NPTEL Online Certification Courses

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Fundamentals of Theoretical and

Experimental Aerodynamics
Assignment- Week 2
TYPE OF QUESTION: MCQ/MSQ
Number of questions: 11 Total mark: 11 X 1 = 11
[If necessary, round the calculation to two decimal places, otherwise use the largest
number of decimal places given in the question]
QUESTION 1:

A 2-D flow is described in the Lagrangian system as

𝒙 = 𝒙𝟎 𝒆−𝟐𝒌𝒕 + 𝒚𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒆−𝟒𝒌𝒕)
𝒚 = 𝒚𝟎 𝒆𝒌𝒕
The equation of a fluid particle in the flow field will be-

(a) (𝑥 − 𝑦0 )𝑦 3 − 𝑥 0 𝑦0𝑦 + 𝑦03 = 0

(b) (𝑥 + 𝑦0 )𝑦 4 − 𝑥 0 𝑦02𝑦 2 − 𝑦03 = 0
(c) (𝑥 − 𝑦0 )𝑦 4 − 𝑥 0 𝑦02𝑦 2 + 𝑦05 = 0
(d) (𝑥 + 𝑦0 )𝑦 4 − 𝑥 0 𝑦0𝑦 + 𝑦05 = 0

Correct Answer: c

Solution

Equation can be found by eliminating ‘t’ from the given equations-

𝑒 𝑘𝑡 = 𝑦/𝑦0

Hence,

𝑦02 𝑦04 𝑥 0𝑦02 𝑦 2 + 𝑦0 𝑦 4 − 𝑦05

x = 𝑥0 ( ) (
+ 𝑦0 1 − 4 =)
𝑦2 𝑦 𝑦4

𝑥𝑦 4 = 𝑥 0𝑦02 𝑦 2 + 𝑦0 𝑦 4 − 𝑦05

After rearrangement, we get

(𝑥 − 𝑦0 )𝑦 4 − 𝑥 0 𝑦02 𝑦 2 + 𝑦05 = 0
 QUESTION 2:

In a 1-D flow field, the velocity at a point in Eulerian system is given by 𝒖 = 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒕. What
will be the displacement of fluid particle in Lagrangian system whose initial position is 𝒙𝟎
at time 𝒕𝟎.

(a) 𝑥= (𝑥 0 − 𝑡0 − 1)𝑒 𝑡 −𝑡0 + 𝑡 + 1

(b) 𝑥= (𝑥 0 + 2𝑡0 + 2) 𝑒 𝑡−𝑡0 − 2𝑡 − 2
(c) 𝑥= (𝑥 0 − 3𝑡0 − 3) 𝑒 𝑡−𝑡0 − 3𝑡 − 3
(d) 𝑥= (𝑥 0 + 𝑡0 + 1)𝑒 𝑡 −𝑡0 + 𝑡 − 1

Correct Answer: b

Solution

𝑢 = 𝑥 + 2𝑡

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
= +2⟹ = 𝑢 +2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑡
𝑢 +2

𝑑𝑢
∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑢 +2

ln |𝑢 + 2| + ln |𝐶1 | = 𝑡

ln |𝐶1 (𝑢 + 2) | = 𝑡 ⟹ 𝐶1 (𝑢 + 2) = 𝑒 𝑡

𝑢 + 2 = 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑡 ⟹ 𝑢 = 𝐶2𝑒 𝑡 − 2

𝑥 + 2𝑡 = 𝐶2𝑒 𝑡 − 2

𝑥 = 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑡 − 2 − 2𝑡

From initial condition,

𝑥 0 + 2𝑡0 + 2
𝑥0 = 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑡0 − 2𝑡0 − 2 ⟹ 𝐶2 =
𝑒 𝑡0

Hence,

𝑥 = (𝑥 0 + 2𝑡0 + 2) 𝑒 𝑡−𝑡0 − 2𝑡 − 2
 QUESTION 3:

⃗ = 𝐴𝑥 2 𝑦𝑖̂ − 𝐵𝑥𝑦 2 𝑗̂; where 𝑨 = 𝑩 = 𝟐 𝒎−𝟐𝒔 −𝟏, velocity is

A velocity field is given by 𝑉
given in m/s and x and y are given in meters . The equation of streamlines in the 𝒙 − 𝒚 plane
will be _________

(a) 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑐
(b) 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐
(c) 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 𝑐
𝑦
(d) =𝑐
𝑥

Correct Answer: b

Solution: Streamlines are lines drawn in the flow field such that, at a given instant, they
are tangent to the direction of flow at every point. Consequently,
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 −𝐵𝑥𝑦 2 −𝑦
) = = =
𝑑𝑥 streamline 𝑢 𝐴𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑥

Separating variables and integrating, we obtain

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
∫ = −∫
𝑦 𝑥
𝑙𝑛 𝑦 = − 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐1; This can be written as 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐

QUESTION 4:

A flow is described by the velocity field ⃗𝑽 = 𝒚𝒊̂ + 𝟎. 𝟓𝒕𝒋̂. At 𝒕 = 𝟐 𝒔, what are the
coordinates of the particle that passed through point (𝟏, 𝟐) at 𝒕 = 𝟎?

(a) (3, 5.67)

(b) (1.1,2.3)
(c) (3,7)
(d) (5.67, 3)

Correct Answer: d

Solution:

A particle moving in the flow field will have velocity given by

⃗ = 𝑦𝑖̂ + 0.5𝑡𝑗̂ ;
𝑉
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑢𝑝 = = 𝑦; 𝑣𝑝 = = 0.5𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Separating variables and integrating (in each equation) gives

𝑦 𝑡
∫𝑦0 𝑑𝑦 = ∫t0 0.5𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 0.25 (𝑡 2 − 𝑡 20 )
𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 0.25(𝑡 2 − 𝑡02 )

𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑥 𝑡 𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ [ 𝑦0 + 0.25 (𝑡 2 − 𝑡02 )] 𝑑𝑡
𝑥0 𝑡0 𝑡0

𝑡 3 − 𝑡03
(𝑥 − 𝑥 0 ) = 𝑦0 (𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) + 0.25 ( ) − 0.25𝑡02 (𝑡 − 𝑡0 )
3

𝑡 3 − 𝑡03
𝑥 = 𝑥 0 + 𝑦0 (𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) + 0.25 ( ) − 0.25𝑡02 (𝑡 − 𝑡0 )
3

At 𝒕 = 𝟎: (𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 ) = (𝟏, 𝟐)
𝒕 = 𝑡0 = 𝟎
𝑥 = 𝑥0 = 1
𝑦 = 𝑦0 = 2

Now at 𝑡 = 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐

0.25𝑡 3 8 2 17
𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑦0 𝑡 + = 1 + 2 × 2 + 0.25 × = 1 + 4 + = = 5.67 𝑚
3 3 3 3
𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 0.25𝑡 2 = 2 + 0.25 × 4 = 3 𝑚

QUESTION 5:
The velocity field in a fluid medium is given by
⃗ = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒋̂ + (𝟐𝒛𝒚𝟐 + 𝒕)𝒌
𝑽 ̂
The magnitudes of rotational velocity of fluid element at (1, 2, 1) and at time t = 2 sec
about x, y and z axes are respectively-

(a) 4 units, 0 unit, 2 units

(b) 3 units, 2 unit, -20 units
(c) 3 units, 1 unit, -18 units
(d) 1 unit, 0 unit, -7 units

Correct Answer: a

Solution

Rotational velocity vector is found as

𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
1 1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕|
𝜔 ⃗)= |
⃗ = (𝛻 × 𝑉
2 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑢 𝑣 𝑤
 𝑖̂ 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣 𝑗̂ 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤 𝑘̂ 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
= { − }+ { − }+ { − }
2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

1 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑖̂ [ (2𝑧𝑦 2 + 𝑡) − (3𝑥𝑦) ]
2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
1 𝜕 𝜕
+𝑗̂ [ (2𝑥 2 𝑦) − (2𝑧𝑦 2 + 𝑡)]
2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
1 𝜕 𝜕
+𝑘̂ [ (3𝑥𝑦) − (2𝑥 2 𝑦)]
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= 2𝑧𝑦𝑖̂ + (1.5𝑦 − 𝑥 2 )𝑘̂

at 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 1 and 𝑡 = 2,

⃗ = (2 × 1 × 2)𝑖̂ + (1.5 × 2 − 12 )𝑘̂

𝜔

⃗ = 4𝑖̂ + 2𝑘̂
𝜔
Therefore, the rotational velocity about x axis 𝜔𝑥 = 4 units

the rotational velocity about y axis ωy = 0 unit

the rotational velocity about z axis ωz = 2 units

QUESTION 6:

What will be the value of 𝑨 and 𝑩, for flow field given by 𝒖 = 𝑩(𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝟐𝒚) , 𝒗 =
−[𝟑𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑩(𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙)], 𝒘 = 𝟎, for the flow to be irrotational?

(a) 𝐴 = 2𝐵
(b) 𝐴 = 3𝐵
(c) 𝐴 = −𝐵/2
(d) 𝐴 = −𝐵/3

Correct Answer: d

⃗)=0
The flow is irrotational if (∇ × 𝑉

𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
⃗)=|𝜕
(∇ × 𝑉 𝜕 𝜕|
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑢 𝑣 𝑤
𝑢 = 𝐵(2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦) , 𝑣 = −[3𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵(𝑦 2 + 2𝑥)], 𝑤=0
1 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
⃗ = [(
𝜔 − ) 𝑖̂ − ( − ) 𝑗̂ + ( − ) 𝑘̂ ]
2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

1
= [(0 − 0) 𝑖̂ − (0 − 0)𝑗̂ + (−6𝐴𝑥 − 2𝐵 − 2𝐵𝑥 + 2𝐵)𝑘̂ ]
2
 For, flow to be irrotational.

⃗)=0
(∇ × 𝑉

𝑥(−6𝐴 − 2𝐵) = 0
𝐵
𝐴=−
3
QUESTION 7:

Consider the velocity field given by 𝒗𝒓 = 𝑨/𝒓, 𝒗𝜽 = 𝑩𝒓 and 𝒗𝒛 = 𝟎. What will be the
vorticity?
(a) 𝐴𝑒̂𝑧
(b) 𝐵/2𝑒̂𝑧
(c) 2𝐵𝑒̂ 𝑧
(d) 2𝐴𝑒̂𝑧

Correct Answer: c

This is a cylindrical polar coordinates problem. Angular velocity vector is found as

1
𝜔 ⃗)
⃗ = (∇ × 𝑉
2

𝑒̂ 𝑟 𝑟𝑒̂ 𝜃 𝑒̂ 𝑧
1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕|
= |
2𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
𝑣𝑟 𝑟𝑣𝜃 𝑣𝑧

Here,

𝑣𝑟 = 𝐴/𝑟, 𝑣𝜃 = 𝐵𝑟, 𝑣𝑧 = 0

1 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕(𝑟𝑣𝜃 ) 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕(𝑟𝑣𝜃) 𝜕𝑣𝑟

𝜔
⃗ = [( − ) 𝑒̂ 𝑟 − ( 𝑧 − 𝑟 ) 𝑟𝑒̂ 𝜃 + ( − ) 𝑒̂ ]
2𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑧

1
= [(0 − 0) 𝑒̂ 𝑟 − (0 − 0)𝑟𝑒̂ 𝜃 + (2𝐵𝑟 − 0) 𝑒̂𝑧 ]
2𝑟

𝜔
⃗ = 𝐵𝑒̂ 𝑧

Vorticity is defined as
⃗⃗ = 2𝜔
Ω ⃗

⃗Ω
⃗ = 2(𝐵𝑒̂𝑧 ) = 2𝐵𝑒̂ 𝑧
QUESTION 8:

Consider an infinitesimal fluid element moving in a two-dimensional flow field in 𝒙 −

𝒚 plane. Assume that at 𝒕 = 𝟎 𝐬 the shape of this fluid element is rectangular. Due to
translation and rotation of fluid element in the flow, its shape become distorted as shown
𝑟𝑎𝑑
in the figure below at 𝒕 = 𝟐 𝐬. Determine the angular velocity, 𝝎𝒛 ( ) of the fluid
𝑠
element. (Counterclockwise rotations by convention are assumed to be positive in sign
convention.)

𝜋
(a) −
12
𝜋
(b)
12
𝜋
(c) −
24
𝜋
(d)
30

Correct Answer: c

Solution:
Note that during the time increment 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄 , the sides PQ and PR have rotated
through the angular displacements −𝚫𝜽𝟏 = 𝟒𝟎° and 𝚫𝜽𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎°, respectively.
(Counterclockwise rotations by convention are considered positive).
1 𝑑𝜃1 𝑑𝜃2
𝜔𝑧 = ( + )
2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜋 𝜋
1 −40 × 180 10 × 180 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔𝑧 = ( + )= (−40 + 10) = ( −30) = −
2 2 2 4 × 180 720 24 𝑠
QUESTION 9

The process of converting a line integral to a surface integral is performed by ____, while
the conversion of a surface integral to a volume integral is accomplished by ____.

(a) Stokes’ theorem, Green’s theorem

(b) Divergence theorem, Green’s theorem
(c) Green’s theorem, Stokes’ theorem
(d) Stokes’ theorem, Divergence theorem

Correct Answer: d

QUESTION 10:

Mass conservation equation in integral form for a finite space (fixed control volume of
finite size) involves _____ & _____ integral.

(a) line, volume

(b) surface, line
(c) volume, surface
(d) line, surface

Correct Answer: c

QUESTION 11:

Which option is correct for the following statements?

Statement 1: Lagrangian approach is a way of looking at fluid motion that concentrates
on specific locations in space along the fluid flow with time.
Statement 2: Eulerian approach is described by following the motion of each and every
individual particle of the fluid flow

(a) Statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is false

(b) Statement 1 is false, and Statement 2 is true
(c) Both the statements are false
(d) Both the statements are true

Correct Answer: c