key

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Period: _________

Lecture 26
Reaction Rates and Rate Law (AP Chemistry Topic 5.1, 5.2 & 5.5)
Student Notes

Enduring Understanding Learning Objective(s)

• Some reactions happen quickly, while others happen • Explain the relationship between the rate of a
more slowly and depend on reactant concentrations chemical reaction and experimental parameters
and temperature. • Represent experimental data with a consistent rate
• There is a relationship between the speed of a law expression.
reaction and the collision frequency of particle • Explain the relationship between the rate of an
collisions. elementary reaction and the frequency, energy, and
orientation of molecular collisions
Reaction Rates

rate
The __________ fast the reaction occurs, and it is measured as a
how _________
of a chemical reaction is a measure of _______
_____________
change in ________________________
concentration _____
over _________.
time

Experimentally, it turns out that, for most reactions, the

_________
rate _____ greatest
is _________________ at the
beginning
__________________ of the reaction and decreases as
the reaction continues.

Because the rate changes as a reaction proceeds,

reaction rates are generally expressed as
________________
averages over a particular time period.

As expected, ________________ decrease

reactant concentrations _________________ over time as they are consumed and
_______________ increases
product concentration ___________________ because products are formed in a reaction

single _________
In order to have a ____________ rate for the entire reaction, the definition
of the rate with respect to each reactant and product must reflect the
stoichiometric
___________________________ coefficients of the reaction.
_______________________

reaction
By convention, _________________ rates are reported as
___________
positive quantities so a negative sign is used when expressing rates
_________________
in terms of reactants.
 -Ferti
H2O2
-
Consider this balanced equation: I
H2O2(aq) + 3 I-(aq) + 2 H+(aq) → I3-(aq) + 2 H2O(l) +
H
Express the rate of the reaction in terms of each
E
455
-
of the following species: I3 +

H2O +40] *t

Consider this balanced equation:

H2O2(aq) + 3 I-(aq) + 2 H+(aq) → I3-(aq) + 2 H2O(l)

In the first 10.0 seconds of the reaction, the concentration of I - dropped from 1.000 M to 0.868 M.

1.Determine the rate of change in the concentration of I -.

+3
1,000 m
0.868M
-

0.0132 M15
=

=-

10.05

2. Calculate the average rate of this reaction in this time interval.

rate=-*t = -

( -
0.0132M(s) 0.00440M/s
=

3. Determine the rate of change in the concentration of H+ (Δ[H+]/Δt)during this time interval.

rate=-kt-200.00440 =-***).- 4= -0.00880 MS

Consider this balanced equation:

2 N2O(g) → 2 N2(g) + O2(g)

1. Express the rate of the reaction in terms of the change in concentration of each of the reactants and products

20)
rate=-t =
t <c= 40
2. In the first 15.0 seconds of the reaction, 0.015 mol of O 2 is produced in a reaction vessel with a volume of 0.500 L.
what is the average rate of reaction during this time interval?

·Emo = 0.030 z
f) 30 =

= 0.0020M/s
rate =

40h= 0.002
3. Predict the rate of change of N2O during this time interval. In other words, what is Δ[N2O]/Δt?
rate=-*NcOS 200.0020
=-**0.-*4N = -0.004 MIs

Consider this balanced equation and complete the table below:

8 H2S(g) + 4 O2(g) → 8 H2O(g) + S8(g)

Δ[H2S]/Δt Δ[O2]/Δt Δ[H2O]/Δt Δ[S8]/Δt Rate

rate=-14462 rate
Y*H0
= rate =
0.58 = -

18425)
-0.080 M/s -
4(0.01 0) 8(0.010M/s)
-
0.040 M/s 0.050 M/s 0.010 M/s 0.010 M/S
 Collision Theory

Collision theory states that for a reaction to occur, the particles

must collide with the _______________
correct
_____________________
orientation sufficient
and with ___________________
_____________.
energy

Different factors, such as surface area, temperature

and concentration can affect the rate of reaction by affecting
small
In most reactions, only a ___________
frequency of particle collisions.
the __________________
fraction
_________________ of collisions occur with
increase
Generally, an _________________ frequen cy
in the ________________ enough energy and the proper orientation to
of collisions
_____ ___________________ leads to an _________________
increase
successfully become products.
in the _________
rate of the reaction.

Reaction Energy Profiles

activation
The _____________________
_____________
energy is the energy
barrier that must be surmounted in
order for reactants to be
transformed into products.

To get from reactants to products, the molecules must go

high _____________
through a _________ energy
________________________
intermediate state called the
___________________
activated _______________
complex or
_____________________
transition ___________.
state

The energy required to reach the activated complex is the

activation energy. Typically, the _____________
higher the
activation
_____________________ _____________,
energy the
_____________
slower the reaction.

At any given temperature, atoms or molecules in a gas

sample have a ___________
range of energies.

wider the energy

The higher the temperature, the ___________
distribution and the greater the average kinetic energy.

At higher temperatures, the fraction of molecules with

enough energy to surmount the activation energy barrier and
increases
react ___________________ sharply.

This is why reactions occur faster at higher temperatures

(more successful collisions)
Factors Affecting Rates of Reaction
 The Rate Law Equation
rate of a reaction often _______________
The _________ concentration
depends on the ___________________________ of one or more of the
reactants
___________________. As long as the reverse reaction is negligibly slow, we can express the relationship between the
rate of the reaction and the concentration of the reactant using the ________
rate _______.
law

k is the _________ constant

rate _________________. The rate constant
is a proportionality constant and it depends on the
temperature and activation energy.

reaction
x and y represent the _________________ ___________.
order

The value of x or y is usually an _______________

integer and it
determines how the rate depends on the concentration of
the reactant.

overall
The _______________ order for the reaction is the
___________
sum of the individual reactant orders (x+y).

Reaction Orders

In a zero-order reaction, the rate of the reaction is

independent of the concentration of the reactant.

In a first-order reaction, the rate is directly proportional to

the concentration of the reactant.

In a second-order reaction, the rate is proportional to the

square of the concentration of the reactant.

We can predict the effect of changing reactant concentration on the rate of the reaction if we know the reaction
order
Reaction Order Rate is proportional to: If we double [reactant]:

Zeroth Rate = k[A]0 = k rate stays the same

First Rate = k[A]1 rate doubles

Second Rate = k[A]2 rate

quadruples

Determining the Order of a Reaction

The order of a chemical reaction can be determined only by
experiment or experimental data.
NEVER base the order of the reactant on the stoichiometric
coefficient.
 Reaction Orders and Rate Laws

Below are some example reactions with their experimentally determined rate laws:

2 N2O5(g) → 4 NO 2(g) + O2(g) Rate = k[N2O5]

H2(g) + I2(g) → 2 HI(g) Rate = k[H2][I2]

2 NO(g) + 2 H2(g) → 2 N2(g) + 2 H2O(g) Rate = k[NO]2[H2]

Remember that although the exponents in a rate law are sometimes the same as the coefficients in the balanced
the rate law must be
equation, this is not always the case. For any reaction, _____________________________________________________
determined experimentally
_______________________________.

In most rate laws, reaction orders are 0, 1, or 2. However, we also occasionally encounter rate laws in which the reaction
order is fractional or even negative. These are rare and outside the scope of the AP exam.

Measuring Reaction Rates

The most common way to study the kinetics of a reaction is through

spectrophotometer
spectroscopy. A _______________________________ can measure the
deepening or fading of ___________
color _________
over _________.
time

H2 + I2 → HI

H2 and HI are colorless, but I2 is violet. This reaction rate can be studied
by measuring the decrease in violet color as the reaction proceeds.

Determining the Order and Rate Constant of a Reaction

The order of a reaction can be determined only by experiment. A common way to determine reaction order is the method
initial
of ______________ ___________.
rates

different initial reactant

The initial rate is measured by running the reaction several times with _________________________________________
concentrations to determine the effect of concentration on the rate.
_____________________

Once we know the reaction orders, we can determine the value of the _________ constant
wate ________________, k, by substituting
the initial rates from the experimental data solving the equation.

The ___________ depend

units for k _____________ _____ overall
on the ______________ order of the reaction.
___________

Overall Order Example Rate Law Expression for K Units for K

The units for the rate
constant, k, change 0 Rate = k k= rate M/s Ms
M/S
=

or

depending on the
overall order of the
rate. My
K= e
1 Rate = k[A] YS 5
reaction. Remember or

that rate has units of

M/s.
rate- and YMs
1-
2 Rate = k[A]2 or Mst
 Determining the Order and Rate Constant of a Reaction
Consider the reaction between nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide:

NO2(g) + CO(g) → NO(g) + CO2(g)

The initial rate of the reaction is measured at several different concentrations of the reactants with the accompanied
results. From the data, determine the rate law for the reaction and the rate constant (k) for the reaction including units.
rate= k[NO.]" [10]" -5

8:0=
0.0082 O
B -

0.0021
rate = k(NO,]*CO)
(0.10)
④ 2
*
= H rate = k[No,
⑬ ⑭ 0.0021M/s =
k(0.10 M)
O &
B
=00o
:ozos le k= 0.0021 M/s

0.01 M2
B 23 1
=

k 0.21M"s -)
=

⑳
Consider the reaction between nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide:

CHCl3(g) + Cl2(g) → CCl4(g) + HCl(g)

The initial rate of the reaction is measured at several different concentrations of the reactants with the accompanied
results. From the data, determine the rate law for the reaction and the rate constant (k) for the reaction including units.
*
rate = 1[CHC1s7 [C12]Y -
12

O
:oozotot rate = k[CHUs] [C12]
0.0035M/s 17(0.010M)(0.010n)"2
=

=
2 2
⑬
ess
=
⑰
⑩

B :53 =
k 3.5
=
M-2g

23 1.42 =

⑭
1.Determine the order of the reaction with respect to
each of the reactants.
rate = k<NOT "CO2]Y

4:06oo x itse E: oogoo5oYrir

=
9
3
33 3=

⑰2
⑰ rate = k[NO]"COc]
2.Write the expression for the rate law for the
8.52x15-MS"
k10.0200n)"10.0300 M)
=

↑
reaction as determined from the experimental data.
1 8.52x10-M5-
=

rate = k[NO]"COc] 0.000012 M3

3. Determine the value of the rate constant for the M-"s

1 7100
=

reaction, clearly indicating the units.