batches b, courses c;

The following example will join

select bcode, b.ccode, name, fcode, stdate, enddate from batches b, courses c;

The above command will result in 42 (6* 7) rows as we have 6 rows in COURSES and 7
rows in BATCHES table. Product is generally the result of an error than the desired
result.

Join condition and normal condition

While joining two tables the condition used to join the table is called as join condition.
As we have above, without join condition, the result of joining will be product of the
table. Apart from the join condition, which is required for joining, normal conditions can
also be given in WHERE clause. Then Oracle uses normal condition to filter rows and
then joins the filtered rows based on the join condition.

The following query will get the details of batches that are completed along with name
of the course. To get the name of the course it uses COURSES table and to select only
those batches that are completed, it uses a normal condition as follows.

select bcode, b.ccode, name, fcode, stdate from batches b, courses c where b.ccode =
c.ccode and enddate is not null

BCODE CCODE NAME CODE STDATE

----- ----- ---------------------- ----- ---------
b1 ora Oracle database g k 12-JAN-01
b2 asp ASP.NET da 15-JAN-01
b3 c C programming hs 20-JAN-01
b4 xml XML Programming dh 02-MAR-01
b5 java Java Language hs 05-APR-01

Joining more than two tables

Just like how two tables are joined, more than two tables can also be joined to get the
required information. For example, in the above query we retrieved information about
batches and course name. What if we want to get name of the faculty and not just the
code? Then we have to use FACULTY table along with BATCHES and COURSES table. To
get the details of batches along with name of the course and name of the faculty, give
the following:

select bcode,c.name course, f.name faculty, stdate from batches b, courses c, faculty f
where b.ccode = c.ccode and b.fcode = f.fcode
The query takes data from three tables – BATCHES, COURSES and FACULTY. It uses CCODE
to join BATCHES table with COURSES table. It uses FCODE to join BATCHES table with
FACULTY table.

When two or more tables are joined then the minimum number of conditions to
be given is derived from the following formula:

Number of join conditions = Number of tables being joined - 1

If more than one column is used to join tables then the number of join conditions may
be even more.

There are various types of joins

• Cross joins
• Equijoin
• Natural joins
• USING clause
• Self join
• Non-equijoin
• Outer join- left outer, right outer and full outer

Assignment

1. List the total information of EMP table along with Dname and Loc of all the
emps working under ‘ACCOUNTING’ or ‘RESEARCH’ in the asc Deptno.
2. List the Empno, Ename, Sal, Dname of al the ‘MANAGER’ and ‘ANALYST’
working in New York or Dallas with an exp more than 7 years without receiving
the Comma sc order of Loc.
3. Display the total information of the emps along with Grades I the asc order of grade.
4. List all the grade 2 and Grade 3 emps.
5. Display all grade 4.5 Analyst and Manager.
6. List Empno, Sal, Dname, grade, Experience and Annual sal of emps working for
Dept 10 or 20.
7. 8List the details of the Depts along with Empno, Ename or without the emps.
8. List the emps whose are senior to their own Manager.
9. List the emps of Deptno 20 whose Jobs are same as Deptno 10.
10. List the emps whose Salary is same as FORD or SMITH in desc order of Salary.
11. List the emps whose Jobs are sale as MILLER or Sal is more than ALLEN.
12. List the emps whose Sal is more than the total remuderation of the SALESMAN.
13. List the emps who are senior to BLAKE working at CHICAGO & BOSTON.
14. List the emps of Grade 3,4 belongs to the dept ACCOUNTING and RESEARCH
whose Sal is more than ALLEN and exp more than SMITH in the asc order of
Exp.
15. List the emps whose jobs same as SMITH or ALLEN.
16. List the most recently hired employee of Grade 3 belongs to the Loc CHICAGO.
17. List the emps with their Dept names.
18. List the emps who are not working in ‘Sales’ dept.
19. List the emps Name, Dept, Sal & Comm for those whose Salary is between
2000 and 5000 and Loc is Chicago.
20. List the emps whose Salary is greater than his Manager’s salary.
6. Lab Exercises:
Exercise No 6: ( 2 Hours)

Study Sub queries

A Subquery is a query that appears within another SQL command. Three of VFP’s SQL
DML commands (SELECT, DELETE, and UPDATE) support subqueries, though the rules
and reasons for using them vary. VFP 9 increased the capabilities of subqueries and
the ways they can be used.
Some subqueries stand alone; you can run the subquery independent of the
command that contains it. Other subqueries rely on fields from the containing
command—these subqueries are said to be correlated
A subquery is a complete query, but cannot contain the TO or INTO clause.
Subqueries are enclosed in parentheses in the containing query. Subqueries can
appear in the WHERE clause of SELECT, UPDATE, and DELETE. Beginni ng in VFP9 ,
subqueries can also be used in the field list of SELECT, in the SET clause of UPDATE,
and in the FROM clause of SELECT, UPDATE, and DELETE.

SELECT select list FROM

table WHERE expr
operator
(SELECT
Select List FROM table);

The sub query (inner query) executes once before the main
query. The result of the sub query is used by the main query
(outer query)

You can place the subquery in a number of SQL clauses

•WHERE clauses
•HAVING clause
•FROM clause

In the syntax; operator includes a comparison operator such as >, =, or IN. Comparison
operators fall into two classes: single-row operators ( > , = , >= , < , < > , <= )
and multiple-row operators ( IN , ANY , ALL ).

SELECT ename FROM EMP WHERE sal >( SELECT sal FROM emp WHERE empno=7566);

SELECT ename, sal, deptno FROM EMP WHERE sal IN ( SELECT MIN(sal) FROM emp
GROUP BY deptno );

Assignments:

• List the names of all clients who have viewed a property along with any comment
supplied.
• For each branch office list the numbers and names of staff who manage
properties and the properties that they manage.
• For each branch list the numbers and names of staff who manage properties
including the city in which the branch is located and the properties that the staff
manage.
• Find the no of properties handled by each staff member.
• List the branch offices and properties that are in the same city along with any
unmatched branches.
• List the branch offices and properties that are in the same city along with any
unmatched properties.
 • List the branch offices and properties that are in the same city along with any
unmatched branches or properties.
• Find all staff who work in London branch office.

7. Lab Exercises:
Exercise No 7: (2 Hours)

Creating views:

After a table is created and populated with data, it may become necessary to prevent
all users from accessing all columns of a table for data security reasons. This would
mean creating several tables having the appropriate number of columns and assigning
specific user to each table as required. This will answer data security requirements
very well but will give rise to a great deal of redundant data being resident in tables in
the database.
To reduce redundant data to the minimum possible, oracle allows the creation of an
object called a view. A view is mapped to a select sentence. The table on which the
view is based is described in the FROM clause of the SELECT statement.

Assignment:

1. Use SQL’S CREATE TABLE statement to create the appropriate tables having the
table definitions mentioned below.

Table Name: Material_Mstr

Column Definition:
Column Name Data Type Width Allow Null Default
RmId Number 5 No
RmName VarChar2 20 No
ReOrdLv1 Number 5 No

Table Name: Material_Dtls

Column Definition:
Column Name Data Type Width Allow Null Default
RmId Number 5 No
SupIrId Number 5 No
PurDt Date -- No

2. Using the SQL’s ALTER TABLE statement, modify the table structure such as
to add the relationship constraints as described below.
Table Name : Material_Mstr
Primary Key : Material_Mstr.
RmId Table Name :
Material_Dtls
Foreign Key : Material_Mstr. RmId, Supplier_Mstr. SuplrId

3. Using ANSI SQL’s INSERT statement, insert the following set of information into
the tables created earlier (Material_Mstr and Material_Dtls).

Table Name:Material_Mstr
RmId RmName ReodrLvl
1 Monitor 4
2 32 MB RAM 10
3 PC Cabinet 10
4 Mother Board 3
5 Floppy Drive 15
6 CD Writer 3
7 CD Drive 5
8 Key Board 10
9 Power Supply 8
10 Mouse 10

Table Name:Material_Dtls
RmId SuplrId PurDt QtyPur UtCost
1 2 01/02/2003 10 5550
2 2 01/02/2003 20 1250
3 2 01/02/2003 20 500
4 5 24/02/2003 5 10000
5 3 25/02/2003 25 300
6 3 25/02/2003 5 4250
7 3 25/02/2003 10 3000
8 1 28/02/2003 20 400
10 1 28/02/2003 20 500
9 4 01/03/2003 20 500
3 4 01/03/2003 15 450

4. Use the ANSI SQL’s SELECT statement to perform the following operations.
a) View all records from the table Material_Mstr.
b) View all records from the table Material_Dtls.
c) View the quantities of each material purchased listed alphabetically.
d) View the names of material whose total quantities is greater than 10.
e) View the names of material which has the highest total quantity.
f) View the total quantities of various material purchased.
g) View just the names of material purchased without repeating any item.

5. Using ANSI SQL’s UPDATE statements, to perform the following operations:

a) Replace the material named Power Supply with UPS,
b) Add 10% to the quantities purchased for material named Mouse,
c) Increase the quantities of material purchased by 5 for all purchases done after Feb
2003.
6. Using ANSI SQL’s DELETE statement, to perform the following
operation. Delete records from Material_Dtls for material
having RMId as 5.
7. Create an English sentence, by joining predetermined string values with column
data retrieved from the Material_Mstr table.

The string literals are:

The Material Has the identity number as
The columns are:
RmName RmId
8. Create VIEW OBJECT containing the following columns:

Column Definition:
Column Name Data Type Width Allow Null Default
RmName Varchar2 20 No
PurDt Date - No
QtyPur Number 5 No 0
UtCost Number 7,2 No 0.00

The data required in this VIEW should be taken for Material_Mstr and Material_Dtls tables.
8. Lab Exercises:

Exercise No 8: (2 Hours)

Writing and Executing PL/SQL block:

• Cursor
• Triggers

Cursor
The RDBMS engine uses a work area that is a specific place in computer’s
memory for all its internal processing in order to execute SQL statement. This work
area is private to SQL operations and is called a cursor.
The data that is present in the cursor is called the active data state. Conceptually the
size if the cursor in memory must be the size required to hold all the rows of the active
data state. However RDBMS engines built-in memory management capabilities and the
amount of free memory available in the computers determines actual cursor size.

Assignment:

 An HRD has decided to raise the salary of employees working in department 30

by 0.15%. Write a PL/SQL block to update the same using implicit cursors.
 An HRD manager has decided to raise the salary of all employees working
whose salary
is less than Rs.5000/- by Rs.1000.
 Write a PL/SQL code block that does this using an Explicit Cursor and treats
the updating process as a single transaction.
 Write a PL/SQL code block that performs the task mentioned in Exercise 2
while using the FOR… IN statement.
 The Emp table mentioned below will be used as a base table for creating the
solutions for the above exercises.

Table Name: EMP

EmpNo EmpName DeptNo Salary
E0001 Mamta 30 6000
E0003 Hansel 10 6500
E0005 Ashwini 20 6000

9. Lab Exercises:
Exercise No 9:(2 Hours)

To study Triggers

Information about triggers can be retrieved from two views, the all_triggers view and
the all_trigger_cols view. Most of the time you will fine all the information you need in
all_triggers. The all_trigger_cols view contains a list of all database columns referenced
in the trigger .This view is sometimes useful when you are troubleshooting because it
can show you which trigger s reference or modify any given database column.
To find out whether any triggers have been defined on table, query all_triggers as
shown in ex .1 for ‘Listing the names of triggers on a table’ given below.

Ex.
1 SET VERIFY OFF
COLUMN description FORMAT A40
WORD_WRAPPED COLUMN status FORMAT
A10
SELECT description,
status FROM
all_triggers
WHERE table_owner =UPPER
(‘&owner’) AND table_name=UPPER
(‘&table_name’);
Ex.2 shows a script that will describe a single trigger in detail.

The script’s putput is a CREATE TRIGGER statement that may be used to re-create the
trigger. The FOLD_AFTER option is used in the column commands to force each column
to begin a new line of output. SET PAGESIZE 0 GETS RID OF any page titles and column
headings that would otherwise clutter the output .The trigger _body column is of type
LONG, so SET LONG 5000 ensures that you will see at least the first 5000 bytes of a
trigger body. Use a higher value if your triggers are longer than that.
Ex.2
SET VERIFY
OFF SET LONG
5000
SET PAGESIZE 0
COLUMN create_ stmt
FOLD_AFTER COLUMN
description FOLD_AFTER
COLUMN when_clause
FOLD_AFTER

SELECT ‘CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER’create_stmt

Description,
CASE WHEN when_clause IS NOT NULL
THEN ‘WHEN (‘||when_clause||’)’
ELSE
‘’
END

when_clause,
Trigger_body
FROM all_triggers
WHERE owner =UPPER
(‘&trigger_name’); AND
trigger_name=UPPER
(‘&trigger_name’);

SET PAGESIZE 14

The following invocation of Ex.2 shows the definition for the trigger

emp_delete_check. SQL>@ex2-2
Enter value for owner:gennick
Enter value for
trigger_name:emp_delete_check CREATE
OR REPLACE TRIGGER
Emp_delete_check
BEFORE DELETE on employee
FOR EACH ROW

BEGIN
IF(:OLD .employee_termination_date IS NULL)
OR (OLD.employee_termination_date >=TRUNC (SYSDATE) +1) THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR (-20001,’you must terminate an
employee before deleting his record’);
END
IF;
END;

This output contains a blank line in front of the BEGIN keyword. That blank line is
where the WHEN clause would go, if one had been defined when the trigger was
created.
10. Lab Exercises:

Exercise No 10: (2 Hours)

To Study database Administration

GRANT and REVOKE DBA commands

SQL provides the GRANT and REVOKE statements to allow security to be set up on the
tables in the database. The security mechanism is based on the concepts of
authorization, identifiers, ownership and privileges.

Assignment:

 Give the user with authorization identifier Manager full privileges to staff table.
 Give users Personal and Director privileges SELECT and UPDATE on column
salary of the staff table.
 Give all users the privilege SELECT on the Branch table.
 Revoke the privilege SELECT on the Branch table from all users
 Revoke all privileges you have given to Director on the Staff table.
11. Lab Exercises:

Exercise No 11: (2 Hours)

Normalization in oracle

It is a technique for producing a set of relations with desirable properties given the
data requirements of an enterprise. Normalization is often performed as a series of
tests on a relation to determine whether it satisfies or violates the requirements of a
given normal form. Three normal forms are mostly used called First (1 NF), Second (2
NF) and Third (3 NF). Subsequently, R. Boyce introduced a stronger definition of third
normal form called Boyce-Codd normal form(BCNF) .All these normal forms are based
on functional dependencies among the attributes of a relation
.Higher normal form Fourth(4 NF) and Fifth (5 NF) are rarely used.

Assignment

1. A client gives a set of printed Challans to an analyst or database designer.

The printed invoices include information like:

Challan number Challan date Purchase Order number

Supplier number Supplier name Supplier address

As well as item details like:

Raw material number Raw material name

Raw material unit Price Quantity delivered

As the analyst designer, create a mother matrix (single table) based on the above
information.

2. Decompose the mother matrix generated in Exercise 1 into tables and

eliminate all repeating groups of data.
12. Quiz on the subject:
Quiz should be conducted on tips in the laboratory, recent trends and knowledge of
the subject. The quiz questions should be formulated such that questions are
normally from the scope outside of the books. However twisted questions and self
formulated questions by the faculty can be asked but correctness of it is necessarily to
be thoroughly checked before the conduction of the quiz.

13. Conduction of Viva-Voce Examinations:

Teacher should conduct oral exams of the students with full preparation. Normally, the
objective questions with guess are to be avoided. To make it meaningful, the questions
should be such that depth of the students in the subject is tested. Oral examinations
are to be conducted in co-cordial environment amongst the teachers taking the
examination. Teachers taking such examinations should not have ill thoughts about
each other and courtesies should be offered to each other in case of difference of
opinion, which should be critically suppressed in front of the students.
14. Submission:

Document Standard:
A] Page Size A4 Size
B] Running text Justified text
C] Spacing 1 Line
D] Page Layout and Margins (Dimensions in Cm)

Normal Page Horizontal

2.0

2.5

2.0
2.5 2.0
2.0

0.7”
0.7”
2.0

2.0

Description Font Size Boldne Italics Underlin Capitaliz

ss e e
College Name Arial 24 ----- ------ Yes ----------
Document Title Tahoma 22 ----- ------ --------- ----------
Document Subject Century Gothic 14 ----- ------ --------- Capital
Class Bookma old 12 ----- ------ --------- ----------
n Style
Document No Bookma old 10 ----- ------ --------- ----------
n Style
Copy write inf Bookma old 9 ----- ------ --------- ----------
n Style
Forward heading Bookman old 12 ----- ------ Yes Capital
 Style
Forward matter Bookma old 12 ----- ------ --------- ----------
n Style
Lab man Bookma old 12 ----- ------ Yes Capital
Contents title n Style
Index title Bookma old 12 Yes ------ Yes Capital
n Style
Index contents Bookma old 12 ----- ------ --------- ----------
n Style
Heading Tahoma 14 Yes Yes Yes ----------
Running Matter Comic Sans MS 10 ----- ------ --------- ----------

15. Evaluation and marking system:

Basic honesty in the evaluation and marking system is absolutely essential and
in the process impartial nature of the evaluator is required in the examination
system to become popular amongst the students. It is a wrong approach or
concept to award the students by way of easy marking to get cheap popularity
among the students to which they do not deserve. It is a primary responsibility
of the teacher that right students who are really putting up lot of hard work with
right kind of intelligence are correctly awarded.

The marking patterns should be justifiable to the students without any

ambiguity and teacher should see that students are faced with unjust
circumstances.