Key

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Period: _________

Lecture 18
Intermolecular Forces (AP Chemistry Topic 3.1)
Student Notes

Enduring Understanding Learning Objective(s)

• Intermolecular forces can explain the physical Explain the relationship between the chemical structures
properties of a material. of molecules and the relative strength of their
intermolecular forces when:
a. The molecules are of the same chemical species.
b. The molecules are of two different chemical species.

Intermolecular Forces vs Intramolecular Forces

Intermolecular forces are the attractive forces Intramolecular forces are the forces that hold atoms
between different molecules
______________________________________________ within an individual
______________________________________________
Molecue
______________ I together.
Intermolecular forces include:
bonds
Intramolecular forces are ____________.
•London Dispersion (Van Der Waals)
•Dipole-dipole Intramolecular forces include Ionic bonds, Covalent
•Hydrogen Bonding bonds and Metallic bonds.

much _______________
Intermolecular forces are generally __________ weaker than intramolecular forces

electrostatic
All intermolecular interactions are __________________________,
positive
involving attractions between __________________ and
negative
____________________ species, much like ionic bonds.

Recall that electrostatic interactions get stronger as the magnitude

of the charges increases and weaker as the distance between
charges increases.

Intermolecular forces are so ___________ weaker

much ________________ than
charges responsible for
ionic bonds because the __________________
much
intermolecular forces are generally ____________
smaller
__________________ than the charges in ionic compounds.
Many properties of substances, including
boiling
________________ points and ________________
____________ melting
strength of the
points reflect the ________________
____________,
intermolecular forces.

The stronger the attractive forces, the higher the

temperature at which the substance melts or boils because
it takes more energy for the molecules to overcome their
attractive forces and separate.
 Dispersion Forces

The intermolecular force between

____________________atoms and/or molecules is the
__________________ __________ (sometimes called
London dispersion force) where the ____________ ____
__________________ in the atom causes
________________________ ______________
________________

In a collection of helium atoms, for example, the average distribution of the electrons about each nucleus is spherically
symmetrical. The atoms are nonpolar and so possess no permanent dipole moment.

The instantaneous distribution of the electrons, however, can be different from the average distribution. If we could freeze
the motion of the electrons at any given instant, both electrons could be on one side of the nucleus. At just that instant, the
atom has an instantaneous dipole moment.

The motions of electrons in one atom influence the motions of electrons in its neighbors. The instantaneous dipole on
one atom can induce an instantaneous dipole on an adjacent atom, causing the atoms to be attracted to each other. This
attractive interaction is called the dispersion force

The ability of an atom to form a temporary or induced

dipole is known as its “____________________________”
An increase in the number of electrons increases
polarizability

In general, the strength of the dispersion force increases as

the ______________ _____ ____________________ in an
atom or molecule __________________. The strength of
dispersion forces therefore tends to increase with
______________________ ___________________
This plot shows how the boiling point increases as the molecular ______________.
weight of the substances increases due to the stronger dispersion
forces.
Molecular shape also affects the magnitude of the
dispersion force.

The ________________ _______ ________________

__________ of the molecule, the greater the
dispersion force

Despite the same molecular formulas and weight, n-

pentane has a higher boiling point than neopentane.
Intermolecular attraction is greater for n-pentane
because the molecules can come in contact over the
entire length of the long molecules. Less contact is
possible between the more compact and nearly
spherical neopentane molecules.

Dispersion is also enhanced by _____

________________ or the presence of double and
triple bonds

Dispersion forces are the ________________ of attractions

and are _______________ _____ _______
_____________________but are often ignored if a stronger
type of attraction (ex: dipole-dipole or hydrogen bonding) is
present

Which member in each pair has the larger dispersion Which member in each pair has the stronger
forces: intermolecular dispersion forces:

(a) H2O or H2S (a) Br2 or O2

(b) CO2 or CO (b) CH3CH2CH2CH2SH or CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2SH

(c) SiH4 or GeH4 (c) CH3CH2CH2Cl or (CH3)2CHCl?

Butane and 2-methylpropane, whose Lewis structures are shown on the right, are both
nonpolar and have the same molecular formula, C4H10, yet butane has the higher boiling
point (-0.5℃ compared to -11.7℃ ). Explain.
 Dipole-Dipole Attractions

The presence of a ______________________

______________ moment in ____________
____________________ gives rise to dipole–dipole forces.
These forces originate from ___________________________
______________________between the partially positive end
of one molecule and partially negative end of a neighboring
molecule.

Dipole-dipole attractions are stronger than London dispersion focus because the dipoles present in the molecules are
permanent instead of temporary.

When comparing these two molecules of similar molecular weights, the drastic difference in boiling point can be
explained by the presence of additional dipole-dipole interactions in acetone.

In order to determine if a molecule has dipole-

dipole interactions, you will need to
determine if the molecule is polar.

Remember that the presence of polar bonds

does not always mean the molecule is polar;
the ____________________ ____________ is
also important in determining the molecular
polarity.

To see the effect of dipole–dipole forces, we also compare the boiling points of two compounds of similar molecular
weight: acetonitrile (CH3CN) and propane (CH3CH2CH3).
Acetonitrile is a polar molecule, with a dipole moment of
3.9 D, so dipole–dipole forces are present.

However, propane is essentially nonpolar, which means

that dipole–dipole forces are absent.

Because acetonitrile and propane have similar molecular

weights, dispersion forces are similar for these two
molecules.

Therefore, the higher boiling point of acetonitrile can be

attributed to dipole–dipole forces.
 Hydrogen Bonding

Hydrogen bonding is a special type of intermolecular attraction between the __________________ __________ in a very
polar bond ( H-F, H-O, and H-N) and ______________________ _________________ __________ on one of the three
most electronegative atoms F, O, or N.

Hydrogen bonds can be considered a type of dipole–dipole attraction. Because N, O, and F are so electronegative, a bond
between hydrogen and any of these elements is __________ ____________, with hydrogen at the positive end.

Hydrogen bonding is the ___________________

of the three main intermolecular forces of
attraction and it plays an important role in many
chemical and biological systems.

Remember that hydrogen bonds are ________

______________ ____________and are still just
an intermolecular force and thus are still much
weaker than actual covalent bonds

Hydrogen bonding is the reason for many of water’s unique properties such Hydrogen bonds stabilize the structure of proteins and
as ice being less dense than water which profoundly affects life on earth. hold the double helix strands of DNA together

The effects of hydrogen bonding are

__________________. If a molecule can form
more than one hydrogen bond with a
neighbor, they will be held more tightly
together.

Despite similar molecular weights, acetic acid

has a ______________ ________________
____________than propanol due to its ability
to form __________ __________________
____________
 Hydrogen Bonding Traps!

Is hydrogen bonding present in a sample of Is hydrogen bonding present in a mixture of

formaldehyde (H2CO)? formaldehyde (H2CO) and methanol (CH3OH)?

Hydrogen bonding can only occur in a molecule Hydrogen bonding can occur between two
where the hydrogen atom is molecules even if one of the molecules (H2CO)
__________________ ______________ to could not hydrogen bond on its own
oxygen, fluorine or nitrogen.

In which of these substances is In which of these substances is Which of the following molecules
hydrogen bonding likely to play an significant hydrogen bonding can form hydrogen bonds with
important role in determining possible: methylene chloride other molecules of the same kind:
physical properties: methane (CH4), (CH2Cl2), phosphine (PH3), hydrogen CH3F, CH3NH2, CH3OH, CH3Br?
hydrazine (H2NNH2), methyl peroxide (HOOH), acetone
fluoride (CH3F), hydrogen sulfide (CH3COCH3)?
(H2S)?

Rationalize the difference in boiling points in each pair:

1.HF (20℃) vs HCl (-85℃)

2.CHCl3 (61℃) vs CHBr3 (150 ℃)

3.Br2 (59℃) vs ICl (97℃)

The DNA double helix at the atomic level looks like

a twisted ladder, where the “rungs” of the ladder
consist of molecules that are hydrogen-bonded
together. Sugar and phosphate groups make up the
sides of the ladder. Shown are the structures of the
adenine-thymine (AT) “base pair” and the guanine-
cytosine (GC) base pair. Which base pair is more
stable to heating? Why?
 Ion Dipole Forces

An ion–dipole force exists between an ________

and a ____________ __________________.

Cations are attracted to the negative end of a

dipole, and anions are attracted to the positive end.
The magnitude of the attraction increases as either
the ionic charge or the magnitude of the dipole
moment increases.

Ion–dipole forces are especially important for

____________________ _____ ____________
_____________________in polar liquids, such as a
solution of NaCl in water.

Dipole Induced Dipole

A ____________ _________________ can

______________ a dipole moment in a
________________ __________________or an
atom.

When the two are brought together, the

arrangement of electrons in the nonpolar molecule
will be __________________. As a result, it will
________________ a partially positive charge and a
partially negative charge.

The two molecules will attract one another through

dipole-induced dipole forces. It is a weaker
interaction than the regular dipole-dipole
interaction.

An ________ can also ______________ a dipole

moment in a ________________ __________________
or an atom.

When the two are brought together, the arrangement of

electrons in the nonpolar molecule will be
__________________. As a result, it will
________________ a partially positive charge and a
partially negative charge.

The two molecules will attract one another through ion-

induced dipole forces.
 Guidelines for Comparing IMFs

Similar Molecular Weights Very Different Molecular Weights

When the molecules of two substances have When the molecules of two substances ____________
____________________ ___________________ _____________ in ____________________
_______________ and shapes, ___________________ , _____________________
_____________________ _____________are _____________ tend to ___________________ which
approximately ___________ in the two substances. substance has the________________
____________________________
Differences in the magnitudes of the intermolecular
______________________.
forces are due to differences in the strengths of dipole–
dipole attractions. The intermolecular forces get
Intermolecular attractive forces are generally higher in
stronger as molecule polarity increases, with those
the substance with higher molecular weight.
molecules capable of hydrogen bonding having the
strongest interactions.

Review: Physical and Chemical Changes

Processes that involve only _______________ in

_____________________________
________________________, such as phase changes,
are typically classified as _________________
__________________.

Processes that involve the breaking and/or formation

of chemical bonds (covalent bonds) are typically
classified as chemical processes

List the substances BaCl2, H2, CO, HF, and Ne in List the substances NH3, H2O, CO, O2, and CH4 in
order of increasing boiling point. order of increasing boiling point.

Which type of intermolecular force is shown in each case? Predict which of the four interactions is the weakest.
 The molecules on the right have the same molecular
formula (C3H8O) but different normal boiling points, as
shown. Rationalize the difference in boiling points.

Which type of intermolecular force accounts for each of these differences:

(a) CH3OH boils at 65℃ ; CH3SH boils at 6℃.

(b) Xe is liquid at atmospheric pressure and 120 K, whereas Ar is a gas under the same conditions.

(c) Kr, atomic weight 84, boils at 120.9 K, whereas Cl2, molecular weight about 71, boils at 238 K.

(d) Acetone boils at 56℃, whereas 2-methylpropane boils at -11.7℃ .