Basic Concepts of OOP

Presented by:
Dr. Vinod Jain
Assistant Professor
Dept. Of CE&A
 Basic Concepts of OOPs
• Object
• Class
• Encapsulation
• Abstraction
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Dynamic Binding
• Message Passing
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Object and Class

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 Basic Concepts of OOPs
Object: -
• Objects are the basic runtime entities
• They represent a place, bank account, a table of data or
any item
• Object contains data and code to manipulate the data
• Object take up space in the memory and have an
associated address
• the object interacts by sending message to one another.
Example: - If “Customer” and “account” are the two objects in a
program than customer object may send a message to account
object requesting for bank balance.

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 Basic Concepts of OOPs
CLASS: -
• Classes is a new way of creating and implementing the
user defined data type.
• It is a logical entity. A class serves as a plan or templates
• It specifies what data and what functions will be included
in object of that class.
• Objects are variable of the type class. Once the class has
been defined, we can create any number of objects
belonging to that class
• A class is thus a collection of objects of similar type.

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 Basic Concepts of OOPs
ENCAPSULATION: -
• The wrapping up of data and functions into a single unit
is known as Encapsulation.
• The data is not accessible to the outside world and only
those functions which are wrapped in the class can
access it .
• These functions provide the interface b/w the object
data and the program.
• So this insulation of the data from being direct access by
the program is called data hiding/ Information hiding.

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 Basic Concepts of OOPs
• Data Hiding
• A class has two sections namely private and public.
• The mechanism used to hide data is to put it in private
section of the class.
• Usually, the data within a class is declared in private section &
the functions are in public section. So the data is hidden from
outside world.
• The private data is only accessible to functions of the class.

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ABSTRACTION

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 ABSTRACTION
ABSTRACTION: -
• It refers to the act of representing essential features without including the
background details/explanation. There are two types of abstraction in CPP
(C++).
1. Functional Abstraction: -
• It is known what the function does but not how it does. A programmer can
use existing functions without knowing their internal details.
2. Data Abstraction: -
• Data structures can be used without being concerned about the exact
details of implementation.
Example: - Floating point numbers are abstracted in programming
languages. We use float data type without knowing how it is represented
in binary form and we just assign value to them. In C++, we can define our
own data type (like classes). Since the classes use the concept of data
abstraction, they are known as abstract data type (ADT).

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ABSTRACTION

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Inheritance

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Inheritance

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 INHERITANCE
• Using a concept called inheritance, a new class or
classes can be build from the old ones.
• The old class or original class is called as Base class.
• The new class is called as Derived class.

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 INHERITANCE
• Derived class inherits the data and functions of the
base class.
• The derived class can add data, elements and
functions to those it inherits from its base class.
• Real advantage of inheritance is that a programmer
can use an existing class i.e. almost what he wants
and to tailor the class in such a way that it does not
introduce any undesirable side effects into the rest of
the classes .
• The concept of inheritance provides the idea of re-
usability.
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Polymorphism

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Polymorphism

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 POLYMORPHISM
• The ability to take more than one form.
• It is the Greek word where “poly means many” and
“morphism means state/shape”.
• By polymorphism an operation may shows different behavior
in different instances.
• Polymorphism plays an important role in allowing objects
having different internal structure to share the same external-
internal phase.

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 POLYMORPHISM
• Examples of polymorphism
1. Operator Overloading
2. Function Overloading

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 POLYMORPHISM
• Operator overloading
• There are two numbers. If the numbers are integer than the
‘+’ operation will generate their sum.
• If the operands are strings than the ‘+’ operation would
reduce the third string by concatenation. This process of
making an operation to perform more than one operation is
called as “Operator overloading”.

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 POLYMORPHISM
• Function overloading
• A single function name can be used to handle different
numbers and different type of arguments.
• The function compute-area can be used to compute the area
of triangle, rectangle, and circle.
• Using a single function name to perform different type of
tasks is known as “function overloading”.
1. void print(int i)
2. void print(double f)

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DYNAMIC BINDING

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 DYNAMIC BINDING
• Binding refers to a linking of a procedure call to the code to be
executed in response to the call. It is also known as Late
Binding.
• Dynamic binding means that the code associated with the
given procedure call is not known until the time of the call at
run time.

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MESSAGE COMMUNICATION

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 Basic Concepts of OOPs
MESSAGE COMMUNICATION: -
• OOPs consist of a set of object that communicates with each other. So, it
involves following steps-
 Creating classes that define object and their behavior.
 Creating objects from class definition.
 Establishing communication among objects.

• Objects communicate with another through sending and receiving message. A

message for an object is a request for execution of a procedure and therefore
will invoke a function in the receiving objects that generates the desired
result.

Object name . function name (argument list)

object message information

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 Important Questions befor next
lecture I will ask
1. What is a class?
2. What is a object?
3. What is the difference between class and
object?
4. What is encapsulation?
5. What is data hiding?
6. What are private and public members in a
class?
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 Questions
• What is abstraction?
• What is inheritance?
• What are the benefits of inheritance?
• What is polymorphism?
• What are types of polymorphism ?

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 Thank you

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