TOPIC 5

EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO EXACT EQUATIONS

A differential equation of the form 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 which is not exact, may be
reduced to the exact form by multiplying it by a suitable factor, known as the
integrating factor. After multiplying the given differential equation by the integrating
factor it can be solved by the method of exact differential equations or by
rearranging the terms.

Rules for Finding the Integrating Factors

Rule 1:

Integrating factor found by inspection: In a number of problems, a little

analysis helps to find the integrating. The following differentials are useful in
selecting a suitable integrating factor.
𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦
a) 𝑑 (𝑥𝑦) = 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 b) 𝑑 (𝑦) = 𝑦2

𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦

c) 𝑑 (𝑥) = d) 𝑑 ( 𝑦 ) =
𝑥2 𝑦2

𝑦2 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦

e) 𝑑 ( 𝑥 ) = f) 𝑑 (𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦) =
𝑥2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦

g) 𝑑 (𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) = h) 𝑑 (𝐼𝑛 𝑦) =
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥𝑦

𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
i) 𝑑 (𝐼𝑛 𝑥) = j) 𝑑 ( 𝑦 ) =
𝑥𝑦 𝑦2

𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦
k) 𝑑[𝐼𝑛√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ] =
𝑥2 + 𝑦2

Solved Examples:

1. 𝒚𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝒅𝒚 + (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

(𝑦 + 1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 sin 𝑦 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀
Test for exactness: 𝑀 = 𝑦 + 1 + 𝑥2 = =1
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁
𝑁 = 𝑥 2 sin 𝑦 − 𝑥 = = 2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 − 1
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
≠ so the equation is not exact
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

1
Multiply by 𝑥2 then the combination (𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦) becomes exact and the
other terms in the equation become integrable
 1
[(𝑦 + 1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 sin 𝑦 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 0] ∙
𝑥2

(𝑦 + 1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 sin 𝑦 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦

+ =0
𝑥2 𝑥2

𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑥2
+ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + sin 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥2 𝑥2

𝑦 1
−𝑑 ( ) + ( 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 + sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑥

𝑦 1
− ∫ 𝑑 ( ) + ∫ ( 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑥

𝑦 1
− − + 𝑥 − cos 𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑜𝑟 − 𝒚 − 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 = 𝒄𝒙 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
2. = 𝑥+ 𝑦
𝑑𝑥

(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 − (𝑥 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 ) = 0

𝜕𝑀
Test for exactness: 𝑀 =𝑥+𝑦 = =1
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁
𝑁 = − (𝑥 − 𝑦 ) = = −1
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
≠ so the equation is not exact
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 ) = 0

𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑 (𝑥𝑦) = 0

∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) = 0

𝑦2 𝑥2
− + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 = 𝟐𝒄 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
2 2

3. 𝒚(𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒆𝒙 )𝒅𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

(2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀
Test for exactness: 𝑀 = 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 = = 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁
𝑁 == 𝜕𝑥
= −𝑒 𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
𝜕𝑦
≠ 𝜕𝑥
so the equation is not exact

1
[2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0] ∙
𝑦2
 2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
+ =0
𝑦2 𝑦2

𝑒𝑥
2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑 ( )=0
𝑦

𝑒𝑥
∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑 ( )=0
𝑦

𝑒𝑥
𝑥2 + =𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒆𝒙 = 𝒄𝒚 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
𝑦

Exercises:

1. 𝑥(𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑦 2 𝐼𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥

2. (sin 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 − (cos 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

3. (𝑥√𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑦√𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0

4. (2𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 − 5)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥
5. = (𝑦) + 2 (𝑦)
𝑑𝑦

Rule 2

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
If in the equation 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0, the value of is a function of x alone,
𝑁

say 𝑓 (𝑥 ), then

𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Solved Examples:

1. (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

𝜕𝑀
Test for exactness: 𝑀 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑥 = = 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑁
𝑁 = 𝑥𝑦 = =𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
≠ so the equation is not exact
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
− 2𝑦 − 𝑦 1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
= = = 𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑁 𝑥𝑦 𝑥

1
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥

[(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0] ∙ 𝑥

(𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀
Test for exactness: 𝑀 = (𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 ) = = 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦
 𝜕𝑁
𝑁 = 𝑥 2𝑦 = = 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐹
= 𝑀 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 (1)
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐹
= 𝑁 = 𝑥 2𝑦 (2)
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝐹
From (1) ∫ 𝜕𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 taking y as constant

𝑥 4 𝑥 2𝑦 2 𝑥 3
𝐹= + + + 𝑇 (𝑦 ) (3)
4 2 3

𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥3
Differentiate partially 𝐹 = + + + 𝑇(𝑦) with respect to y
4 2 3

𝜕𝐹
= 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑇′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝐹
But from (2) = 𝑥 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦

Equate: 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑇′(𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦

𝑇 ′ (𝑦 ) = 0

Integrate with respect to y: ∫ 𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = ∫ 0 𝑑𝑦

𝑇 (𝑦 ) = 0 substitute in (3)

𝑥 4 𝑥 2𝑦 2 𝑥 3
𝐹= + +
4 2 3

𝑥 4 𝑥 2𝑦 2 𝑥 3
+ + = 𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝟑𝒙𝟒 + 𝟔𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 = 𝟏𝟐𝒄 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
4 2 3

2. (𝟐𝒙𝑰𝒏𝒙 − 𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎

𝜕𝑀
Test for exactness: 𝑀 = 2𝑦 = 𝜕𝑦
=2
𝜕𝑁
𝑁 = 2𝑥𝐼𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 = = 2 + 2𝐼𝑛𝑥 − 𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
≠ so the equation is not exact
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
− 2 − (2 + 2𝐼𝑛𝑥 − 𝑦) −2𝐼𝑛𝑥 + 𝑦 −2𝐼𝑛𝑥 + 𝑦 1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
= = = = − = 𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑁 2𝑥𝐼𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2𝑥𝐼𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 (2𝐼𝑛𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑥

1 −1 1
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ −𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝐼𝑛𝑥 = 𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 −1 =
𝑥

1
(2𝑥𝐼𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 ∙
𝑥
𝑦
2 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝐼𝑛𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥
 𝑦 𝜕𝑀 2
Test for exactness: 𝑀 = 2𝑥 = =𝑥
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑁 2
𝑁 = 2𝐼𝑛𝑥 − 𝑦 = =𝑥
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐹 𝑦
=𝑀=2 (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝑥

𝜕𝐹
= 𝑁 = 2𝐼𝑛𝑥 − 𝑦 (2)
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝐹 𝑦
From (1) ∫ 𝜕𝑥 = ∫ 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 taking y as constant

𝐹 = 2𝑦𝐼𝑛𝑥 + 𝑇(𝑦) (3)

Differentiate partially 𝐹 = 2𝑦𝐼𝑛𝑥 + 𝑇(𝑦) with respect to y

𝜕𝐹
= 2𝐼𝑛𝑥 + 𝑇′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝐹
But from (2) = 2𝐼𝑛𝑥 − 𝑦
𝜕𝑦

Equate: 2𝐼𝑛𝑥 + 𝑇′(𝑦) = 2𝐼𝑛𝑥 − 𝑦

𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = −𝑦

Integrate with respect to y: ∫ 𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = ∫ −𝑦 𝑑𝑦

−𝑦 2
𝑇 (𝑦 ) = substitute in (3)
2

𝑦2
𝐹 = 2𝑦𝐼𝑛𝑥 −
2

𝑦2
2𝑦𝐼𝑛𝑥 − = 𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝟒𝒚𝑰𝒏𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝒄 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
2

𝒚𝟑 𝒙𝟐 𝟏
3. (𝒚 + + ) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟒 (𝒙 + 𝒙𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝟑 𝟐

𝑦3 𝑥2 𝜕𝑀
Test for exactness: 𝑀=𝑦+ + = = 1 + 𝑦2
3 2 𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕𝑁 1 1
𝑁 = 4 (𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 ) = = 4 + 4 𝑦2
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
≠ so the equation is not exact
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 1 1 3 3 2 3
− 1 + 𝑦 2 − (4 + 4 𝑦 2 ) + 4𝑦 (1 + 𝑦 2 ) 3
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 4 4
= = = = = 𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑁 1 1 1
(𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 ) 𝑥 (1 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑥 (1 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑥
4 4 4
3 3
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝐼𝑛𝑥 = 𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 3

𝑦3 𝑥2 1
[(𝑦 + + ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0] ∙ 𝑥 3
3 2 4
 3
𝑥 3𝑦 3 𝑥 5 1
(𝑥 𝑦 + + ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 4 + 𝑥 4 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
3 2 4

𝑥3 𝑦3 𝑥5 𝜕𝑀
Test for exactness: 𝑀 = 𝑥3𝑦 + + = = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 3𝑦 2
3 2 𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕𝑁
𝑁 = 4 (𝑥 4 + 𝑥 4 𝑦 ) = = 𝑥3 + 𝑥3𝑦2
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐹 𝑥 3𝑦 3 𝑥 5
= 𝑀 = 𝑥3𝑦 + + (1)
𝜕𝑥 3 2

𝜕𝐹 1
= 𝑁 = (𝑥 4 + 𝑥 4 𝑦 2 ) (2)
𝜕𝑦 4

𝜕𝐹 𝑥3 𝑦3 𝑥5
From (1) ∫ 𝜕𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑦 + + taking y as constant
3 2

𝑥4 𝑦 1 𝑥4 1 𝑥6
𝐹= + 𝑦3 + + 𝑇 (𝑦 ) (3)
4 3 4 2 6

𝑥4𝑦 1 𝑥4 1 𝑥6
Differentiate partially 𝐹 = + 3 𝑦3 +2 + 𝑇(𝑦) with respect to y
4 4 6

𝜕𝐹 𝑥4 1
= + 12 𝑥 4 ∙ 3𝑦 2 + 𝑇′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦 4

𝜕𝐹 1
But from (2) = 4 (𝑥 4 + 𝑥 4 𝑦 2 )
𝜕𝑦

𝑥4 1 1
Equate: + 12 𝑥 4 ∙ 3𝑦 2 + 𝑇′(𝑦) = (𝑥 4 + 𝑥 4 𝑦 2 )
4 4

𝑇 ′ (𝑦 ) = 0

Integrate with respect to y: ∫ 𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = ∫ 0 𝑑𝑦

𝑇 (𝑦 ) = 0 substitute in (3)

𝑥 4𝑦 1 3 𝑥 4 1 𝑥 6
𝐹= + 𝑦 +
4 3 4 26

3𝑥 4 + 𝑥 4 𝑦 3 + 𝑥 6
= 𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝟑𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟒 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒙𝟔 = 𝟏𝟐𝒄 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
12

Exercises:

1. (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

2. (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

3. (2𝑦 + 6𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

4. (𝑥 3 − 2𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

5. (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥(𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

Rule 3

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
If in the equation 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0, the value of is a function of x alone,
𝑀

say 𝑓 (𝑥 ), then

𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦

Solved Examples:

1. (𝒙𝒚𝟑 + 𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐(𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟒 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

𝜕𝑀
Test for exactness: 𝑀 = 𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑦 = = 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 1
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁
𝑁 = 2(𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 4 ) = 𝜕𝑥
= 4𝑥𝑦 2 + 2

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
≠ so the equation is not exact
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
− 4𝑥𝑦 2 + 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 1 𝑥𝑦 2 + 1 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= 3
= 2
= = 𝑓 (𝑦 )
𝑀 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑦(𝑥𝑦 + 1) 𝑦

1
∫𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 = 𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑦 = 𝑦

[(𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 2(𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑦 = 0] ∙ 𝑦

(𝑥𝑦 4 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 2(𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 5 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀
Test for exactness: 𝑀 = 𝑥𝑦 4 + 𝑦 2 = = 4𝑥𝑦 3 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑁
𝑁 = 2(𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 5 ) = = 4𝑥𝑦 3 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐹
= 𝑀 = 𝑥𝑦 4 + 𝑦 2 (1)
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐹
= 𝑁 = 2(𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 5 ) (2)
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝐹
From (1) ∫ 𝜕𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑦 4 + 𝑦 2 taking y as constant

𝑥2𝑦4
𝐹= + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑇(𝑦) (3)
2

𝑥2𝑦4
Differentiate partially 𝐹 = + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑇(𝑦) with respect to y
2

𝜕𝐹 1
= 2 𝑥 2 ∙ 4𝑦 3 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑇′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝐹
But from (2) = 2(𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 5 )
𝜕𝑦

1
Equate: 𝑥 2 ∙ 4𝑦 3 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑇 ′(𝑦) = 2(𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 5 )
2

Integrate with respect to y: ∫ 𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = ∫ 2𝑦 5 𝑑𝑦

 𝑦6
𝑇 (𝑦 ) = substitute in (3)
3

𝑥 2𝑦 4 𝑦6
𝐹= + 𝑥𝑦 2 +
2 3

𝑥 2𝑦 4 𝑦6
+ 𝑥𝑦 2 + = 𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟒 + 𝟔𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝟔 = 𝟔𝒄 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
2 3

2. (𝒚𝟒 + 𝟐𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙𝒚𝟑 + 𝟐𝒚𝟒 − 𝟒𝒙)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

𝜕𝑀
Test for exactness: 𝑀 = 𝑦 4 + 2𝑦 = = 4𝑦 3 + 2
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁
𝑁 = 𝑥𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 4 − 4𝑥 = = 𝑦3 − 4
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
≠ so the equation is not exact
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
− 𝑦 3 − 4 − (4𝑦 3 + 2) −3(𝑦 3 + 2) −3
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= = = = 𝑓 (𝑦 )
𝑀 𝑦 4 + 2𝑦 𝑦 (𝑦 3 + 2) 𝑦

−3 1
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 −3
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 = 𝑒 −3𝐼𝑛𝑦 = 𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑦 = =
𝑦3

1
[(𝑦 4 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 4 − 4𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 0] ∙
𝑦3

2 4𝑥
(𝑦 + ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 2𝑦 − ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦2 𝑦3

2 𝜕𝑀 4
Test for exactness: 𝑀 = 𝑦 + 𝑦2 = = 1 − 𝑦3
𝜕𝑦
4𝑥 𝜕𝑁 4
𝑁 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑦3 = = 1 − 𝑦3
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐹 2
=𝑀=𝑦+ 2 (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝑦

𝜕𝐹 4𝑥
= 𝑁 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3 (2)
𝜕𝑦 𝑦

𝜕𝐹 2
From (1) ∫ 𝜕𝑥 = ∫ 𝑦 + 𝑦2 taking y as constant

2𝑥
𝐹 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 + 𝑇(𝑦) (3)

2𝑥
Differentiate partially 𝐹 = 𝑥𝑦 + + 𝑇 (𝑦) with respect to y
𝑦2

𝜕𝐹 4𝑥
= 𝑥 − 𝑦3 + 𝑇′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝐹 4𝑥
But from (2) = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑦 3
𝜕𝑦

4𝑥 4𝑥
Equate: 𝑥 − 𝑦3 + 𝑇′(𝑦) = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑦3
 Integrate with respect to y: ∫ 𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = ∫ 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑇 (𝑦 ) = 𝑦 2 substitute in (3)

2𝑥
𝐹 = 𝑥𝑦 + + 𝑦2
𝑦2

2𝑥
𝑥𝑦 + + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐 𝑜𝑟 + 𝒙𝒚𝟑 + 𝒚𝟒 = 𝟔𝒄 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
𝑦2

3. (𝟑𝒙𝟐𝒚𝟒 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + (𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

𝜕𝑀
Test for exactness: 𝑀 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 4 + 2𝑥𝑦 = = 12𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁
𝑁 = 2𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 = = 6𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 2𝑥
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
≠ so the equation is not exact
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
− 6𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 2𝑥 − (12𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 2𝑥 ) −6𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 4𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= =
𝑀 𝑦 4 + 2𝑦 3𝑥 2 𝑦 4 + 2𝑥𝑦

−2(3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 2𝑥) −2
= = = 𝑓 (𝑦 )
𝑦(3𝑥 2 𝑦 4+2𝑥𝑦) 𝑦

−2 1
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 −2
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 = 𝑒 −2𝐼𝑛𝑦 = 𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑦 =
𝑦2

1
[(3𝑥 2 𝑦 4 + 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0] ∙
𝑦2

2𝑥 𝑥2
(3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + ) 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 3 𝑦 − 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦 𝑦

2𝑥 𝜕𝑀 2𝑥
Test for exactness: 𝑀 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + = = 6𝑥 2 𝑦 −
𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑦2

𝑥2 𝜕𝑁 2𝑥
𝑁 = 2𝑥 3 𝑦 − = = 6𝑥 2 𝑦 −
𝑦2 𝜕𝑥 𝑦2

𝜕𝐹 2𝑥
= 𝑀 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝑦

𝜕𝐹 3
𝑥2
= 𝑁 = 2𝑥 𝑦 − 2 (2)
𝜕𝑦 𝑦

𝜕𝐹 2𝑥
From (1) ∫ 𝜕𝑥 = ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + taking y as constant
𝑦

𝑥2
𝐹 = 𝑥3𝑦2 + + 𝑇 (𝑦 ) (3)
𝑦

𝑥2
Differentiate partially 𝐹 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + + 𝑇(𝑦) with respect to y
𝑦

𝜕𝐹 𝑥2
= 2𝑥 3 𝑦 − + 𝑇′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦 𝑦2
 𝜕𝐹 𝑥2
But from (2) = 2𝑥 3 𝑦 − 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑦

𝑥2 𝑥2
Equate: 2𝑥 3 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑇′(𝑦) = 2𝑥 3 𝑦 − 𝑦2

Integrate with respect to y: ∫ 𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = ∫ 0 𝑑𝑦

𝑇 (𝑦 ) = 0 substitute in (3)

𝑥2
3 2
𝐹=𝑥 𝑦 +
𝑦

𝑥2
𝑥 3𝑦 2 + = 𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒄𝒚 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
𝑦

Exercises:

1. (𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 0

2. (2𝑥𝑦 4 𝑒 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 𝑦 4 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

15
3. (2𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑑𝑦) + (6𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦) = 0
2

4. (𝑦 3 + 𝑦𝑥 4 )𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 0

5. (𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 )𝑦𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑏2 )𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0

Rule 4

If the equation 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 has the form 𝑦𝑓1 (𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑓2 (𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 and
1
𝑀𝑥 − 𝑁𝑦 ≠ 0, then is the integrating factor.
𝑀𝑥 − 𝑁𝑦

Solved Examples:

1. 𝒚(𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙(𝒙𝒚 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

1
[𝑦(𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥(𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0] ∙
𝑥𝑦

𝑦(1 + 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 (1 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀
Test for exactness: 𝑀 = 𝑦(1 + 2𝑥𝑦) = 𝜕𝑦
= 1 + 4𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝑁
𝑁 = 𝑥 (1 − 𝑥𝑦) = = 1 − 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
≠ the equation is not exact but the equation is of the form
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝑦𝑓1(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑓2 (𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 so the integrating factor will be

 1 1 1
= = 2 2
𝑀𝑥 − 𝑁𝑦 𝑥𝑦(1 + 2𝑥𝑦) − 𝑥𝑦(1 − 𝑥𝑦) 3𝑥 𝑦

1
[𝑦(1 + 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 (1 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0] ∙
3𝑥 2 𝑦 2

1 2 1 1
( + ) 𝑑𝑥 + ( − ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
3𝑥 2 𝑦 3𝑥 3𝑥𝑦 2 3𝑦

1 2 𝜕𝑀 1
Test for exactness: 𝑀 = 3𝑥2 𝑦 + 3𝑥 = = − 3𝑥2 𝑦2
𝜕𝑦

1 1 𝜕𝑁 1
𝑁 = (3𝑥𝑦 2 − 3𝑦) = = − 3𝑥2 𝑦2
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐹 1 2
=𝑀= 2 + (1)
𝜕𝑥 3𝑥 𝑦 3𝑥

𝜕𝐹 1 1
=𝑁= 2
− (2)
𝜕𝑦 3𝑥𝑦 3𝑦

𝜕𝐹 1 2
From (1) ∫ 𝜕𝑥 = ∫ 3𝑥2 𝑦 + 3𝑥 taking y as constant

1 2
𝐹= + 𝐼𝑛𝑥 + 𝑇(𝑦) (3)
3𝑥𝑦 3

1 2
Differentiate partially 𝐹 = 3𝑥𝑦 + 3 𝐼𝑛𝑥 + 𝑇(𝑦) with respect to y

𝜕𝐹 1
= 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑇′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝐹 1 1
But from (2) = 3𝑥𝑦2 − 3𝑦
𝜕𝑦

1 1 1
Equate: == 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑇′(𝑦) = 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 3𝑦

1
Integrate with respect to y: ∫ 𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = ∫ − 3 𝑑𝑦

1
𝑇(𝑦) = − 3 𝐼𝑛𝑦 substitute in (3)

1 2 1
𝐹= + 𝐼𝑛𝑥 − 𝐼𝑛𝑦
3𝑥𝑦 3 3

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
+ 𝑰𝒏𝒙 − 𝑰𝒏𝒚 = 𝒄 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
𝟑𝒙𝒚 𝟑 𝟑

2. (𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 )𝒚𝒅𝒙 + (𝟏 − 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 )𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

𝜕𝑀
Test for exactness: 𝑀 = (1 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑦 = = 1 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁
𝑁 = (1 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑥 = = 1 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
𝜕𝑦
≠ 𝜕𝑥
the equation is not exact but the equation is of the form

𝑦𝑓1(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑓2 (𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 so the integrating factor will be

 1 1 1
= 2 2 2 2
= 2 2
𝑀𝑥 − 𝑁𝑦 (1 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 )𝑦𝑥 − 𝑦(1 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 )𝑥 2𝑥 𝑦

1
[(1 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (1 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0] ∙
2𝑥 2 𝑦 2

1 1 1 1 1 1
( 2 + + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + ( 2 − + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑥𝑦 𝑦

1 1 1 1 1
( + + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + ( − + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 2𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑦

1 1 𝜕𝑀 1
Test for exactness: 𝑀 = (𝑥2 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑦) = = − 𝑥2𝑦2 + 1
𝜕𝑦

1 1 𝜕𝑁 1
𝑁=( − + 𝑥) = == − +1
𝑥𝑦 2 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑥2 𝑦2

𝜕𝐹 1 1
= 𝑀 = 2 + +𝑦 (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥

𝜕𝐹 1 1
=𝑁 = 2− +𝑥 (2)
𝜕𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑦

𝜕𝐹 1 1
From (1) ∫ 𝜕𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥2 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 taking y as constant

1
𝐹 = − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝐼𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑇(𝑦) (3)

1
Differentiate partially 𝐹 = − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝐼𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑇(𝑦) with respect to y

𝜕𝐹 1
= 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑇′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝐹 1 1
But from (2) = 𝑥𝑦2 − 𝑦 + 𝑥
𝜕𝑦

1 1 1
Equate: = 𝑥𝑦2 + 𝑥 + 𝑇′(𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑦 + 𝑥

1
Integrate with respect to y: ∫ 𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = ∫ − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑇(𝑦) = −𝐼𝑛𝑦 substitute in (3)

1
𝐹=− + 𝐼𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 − 𝐼𝑛𝑦
𝑥𝑦

𝟏
− + 𝑰𝒏𝒙 + 𝒙𝒚 − 𝑰𝒏𝒚 = 𝒄 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
𝒙𝒚

3. (𝒚 − 𝒙𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 − (𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

𝑦(1 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥(1 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀
Test for exactness: 𝑀 = 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 = = 1 − 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦
 𝜕𝑁
𝑁 = −𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 = = −1 − 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
≠ the equation is not exact but the equation is of the form
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝑦𝑓1(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑓2 (𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 so the integrating factor will be

1 1 1
= 2 2
=
𝑀𝑥 − 𝑁𝑦 (𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 )𝑥 − (−𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑦)𝑦 2𝑥𝑦

1
[(𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0] ∙
2𝑥𝑦

1 1 1 1
( − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 − ( + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2 𝑥 2 𝑦

1 1
( − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 − ( + 𝑥) = 0
𝑥 𝑦

1 𝜕𝑀
Test for exactness: 𝑀 = (𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝜕𝑦
= −1

1 𝜕𝑁
𝑁 = − (𝑦 + 𝑥) = == −1
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐹 1
=𝑀 = −𝑦 (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝑥

𝜕𝐹 1
= 𝑁 =− −𝑥 (2)
𝜕𝑦 𝑦

𝜕𝐹 1
From (1) ∫ 𝜕𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 − 𝑦 taking y as constant

𝐹 = 𝐼𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑇(𝑦) (3)

Differentiate partially 𝐹 = 𝐼𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑇(𝑦) with respect to y

𝜕𝐹
𝜕𝑦
= −𝑥 + 𝑇′(𝑦)

𝜕𝐹 1
But from (2) =− −𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝑦

1
Equate: = −𝑥 + 𝑇′(𝑦) = − 𝑦 − 𝑥

1
Integrate with respect to y: ∫ 𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = ∫ − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑇(𝑦) = −𝐼𝑛𝑦 substitute in (3)

𝐹 = 𝐼𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝐼𝑛𝑦

𝑰𝒏𝒙 − 𝒙𝒚 − 𝑰𝒏𝒚 = 𝒄 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

Exercises:

1. (𝑥𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦 + cos 𝑥𝑦)𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦 − cos 𝑥𝑦)𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

2. (𝑥 4 𝑦 4 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 4 𝑦 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
 3. (1 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (1 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

4. 𝑦(1 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 (𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 − 0

Rule 5

If the equation 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 is homogeneous in 𝑥 and 𝑦 i.e. 𝑀 and 𝑁 are

1
homogeneous function of the same degree in 𝑥 and 𝑦, then 𝑀 is an integrating
𝑥 +𝑁𝑦

factor.

Solved Examples:

1. (𝒙𝟐𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 − (𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

𝜕𝑀
Test for exactness: 𝑀 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 = = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁
𝑁 = −(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦) = = −3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
≠ the equation is not exact but is homogeneous in 𝑥 and 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

1 1 1
= 3 2 2 3 2 2
= 2 2
𝑀𝑥 + 𝑁𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 − 2𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑦 + 3𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦

1
[(𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0] ∙
𝑥 2𝑦 2
1 2 𝑥 3
( − ) 𝑑𝑥 − ( 2 − ) = 0
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦

1 2 𝜕𝑀 1
Test for exactness: 𝑀 = (𝑦 − 𝑥 ) = = − 𝑦2
𝜕𝑦

𝑥 3 𝜕𝑁 1
𝑁 = −( − )= == −
𝑦2 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑦2

𝜕𝐹 1 2
=𝑀= − (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝑥

𝜕𝐹 𝑥 3
=𝑁=− 2+ (2)
𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

𝜕𝐹 1 2
From (1) ∫ 𝜕𝑥 = ∫ 𝑦 − 𝑥 taking y as constant

𝑥
𝐹 = 𝑦 − 2𝐼𝑛𝑥 + 𝑇(𝑦) (3)

𝑥
Differentiate partially 𝐹 = 𝑦 − 2𝐼𝑛𝑥 + 𝑇(𝑦) with respect to y

𝜕𝐹 𝑥
𝜕𝑦
= − 𝑦2 + 𝑇′(𝑦)
 𝜕𝐹 𝑥 3
But from (2) = − 𝑦2 + 𝑦
𝜕𝑦

𝑥 𝑥 3
Equate: = − 𝑦 2 + 𝑇′(𝑦)) = − 𝑦2 + 𝑦

3
Integrate with respect to y: ∫ 𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑇(𝑦) = 3𝐼𝑛𝑦 substitute in (3)

𝑥
𝐹= − 2𝐼𝑛𝑥 + 3𝐼𝑛𝑦
𝑦

𝒙
− 𝟐𝑰𝒏𝒙 + 𝟑𝑰𝒏𝒚 = 𝒄 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
𝒚

2. 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀
Test for exactness: 𝑀 = 𝑥2𝑦 = 𝜕𝑦
= 𝑥2

𝜕𝑁
𝑁 = − (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 ) = = −3𝑥 2
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
≠ the equation is not exact but is homogeneous in 𝑥 and 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

1 1 1
= 3 3 4
=− 4
𝑀𝑥 + 𝑁𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑦

1 𝑥2 𝑥3 1
[𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0] ∙ − → − 𝑦3 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 4 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦4

𝑥2 𝜕𝑀 3𝑥 2
Test for exactness: 𝑀=− = =
𝑦3 𝜕𝑦 𝑦4

𝑥3 1 𝜕𝑁 3𝑥 2
𝑁 = 𝑦4 + 𝑦 = 𝜕𝑥
== 𝑦4

𝜕𝐹 𝑥2
=𝑀=− 3 (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝑦

𝜕𝐹 𝑥3 1
=𝑁= 4+ (2)
𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

𝜕𝐹 𝑥2
From (1) ∫ 𝜕𝑥 = ∫ − 𝑦 3 taking y as constant

𝑥3
𝐹 = − 3𝑦 3 + 𝑇(𝑦) (3)

𝑥3
Differentiate partially 𝐹 = − 3𝑦3 + 𝑇(𝑦) with respect to y

𝜕𝐹 𝑥3
= 𝑦4 + 𝑇′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
 𝜕𝐹 𝑥3 1 𝑥3 𝑥3 1
But from (2) = 𝑦4 + 𝑦 → Equate: = 𝑦4 + 𝑇′(𝑦) = 𝑦 4 + 𝑦
𝜕𝑦

1
Integrate with respect to y: ∫ 𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 → 𝑇(𝑦) = 𝐼𝑛𝑦

𝑥3 𝒙𝟑
𝐹 = − 3𝑦3 + 𝐼𝑛𝑦 → − 𝟑𝒚𝟑 + 𝑰𝒏𝒚 = 𝒄 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

Exercises:

1. (3𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − (2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

2. (𝑦 3 − 2𝑦𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0