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15 views

C Language

Uploaded by

bryanko040491
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Advanced Programming 2009

C Language

Types dimensions
type bytes
char 1 or 2
short 2
int 2 or 4
long 4
float 4
double 8
long double 10

 Dimension of int type depends on platform


and compiler
 char type must be smaller than int type

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Advanced Programming 2009

Example of integer constants


12312 int
12312u unsigned int
0xABCU unsigned int
12345678L long
12345678UL unsigned long
0x123ABCL long
0347 int
0347L long

Floating-point Constants

 Floating-point number must contain :


 dot or
 exponent (es. 12e-3) or
 dot and exponent
 A float constant is interpreted as "double"
unless suffixes are used:
 F, f => float constant
 L, l => long double constant

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Advanced Programming 2009

Code blocks and Scope

 Each block is enclosed by braces { } and starts


a new scope for the variables
 All local variables declared within the block are
not visible from outside the block
for (int i=0; i<10; i++){
...
}

Control statements

 if-else,
 switch,
 while,
 do-while,
 for,
 break,
 continue

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Advanced Programming 2009

Conditions

 When the condition contain an expression


whose result is an int value
 If the value is equals to 0  condition false
 If the value is different from 0 condition true

int x = 7;
if(x){…}
 Better use relational operators

if (x != 0)

Operators (integer and floating-point)

 Arithmetical + - * / %
 Relational > < >= <= == !=
 Return 1 for true, 0 for false
 Assignment = += -= *= /= %= &= |= ^=
 Increment ++ --
 Prefix ( ++x ) and postfix ( x++ )
 Unary operators (i.e. with one operand, like ++, --) have
precedence on binary operators ( 2 operands)
 Arithmetical operators have precedence on relational
operators, which have precedence on logical operators

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Advanced Programming 2009

Logical operators
 Logical operators :
 && (and)
 || (or)
! (not)
^ (xor, i.e. exclusive-or)
 Bitwiseoperators work on integers interpreted
as binary numbers
 & | ^ (and, or, xor)
 << (left-shift)
 >> (right-shift)
~ (negation / complement)
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Logical operators
 Logical operators :
 && (and) has precedence on || (or)
 ! (not) is unary operator and has
precedence on all binary operators
A logical expression is evaluated from left to
right and the evaluation stops as soon as the
value is determined, e.g.:
int x= 3, y= 4;
if (x<0 && ++y>0) y += 2;
 What’s the value of ‘y’ ?

10

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Advanced Programming 2009

scanf function

 Can store inputs in variables from standard


input (keyboard)
 scanf(format, variables list);
 format is a string specifying input data
format;
 Variables list is the comma-separeted list of
variables’ addresses)

Format strings in scanf


%d int (decimal)
%i int (decimal, octal or hex)
%o int octal
%x int hex
%c char
%f %e %g floating point
%s string of chars
int a,b,c; char x,y,z;
float f1,f2; . . . . . . .
scanf("%c%c",&x, &y);
scanf("%d%f%d",&a, &f1, &b);
scanf("%c%d%f",&z, &c, &f2);

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Advanced Programming 2009

printf function
Can print variables on standard output (screen)

printf( format, variables list);


format is a string specifying output data format;
Variables list is the comma-separeted list of variables

int a=100, b=10;


.......
printf("a = %d\nc = %d\n", a, b*3);

This code produces this output


a = 100
c = 30

sprintf() and sscanf()


• sprintf can print variables on a string
• sscanf can read variables from a string

sprintf( line, format, variables list);


line is the output string
format is a string specifying output data format;
Variables list is the comma-separeted list of variables

sscanf( line, format, variables list);


line is the input string
format is a string specifying input data format;
Variables list is the comma-separeted list of variables
in which to store the parsed data

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Advanced Programming 2009

Example with sprintf() - sscanf()


#include <stdio.h>
int main( ) {
int numbers[5] = {74, 18,33,30,97}; int result[5], index;
char line[80];
/* sprintf builds a string „line‟ out of many elements */
sprintf(line,"%d %d %d %d %d\n",
numbers[0],numbers[1],numbers[2],numbers[3],numbers[4]);
printf("%s",line);
/* sscanf parses many elements from a string „line‟ */
sscanf(line,"%d %d %d %d %d",
&result[4],&result[3],(result+2),(result+1),result);
for (index = 0;index < 5;index++)
printf("The final result is %d\n",result[index]);
getchar();
} 15

fgets(): read text from a File


#include "stdio.h"
main( ) {
FILE *fp1; char oneword[100]; char * c;
fp1 = fopen("TENLINES.TXT","r");
do {
c = fgets(oneword,100,fp1); /* get one line from the file */
if (c != NULL)
printf("%s", oneword); /* display it on the monitor */
} while (c != NULL); /* repeat until NULL */
fclose(fp1); /* this releases Operating System resources */
}
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Advanced Programming 2009

fprintf(): output to a file


#include "stdio.h"
main( ) {
FILE *fp; char stuff[25]; int index;
fp = fopen("TENLINES.TXT","w"); /* open for writing */
strcpy(stuff,"This is an example line.");
for (index = 1;index <= 10;index++)
fprintf (fp,"%s Line number %d\n",stuff,index);
fclose(fp); /* close the file before ending program */
}

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Punctuation and typography


Parentheses ( ) square brackets [ ] Braces { }
colon : comma , dot/period . semicolon ;
question mark ? exclamation mark !
quotation marks “ ” Apostrophe ‟ tilde ~
slash ⁄ backslash \ underscore _ dash -
at sign @ asterisk/star * Hash #
Ampersand & pipe | caret ^
Less than < more than > percent/modulo %

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