Instrumentation and control Lab EXERIMENT NO 06

EXPERIMENT TITLE:

PROPORTIONAL – INTEGERAL (PI) level control process module

OBJECTIVE:

 To represent the dynamic response curve of the system

 To verify the effects of the gain of the loop ( kd) on the dynamic response of the system

INTRODUCTION:

 CONTROL :

Control in instrumentation refers to the process of regulating and manipulating variables within a
system to achieve a desired output. It involves the use of various devices and techniques to
measure, analyze, and adjust these variables. This is crucial in industries like manufacturing,
chemical processing, and power generation, where precise control is essential for efficiency,
safety, and product quality.

 Types of Control Strategies:

1. On-Off Control: This simple strategy switches the actuator fully on or off based on a
threshold.
2. Proportional Control: The control output is proportional to the error between the
measured value and the setpoint.
3. Integral Control: The control output is proportional to the integral of the error over
time.
4. Derivative Control: The control output is proportional to the rate of change of the error.
5. PID Control: Combines proportional, integral, and derivative control for more precise
and robust control.

 PROPORTIONAL –INTEGERAL(PI) LEVEL CONTROL : A deeper dive

 Building on Proportional Control

While proportional control is a fundamental technique in level control, it often suffers from
steady-state error, where the controlled variable doesn't quite reach the desired setpoint. To
address this limitation, integral control is introduced.

 Introducing Integral Control

Integral control analyzes the accumulated error over time. The controller integrates this error and
generates a control signal that gradually reduces the error to zero. By combining proportional
and integral control, we obtain a more robust and accurate control strategy: Proportional-
Integral (PI) Control.
Instrumentation and control Lab EXERIMENT NO 06

WORKING PRINCIPLE:

1. Error Calculation: As in proportional control, the error is calculated as the difference

between the setpoint and the measured value.
2. Proportional Control Action: A control signal is generated proportional to the current
error.
3. Integral Control Action: The controller integrates the error over time and generates an
additional control signal.
4. Combined Control Signal: The proportional and integral control signals are summed to
produce the final control output, which is sent to the actuator (e.g., control valve).

 Key Concepts:

1. Proportional Gain (Kp): This parameter determines the magnitude of the control output
for a given error signal. A higher Kp results in a more aggressive response.
2. Proportional Band (PB): This is the range of error over which the controller output
changes from 0% to 100%. A smaller PB indicates a more sensitive controller.
3. Offset: This is the steady-state error that remains after the controller has reached a stable
condition.
4. Derivative Gain (KD):
In PID control, the derivative term is used to anticipate future error based on the rate of
change of the error. A higher KD value increases the controller's responsiveness to rapid
changes in the process variable.

EXPERIMENTATION:

 APPARATUS:
1. Connection leads
2. Digital voltmeter
3. Level control process module
4. Level control training console

 PROCEDURE :
1. Connect, through leads, bush No. 9 to bush No.9 and bush No. 10 to kush No. 10 (Sheet
4.1 Fig 4.1).
2. Connect the bush of SET POINT 1 to bush No. 8 of the WATER PUMP DRIVER (Sheet
4.1 Fig. 4.1).
3. Press the mair switch (ON).
4. Connect bush No. 1 of the Flow Sensor to bush No. 1 of the relevant interface and bush N
2 to bush No. 2 (Sheet 4.1 Fig. 4.2). bush of SET POINT 2 to bush NO. 4 of the PID
5. controller and bush No.3 Connect the No.3 of the
6. Insert one terminal of the digital voltmeter, set in dc, in the bush of SET POINT 2 and the
other one in the earth bush.
7. Regulate the PROPORTIONAL knob at 25%.
Instrumentation and control Lab EXERIMENT NO 06

8. Regulate the INTEGRAL knob at 25%.

9. Regulate the voltage on SET POINT 2 at 4.5V: the MOTORIZED VALVE will oper
increasing the flow.
10. Observe the response while the flow will stabilize at the new value
11. Write down the flow value, read on the flow meter, both at 3V and at 4.5V. Repeat the
previous operations regulating the knob INTEGRAL at 50% then at 75% and lastly at
100%, leaving the PROPORTIONAL at 25% and observe what happens.
12. RESET push button to reset the integrator that is to discharge the condensers f the circuit
integration, before setting a new value on INTEGRAL.
13. Search for the value, also intermediate, which gives the best stability and write it down.
14. Put OFF the main switch.
15. Analyze the results

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

 READINGS

Time (sec) Kp=25% Kp=25% Kp=25% Kp=25%

Ki=25% Ki=50% Ki=75% Ki=100%
Level(cm) Level(cm) Level(cm) Level(cm)
0 7.48 7.33 7.45 7.39
15 6.63 6.83 6.90 6.53
30 6.61 6.82 6.90 6.81
45 6.60 6.85 6.93 6.62
60 6.60 6.86 6.95 7.04
75 6.61 6.88 6.97 7.06
90 6.64 6.90 6.97 7.06
105 6.67 6.91 7.01 7.06
120 6.67 6.93 7.01 7.07
135 6.70 6.95 7.01 7.07
150 6.71 6.95 7.01 7.07
165 6.74 6.96 7.01 7.07
180 6.76 6.97 7.01 7.06
195 6.77 6.97 7.02 7.06
210 6.79 6.98 7.02 7.06
225 6.81 6.99 7.02 7.06
240 6.82 6.99 7.02 7.07
255 6.84 6.99 7.04 7.08
270 6.85 7.00 7.07 7.08
285 6.87 7.02 7.09 7.07
300 6.89 7.02 7.09 7.07
315 6.89 7.03 7.10 7.08
Instrumentation and control Lab EXERIMENT NO 06

330 6.90 7.03 7.10 7.06

345 6.91 7.04 7.10 7.05
360 6.92 7.04 7.10 7.05
375 6.97 7.04 7.09 7.05
390 6.97 7.04 7.08 7.05

 GRAPHS:
Instrumentation and control Lab EXERIMENT NO 06

APPLICATIONS:

PI controllers are widely used in various industries due to their simplicity and effectiveness in
controlling a wide range of processes. Here are some common applications:

1. Industrial Processes

 Temperature Control:
o Ovens, furnaces, and HVAC systems
o Chemical reactors and distillation columns
 Flow Control:
o Fluid flow in pipelines and valves
o Gas flow in combustion processes
 Level Control:
o Liquid level in tanks and reservoirs
o Water level in dams and reservoirs
 Pressure Control:
o Pressure in pneumatic and hydraulic systems
o Boiler pressure

2. Automotive Industry

3. Aerospace Industry

4. Robotics

 Other Applications:

 Power Systems: Voltage and frequency control

 Medical Devices: Temperature control in medical equipment
 Consumer Electronics: Temperature control in refrigerators and air conditioner

CONCLUSION:

The PI control experiment successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of this control strategy in
regulating the process variable. The controller effectively reduced the steady-state error and
improved the system's overall performance.
Instrumentation and control Lab EXERIMENT NO 06

By analyzing the time-domain and frequency-domain responses, we gained insights into the
system's dynamic behavior and the impact of the PI controller's tuning parameters.

REFERENCES:

1. National Instrument resources on control systems, including PID control and its
applications.
2. Process Control: A Primer by Dale Seborg, Thomas Edgar, and Duncan Mellichamp
3. Modern Control Systems by Richard C. Dorf and Robert H. Bishop