Ethics: is a system of moral principles and is Emotivism: - it says that moral claims are no

concerned with what is good for individual more than an expression of approval or
and society. disapproval.
Ex: “murder is wrong” – an expression
Approaches to Ethics:
Meta-ethics: deals with the nature of moral Prescriptivism:- it says that ethical statements
judgment. are instructions or recommendations.
Normative Ethics: deals with content & Ex: “don’t murder people”
criteria of moral judgment.
Applied Ethics: it looks at controversial topics Source of Ethics:
like war, animal rights, capital punishment etc. Supernaturalism: it teaches that the only
source of moral rules is God.
Use of ethics:
 Ethics can provide a moral map - Intuitionism: it says that good and bad are
Ex: to moral problems like abortion, real objective properties that can’t be broken
euthanasia etc. down component parts. Human beings have
 Ethics can pinpoint a disagreement – an intuitive moral sense that enables them to
Ex: people disagree to a particular part in detect real moral truths.
the argument and broadly disagree on
everything else. Consequentialism: it teaches that people
 Ethics doesn’t always give right answers - should do whatever produces the greatest
Ex: to moral problems. It can eliminate amount of good consequences.
confusion and clarify the issue.
 Ethics can give several answers – Non-consequentialism/Deontological Ethics:
Ex: often there isn’t one right answer, it teaches that some acts are right or wrong in
there may be several or just some least themselves, whatever the consequence, and
worst answer to choose from them. people should act accordingly.

Ethics and People: Virtue Ethics: it teaches that an action is right

 Ethics is about the ‘Others’. if and only if it is an action that a virtuous
 Ethics as source of group strength – if person would do in the same circumstances,
group believes a particular activity is and that a virtuous person is someone who
wrong, it uses morality to attach those has particularly good character.
who practice it.
 Ethics is about good people as well as good Situation Ethics: it rejects prescriptive rules
actions. and argues that individual decisions should be
made according to the unique situation.
Four Ethical ‘isms’: with ex: ‘murder is bad’
Moral Realism: it is based on the idea that Universal Moral Rules:
there are real objective moral facts or truth in Moral Absolutism – it argues that some moral
the universe. rules are always true and applies to everyone.
Ex: “It is wrong to murder” – an ethical fact.
Moral Relativism: Different cultures or
Subjectivism: it teaches that moral judgments different periods have different moral rules.
are nothing more than statement’s of a
person’s feeling or altitude. Moral-somewhere-in-between-ism: believes in
Ex: “I disapprove of murder” mix of both above theories.
1. Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in human actions;
dimensions of ethics; ethics in private and public relationships. Human Values:

Ethics:
is a systematic study of human actions from the point of view of their rightfulness or
wrongfulness, as a means for the attainment of the ultimate happiness.

Scope: Ethics deals with voluntary action.

 It is not morality as later can be individual set of commitments even when they are rejected
by others.
 Ethics is not religion/not following the law/not following culturally accepted norms (Slavery in
US/caste system in India.

Why be Moral?
 Morality has to do more with one’s interior self than the practice of some customs or set
rules. It is a deep down desire in human person and is something to do with the very nature
of human person.
 Morality aims to provide us with a common point of view from which we can come to
agreement about what all of us ought to do.

Four Branches of Ethics:

1. Descriptive Ethics – is the study of people’s beliefs about morality. It studies the history and
evolution of ethics. Ex: Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral consciousness.
2. Normative Ethics (prescriptive ethics) – it involves arriving at moral standards that regulate
right and wrong conduct. It is a study of ethical theories that prescribe how people ought to
act. Ex: Aristotle’s virtue ethics, Kant’s deontological ethics, Mill’s Consequentslism
(Utilitarianism) and the Bhagwat’s Nishkam Karmayoga.
3. Meta Ethics: it is study of origin and meaning of ethical concepts. It determines the validity of
theories advanced in Normative Ethics.
4. Applied Ethics: it consists of the analysis of specific, controversial moral issues such as
abortion, animal rights, or euthanasia.

Determinants of Ethical Behaviour:

(i) Individual personality traits: individual value system, education, religious beliefs etc.
(ii) Culture/country of an individual
(iii) Prevailing ethics of the organization/industry

Determinants of Ethics in Governance:

Social, economic, political, cultural, legal-judicial and historical contexts of the country.

****
Values:
Values are individual principles or qualities that guide judgment and behavior of a person or a
group. It is an inbuilt mechanism, which distinguishes the right from the wrong, the Do’s and
Don’ts of any action, even when no one is looking. This self managing mechanism is not intuitive
but is acquired from the cultural environment.

Intrinsic Value and Extrinsic Value:

1. Intrinsic Value (absolute value) is one which has worth in its own. It is an end-to-itself. Ex:
truth, beauty, goodness, temperance, courage, etc.

2. Extrinsic Value is one which is a means to some other value. They are means to an end. Ex
– a pair of spectacles is good only if there are eyes behind spectacles to see through them.
Value System: is an enduring organization of beliefs concerning preferable modes of conduct.
Ex: one may value honesty or success.

Morality and Ethics:

Morality Ethics
It delves into the right and wrong at much It define the code that a society or group of
deeper level, both personal and spiritual. people adhere to.

It defines personal character. It stress a social system in which the morals

are applied.

Ethics, Values and Morals:

Ethics Values Morals
Ethics is a prepositional Values are ideas that we It describes a behavioral
statement (standards). It relies aspire to achieve, like code to which an individual
on logical and rational criteria to equality and social justice. ascribes.
reach a decision, an essentially
cognitive process.

Ethics in Public Administration: an administrator will:

 Maxim of Legality and Rationality: follow thelaw/rules that are framed to govern/guide
various categories of policies and decisions.
 Maxim of Responsibility and Accountability: not hesitate to accept the responsibility of his
decision and actions; and would be willing to be held accountable.
 Maxim of Work Commitment: be committed to his duties and perform his work with
involvement, intelligence and dexterity as Swami Vivekananda had observed: “every duty is
holy and devotion to duty is the highest form of worship”.
 Maxim of Excellence: ensure the highest standard (adhere to the requisites of Total Quality
Management) of quality in administrative decisions & actions.
 Maxim of Fusion: rationally bring about a fusion of individual, organizational and social goals
to help evolve unison of ideals.
 Maxim of Responsiveness and Resilience: an administrator would adapt/respond effectively
to the demands and challenges from the external as well as internal environment and yet
sustain the ethical norms of conduct.
 Maxim of Utilitarian – the policies/decisions will lead to the greatest good of greatest number.
 Maxim of Compassion: demonstrate compassion in making decisions without violating the
prescribed laws and rules.
 Maxim of National Interest: Though universalistic in orientation and liberal in outlook, keep in
view the impact of action on nation’s strength and prestige.
 Maximum of Justice: show respect to the principles of equality, equity, fairness, impartiality,
and objectivity in formulation and execution of policies and decisions of governance.
 Maxim of transparency: make decision and implement them in a transparent manner.
 Maxim of Integrity: take administrative decision on the basis of honesty and not use power,
position and discretion to serve personal interest/illegitimate interest of others.

Public Relations:
Is a vital function affecting management decisions and influencing public opinion. Reasons:-
 Increasing Globalization, recognition of right of expression/freedom of information
 Advance in telecommunication/transport.
 Growth in business, amalgamations, collaborations.
Ethics in Public Relations:
Public Relations can succeed only when the basic policy is ethical, and the means used as
truthful.
Abraham Lincoln- “you can fool some people all the time, and all of the people some of the time,
but you cannot fool all the people all of the time”

Unethical act- suppressing unfavorable news, misrepresenting facts, postponing to server but
serving some other interest, promising result that can’t be obtained etc.

PR person may have to deal with pressure groups  PR should be self-regulating ethical.

Values in Public Relationships:

It is seen as critical to providing both public officials and the public with a common frame of
reference regarding the principles and standards to be applied and in assisting public officials to
develop an appreciation of the ethical issues involved in effective and efficient public service
delivery.
Ex: “Seven Principles of Public Life by Nolan Committee in the United Kingdom” (for public
office holder should):
(i) Selflessness: take decision in terms of public interest.
(ii) Integrity: not place themselves under any financial or other obligations from outside.
(iii) Objectivity: make choice on merit while carrying out public business.
(iv) Accountability: be accountable to public & must submit to scrutiny appropriate to their office.
(v) Openness: be as open as possible & restricts info only when wider public interest demands.
(vi) Honesty: declare any private interest relating to their pubic duties.
(vii) Leadership: promote and support these principles by leadership and example.

****

Human Values:
Values according to or against which we act are the unavoidable and essential element of all
important decisions in the human arena. Values do go back to earliest recorded human societies
and religions and have somehow persisted throughout all the eras and all cultures.

Basics of Human Values:

 Truth: it does not depend upon will or wish of individual. It is an inherent value in the human
psyche. Ex: No one likes to be called a liar.
 Love Caring: Love here used is a broader sense. Its essence can be characterized by the
word “Love is unselfish care and concern for the well being of others and the world at large.
The less selfish it is, the more it enriches life”.
 Peace: Peacefulness in a person’s life, in society and in world terms, is a product of all the
positive values working together sufficiently. White peace is the absence of disturbance,
violence, war and wrongdoing generally, it is tangible present when experienced individually
as peace of mind, the mutual respect and pleasure of friendliness and tolerance.
 Responsibility: The human value of doing one’s duty is closely related to non-violence.
Destructive influences of pollution, misuse and excessive exploitation exemplify the spirit of
non-violence.
 Justice: European tradition has long embraced justice as one of the highest values. It is
based on fairness, where the equality of every individual before the law is fundamental. The
classical Greek idea of justice eventually gave rise to that of ‘human rights’, first formalized
in the charter of Geneva Convention.

Leader and Administrator:

 Leader Administrator Reformer
Leadership is exercise of high Works to accomplish the agreed Wants to improve the
level conceptual skills & goals efficiently – leading, prevailing conditions in
decisiveness – envisioning planning, organizing & controlling. society.
missions, developing strategy, Ex: Political/religious
inspiring people & changing reformer.
culture.
Either appointed/emerge. They are appointed.
Gets other people to want to Get other people to do.
do.
Initiate new structure to Utilize existing structure.
achieve organizational goals.

Human values from Great Human values from Great Human Value of Great
leaders: (Gandhi, Lincoln, Administrators: (Sam Pitroda, CD Reformers: (Kabir, IC
Mandela) Deshmukh, MS Swaminathan) Vidyasagar, RR Roy)

Love for justice, selflessness, Integrity, Non discrimination, Respect of Humanity,

Respect for humanity, dignity Discipline, Citizenly duty, Dignity for all,
for all, loving & caring Lawfulness, Loyalty, Courage, Humanism, Kindness,
behavior, peace loving, Solidarity & respect Compassion, Social
benevolence, compassion. Equity.
Common values – they have attitude to serve people, uplift downtrodden, impartiality,
integrity.

Inculcating Values:
Role of Family: Role of Society: Role of Educational Inst.:
It is the first and major Administrative morality is a part and Education necessarily
agency of socialization parcel of the general morality of the involves transmission of
has great influence and community. Success of govt. values. It is through
bearing on develop- depends upon effective collaboration education that society
ment of child. of its citizens. There is a great need seeks to preserve and
to infuse civic consciousness, promote its cherished
patriotism and discipline among values.
citizen through education and
functional literacy.

*****

2. Attitude – components, structure function, its influence, its relation with thought and behavior,
moral and political attitudes, social influence, persuasion.
Attitude:
It refers to a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular object with
some degree of favor or disfavor. The attitude may be positive or negative.

Components of Attitude (CAB):

Cognitive Component: It refers to the beliefs, thoughts and attributes (favorable or unfavorable)
we associate with an object on the basis of available information.

Affective Component:
It refers to feelings or emotions linked to an attitude object. It is a common component in attitude
change, persuasion, social influence and even decision making.

Behavioral Component:
It refers to a tendency or a predisposition to act in a certain manner (may be caused by affective
and cognitive components).

Categories of Attitude:
Explicit Attitude (Result of conscious cognition): It represents conscious cognitive and motivational
factors behind assigning of attitude; more deliberate thinking is involved in it.

Implicit Attitude (Result of Unconscious cognition): It is derived from the past memories, which are
rooted in unconscious cognition. Since cognitive part is absent in these attitudes so these are
largely influenced by affective experience. It means implicit attitudes are more easily accessible
if there is influence of contextual factors.

Theories of Formation of Attitude:

Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning: It is a process of behavioral modification by which a subject
comes to respond in a desired manner to a previously neutral stimulus. Ex: Pavlov’s classic
experiment – Pavlov presented dogs with a ringing bell (conditioned stimulus) followed by food.
The food elicited salivation (unconditioned stimulus), and after repeated bell-food parings the
bell also caused the dogs to salivate.
Further, through classical conditioning, people may come to have powerful attitudinal reactions
to social objects even in the absence of firsthand experience.

Instrumental Conditioning: According to this, behaviors that are followed by positive outcomes
tend to be strengthened, while those that are followed by negative outcomes are suppressed.
Ex: in early life, if your parents and teachers praised you for doing well in studies, you have
doubled your efforts and developed a positive attitude towards studies.

Observational Learning: The phenomenon by which a person acquires new forms of behavior of
thought simply by observing the rewards and punishments that others get.

Genetic Factor: It plays a role in shaping attitudes of an individual. However, they play stronger
role in shaping some attitudes that others.

Structure of Attitude and the Dynamic Properties of Attitude :

The structure of attitudes can be examined by exploring their CAB’s dynamic implication for
information processing, retrieval and judgment. Dynamic properties of attitude are as follows:
Attitude Strength: Attitude differs in strength. Strong, central attitudes are strongly related to self.
Its dimensions are certainty, intensity and extremity, attitude origin.

Attitude Accessibility: It refers to the ease with which attitudes can be retrieved from memory, in
other words how readily available an attitude about an object, issue, or situation.

Attitude Ambivalence: People can also be conflicted or ambivalent towards an object, meaning
that they simultaneously possess both positive and negative attitudes towards the object in
question. Ex: you may have an ambivalent attitude towards arranged marriages, because on the
other hand you value obedience and adherence to parents; on the other, you may value
freedom and personal choice.

Moral Attitude: Moral attitudes include moral judgments such as “right or wrong” and
“blameworthy or praiseworthy”. The differences in attitude are found in comparing cultures or
groups (cultural level), comparing individuals within same group and comparing attitudes the
same person expresses under different circumstances. Moral values are highest among all
natural values. The moral values are recognized by great minds, such as Socrates, or Plato,
who continually repeated that it is better to suffer injustice than to commit it.

Political Attitude: are those directed towards political objects, such as political candidates,
political issue, political parties and political institutions.

Political Attitude and Personality Traits:

Five personality traits influence our political learning and orientation –
 Extraversion: It implies an energetic approach to the social and material world and includes
traits such as sociability, activity, assertiveness and positive emotionality.
 Agreeableness: It contrasts a pro-social and communal orientation towards others with
antagonism and includes traits such as altruism, tender-mindedness, trust and modesty.
 Conscientiousness: It describes socially prescribed impulse control such as thinking before
acting, delaying gratification, following norms/rules, and planning, organizing etc.
 Emotional Stability: It describes even-temperedness and contrasts with negative emotionality.
 Openness to Experience: It describes the breadth, depth, originality and complexity of an
individual’s mental and experimental life.
Four of the five traits are expected to influence ideology. However, ‘Extraversion’ is expected to
influence political participation but not ideology.

Function of Attitude:- Katz takes the view that attitudes are determined by the functions they
serve for use. Main functions of attitude are:
 Utilitarian / Instrumental Function: It is very close to the concept of instrumental conditioning.
Katz say we develop +ve attitude towards rewards and –ve towards the punishment.
 Knowledge Function: Attitude satisfies knowledge function (meaningful, stable, clear &
organized view of the world) by providing a frame of reference for organizing our world so
that it makes sense.
 Ego-Defensive Function: Some attitudes serve to protect us from acknowledge basic truths
about ourselves or the harsh realities of life. These can help a person cope with emotional
conflicts and protect self-esteem.
 Social Identity Function: It refers to the informativeness of attitudes for person impressions, or
how much attitude appears to convoy about the people who had them. Ex: purchase of an
Indian Flag on the Republic Day may be driven primarily by self identity goals.
Influence of Attitude on Behavior:
 True versus Expressed Attitudes: Differ because both are subject to other influences, especially
 when dealing with sensitive issues, contexts and situations.
 One instance versus Aggregate: The effect of an attitude becomes more apparent when we
look at a person’s aggregate or average behavior rather than at an individual act.
 Level of Attitude-behavior Specificity: Attitude specificity, the extent to which attitudes are
focused on specific objects or situations (do you like to eat Mexican food) rather than on
general ones (do you like to go out to eat). Attitude can predict behavior if both attitudes and
behaviors are measured at similar levels of specificity.
 Self Awareness: If persons are not aware of their attitudes, these attitudes will tend to
influence the individuals’ behavior all the more intensely. On the other hand, if the person is
aware of his attitude, he/she will be quite self conscious about it and may hesitate showing it
in their behaviors.
 Attitude Strength: The stronger the attitude, the greater their impact on behavior. Attitudes
formed though direct experiences are stronger. The attitudes of more personally involved
individuals will be stronger predictors of behavior than attitudes of the less involved.
 Attitude Accessibility: It refers to the ease with which attitudes can be retrieved from memory.
More accessible attitude can be spontaneously activated without our conscious awareness.
****
Social Psychology: is the scientific study of the way that people’s behavior and mental
processes are shaped by the real or imagined presence of others (both person and situation).
Ex: atypical behavior like terrorism, genocide, ethnic cleansing, extremism.

Social Influence: The individual in an influential situation could comply, identify, or internalize
as defined by Professor Herbert Kelmen, a well known scholar in this subject.
Types of Social Influence:

 Normative Influence: is related to the act of going along with the crowd in the effort to be liked
and to be accepted.
Asch’s Classic Study: in the experiment participants had to judge the length of the line
(which line (A, B or C) matches the first line?). He found that people were willing to get along
and make clear errors. Asch concluded that people would rather make wrong decisions than
to suffer social rejection.

 Informational Influence: In this we go along with the crowd because we think the crowd knows
more than we do (especially during ambiguous situations).
Ambiguous situations: when people do not know what to do.
Crisis situations: when people do not have limit to think what to do.

Principles of Social Influence- It play on fundamental human instinct and can be exploited
both intentionally and unintentionally by professional influence agents. Six principles of social
influence:
 Reciprocity – people give back what another has given to them. Ex: smile
 Consistency – people desire to be consistent with their previous actions/opinion/assertions.
 Social Proof – people often decided what to do by looking at what similar others have done.
 Liking – people are more easily influenced by the people they like.
 Authority – people are influenced by the power of authority (Ex: Parental Authority).
 Scarcity – item or opportunities become more desirable as they are less accessible.

Meaning of Norms: a norm gives a person a rule of thumb for how they should behave.
However, a rational person only acts according to the rule if it is optimal for them.

****
Persuasion: is an attempt to change a person’s attitude.
Carl Hovland Study “who say what to whom” – who (the source), say what (the message) and to
whom (the audience).
 Construct of Persuasion:- The source of persuasion | The message | The audience

Source Credibility: can be viewed as credible if he/she is seen as an expert and can be trusted.
Source Likeability: is he/she is seen as similar and attractive (halo effect).
Resisting Persuasion: there are various ways to resist persuasion:
Attitude Inoculation – people who have been exposed to counter arguments have more
resistance to the persuasion.
Forewarned – being forewarned of the persuasion attempts can protect a person from being
persuaded. When people do opposite of what they are persuaded to do – boomerang effect.
Boomerang Effect: attempts to restrict a person’s freedom often produce anticonformity.
Stockpile – a person with physical, cognitive and social resources is more likely to resist
persuasion
Defence against persuasion technique – we if are aware of various social influence techniques and
perceive them as tricks to persuade us, we can resist them better.

****
Public & Administrative Attitude & Governance in India:
1. Administration vis-à-vis Public: the night-watchman concept was replaced by the social
service or welfare state which meant ‘administration’ looking after health, education,
industry, agriculture etc., thus it became highly complex and technical and necessitated the
specialist. It is more difficult owing to the fact that vast majority of our people are poor,
illiterate, tradition-minded and lack initiative necessary for the nation building task.
To overcome this, administrator is expected to act as a agent of social change and
economic transformation.

2. People’s Perception in Administration: People’s mind must be known to the administration and
at the same time administrator’s efforts must be actively supported by the people. ‘In this
regard ARC - have pointed out that the citizen hold the bureaucracy in low esteem’. The
public is suspicious about the integrity of public officials and regard ‘right contact’, ‘political
pulls’, ‘speed money’, etc. as the way & means to get the things done.

3. Administration’s Attitude towards the People- there is a wide cultural gap b/w the administrators
and the vast majority of masses. The administrators find masses indifferent, pessimistic
about the assistance from bureaucracy. The civil servants complain of too much interference
as citizens try to bring pressure through local politician.

4. Reconciliation of Public and Administration –

Bhambri opined that something more needs to be done to change the apathetic attitude of
the citizens and make them positive and participate in the functioning of the administration.
According to him a linkage needs to be established b/w the citizens and administration – a
public relation agency.
Tendency of our people to rely on government administration for fulfillment of each and
every need will have to be abandoned.
Hota Committee – “Introduction of sophisticated technology alone would not make the
administration people friendly unless higher civil servants have a proactive attitude and
reach out to the common people. They must spend much more time in field visits,
inspections, tours and night halts in remote and rural areas”.

*****

3. Values and public values, importance/conceptual understanding of each value, integrity,

impartiality, non-partisanship, objectivity, dedication, empathy, tolerance, compassion towards
weaker section and significance of values for civil services.
Importance of Values:
Values are essential components of organizational culture and instrumental in determining,
guiding and informing behavior. Adherence to high level public service values can generate
substantial public trust and confidence. In spite of enactment of laws to ensure impartiality,
honesty and devotion among civil service, there still remain a vast area of administrative
discretion which cannot be controlled by formal laws.

Otto Kircheerimer, “no supervision from above can be as effective as an automatic control on
the minds of those possessing it and creating standards of efficiency as well as honesty. Any
deviation from the common standards under such circumstances is likely to be discovered
sooner or later and rooted out.

McCanny, in all such areas “they must answer to their own conscience, to their own senses of
dignity and pride, to the opinions of their fellow-men and above all, to their devotion, to their own
honest effort to define the total welfare and to serve it.”

Values for Civil Service:

According to the 2nd ARC, integrity, dedication to public service, impartiality, political neutrality,
anonymity, etc. are hallmark of efficient civil service. The commission is also of the opinion that
in addition to commitment to the constitution these values should include;
a. Adherence to the highest standards of probity, integrity and conduct
b. Impartiality and non-partisanship
c. Objectivity
d. Commitment to the citizens’ concern and public good.
e. Empathy for the vulnerable and weaker sections of society.

The public servant’s duties today remain many, complex and often seemingly contradictory.
Therefore clarity over an organization’s values is essential and the appropriateness of a
particular value system is worthy of regular consideration in the context of changing
expectations and functions. While a core set of public service values is necessary, it is also true
that different values will also apply to different parts of the public service. The values most
commonly associated with public service are:
Honesty and Integrity, Impartiality, Respect for law, Respect for the persons, Diligence, Economic and
effectiveness, Responsiveness, Accountability.

Values and Public Values:

Moore argues that that the aim of managerial work in the public sector is to create public values
and private sector to create private value.
In govt. public values are those values that provide normative consensus about:
 The rights, benefits and prerogatives to which citizens should (or not) be entitled.
 The obligations of citizens to society, the state and one another; and
 The principles on which governments and policies should be based.

“Public value is created when policy and management strategies are politically legitimate,
feasible, and sustainable, operationally possible and practical, and of substantive value to the
citizenry”, according to Moore.
Today, the notion of creating public value has become part of an overall managerial philosophy,
in contrast, ‘values’ are complex personal judgment based on the knowledge as well as an
emotional reaction.
Public Value Pluralism:
Public values pluralism suggests that several values and value orientations can simultaneously
exist in society, all of which may be equally valid, correct, and fundamental.
Ex: there are many public values and sets or clusters of public values, such as impartiality and
lawfulness on the one hand, and efficiency and effectiveness on the other, that one might
consider tobe intrinsically contradictory or even hybrid. Like, the pursuit of liberty with equality,
pursuit of justice with mercy, and the pursuit of spontaneity with that of security.

Values Training (Induction courses/value seminars):

Most well known formal method is induction courses for new staff involving case studies and
role play scenarios; and values seminars and workshops. An often overlooked element to
values training is the need to demonstrate dear methods by which values conflicts can be
managed or what avenues public servants should pursue in order to resolve ethical dilemmas
without fear of negative personal consequences. Value conflicts should not be regarded as
detrimental to an organization and learning to cope with such conflicts is part of good public
management.

Aptitude: It is a component of a competency to do a certain kind of work at a certain level.

Attitude Aptitude
It is the way you think about any person or It is a capacity or talent innate or acquired for
thing. performing some particular task.

It has to do with the character. It has to do with the competence.

Ex: an administrator may be very good in problem solving but may have the tendency to
procrastinate the decisions.
An administrator may have a good aptitude in resolving communal issues but may have a
negative attitude towards a particular minority.

Attributes of a Good Administrator:

Paul H Appleby in his report (1961) ‘Public Administration for a welfare state’, mentioned the
following attributes of a good administrator-
 Willingness to assume responsibility
 A steady enlarging ability to deal with more problems
 A strong bend towards action
 A good listener
 Effective with people
 Capacity to build his own strength by building the competence of his organization.
 Capacity to use his institutional resources.
 Avoiding using power or authority for own sake.
 Welcoming reports of troublesome things
 A good team worker
 A good initiator

Integrity:
Integrity indicates soundness of moral principles, the character of uncorrupted virtues,
uprightness, honesty and sincerity. Accordingly to MoPersonnel, “Consistently behaves in an
open, fair and transparent manner, honor one’s commitments and works to uphold the Public
service values.”
A fundamental rule for maintaining civil servants’ integrity in to avoid situations which may give
rise to a conflict of interest. The following guidelines are relevant:

 Never use your position in the civil service to benefit yourself or your family, relatives or
friends, or any other group of people with whom you have personal or social ties;
 Avoid being placed in a position of obligation to anyone by accepting excessive
 entertainment or favors such as free service, or indulging in games of chance with
subordinates or other people with whom you have official dealings; and
 Avoid putting yourself in a position that may arouse any suspicion of dishonesty, or of using
your official position to benefit yourself, your family, relations or friends. Ex: do not provide
advice to any executive search firm if your official duties involve appointment and promotion.
In procuring services or goods for your office, do not negotiate with a company in which you
or your relatives hold shares. Follow prescribed tender procedures and declare an interest if
necessary in the process.
 Encourage others to consistently follow Public Service values
 Treat people impartially, regardless of political, social, demographic, geographic,
circumstances or bias
 Enforce law, public service values and rules of conduct even in difficult situations
 Have the courage and conviction to make and stand by the right decisions, even at
significant personal cost
 Provide honest and frank advice to uphold public interest
 Ensure full disclosure, by sharing the political implications of the decisions being made
 Challenge powerful and influential people, and hold them accountable to make the right
decisions
 Stand firm when dealing with unreasonable requests and demands
 Take accountability for own actions and create a cultures for others also to take
accountability for their own actions

Intellectual Integrity:
It is defined as recognition of the need to be true to one’s own thinking and to hold oneself to the
same standards one expects others to meet.

The establishment and maintenance of integrity in public life and public service requires a
number of elements, including: legislation, regulations and codes of conduct; a society whose
religious, political and social values expect honesty from politicians and officials;
professionalism among officials; and a political leadership with the moral and political courage
and will to take its responsibility, both public and private, seriously.

Sardar Patel said, "You will not have a united India if you do not have a good All India Service,
which has the independence to speak out its mind and which has a sense of security. I need
hardly emphasize that an efficient, disciplined and contented service assured of its prospects as
a result of diligent and honest work is the sine qua non of sound administration under a
democratic regime, even more than under authoritarian rule'".

Impartiality:
Impartiality means acting solely according to the merits of the case and serving governments of
different political parties and the general public equally well and in the same spirit.

Political Patronage:
It refers in general to the awarding of benefit and privileges in exchange for political support. -
the awarding of contracts, preferential consideration in grants and contributions, and
appointments to boards and commissions.

Partisanship:
Partisanship refers in general to actions supporting or opposing political parties or biases.

Significance of Impartiality and Non-partisanship:

 ensuring objective and evidence-based advice which ministers can use in establishing
policies and programs for general public;
 providing the information ministers need to fulfill their accountability role to Parliament and
the public;
 delivering services in an effective manner;
 managing resources and programs effectively;
 ensuring a legal and constitutional transition when democratic processes result in new
administrations; and
 ensuring that, once professional advice is given, there is a competent and able execution of
those decisions, lawfully made.

Political Neutrality:
It means that the civil service should give free and frank advice to the government impartially
and without any political consideration. It also means the implementation of the decisions of the
government by the civil service faithfully whether such decisions were in consonance with their
advice or not.

Political Neutrality and Code of Conduct Rules: For civil servants-

 No association with political party or organization.
 Prevent family member from taking part in any movement subversive of govt.
 No member shall canvass or interfere with an election of legislature/local authority.
 Shall give no indication of the manner in which he proposes to vote.
 No member shall make any statement- adverse to govt. and its relations

****
Empathy:
It refers to the ability to imagine oneself in another’s place and understand the others’ feelings,
desires, ideas, and actions.
 Demonstrate active listening skills
 Recognize body language, facial expression, and/or tone of voice to understand the
unspoken message.
 Recognize unexpressed or poorly expressed thoughts, concerns, and feelings.
 Pick up signals when other are not feeling comfortable and display consideration.

Significance of Empathy: Empathy is widely recognized as a universal virtue, closely related

to many other virtues, such as love, compassion, kindness, tolerance, respect and acceptance.
It is also essential for working towards inclusiveness in society.
Sympathy Empathy
In sympathy you feel for the person; you are In empathy, to an extent you are placing
sorry for them or pity them, but you don’t yourself in that person’s place, have a good
specifically understand what they are feeling. sense of what he feels and understand his
feelings to a degree.

Tolerance:
Tolerance or toleration is a fair, objective, and permissive attitude toward those whose opinions,
practices, race, religion, nationality, etc,, differ from one's own; freedom from bigotry.

Significance of Tolerance:
Tolerance is the responsibility that upholds human rights, pluralism, democracy, harmony and
the rule of law. It involves the rejection of dogmatism and absolutism and affirms the standards
set out in international human rights instruments (it does not mean tolerance of social injustice
or the abandonment or weakening of one’s convictions).
 Compassion:
It is the understanding or empathy for the suffering of others.
 Has an active desire to alleviate another's suffering.
 Helps others because he wants to, not because he has to,
 Understands the feelings of others.
 Shows empathy towards another person,
 Shows kindness without expecting anything in return.
 Recognizes and helps others that are less fortunate than himself.

Empathy and Compassion: it is a form of compassion. It is closely related to compassion but

empathy precedes compassion and is a pre-requisite for compassion.

Significance of Compassion in Civil Services:

When experienced, compassion overwhelms selfish concerns and motivate altruistic behavior.
A compassionate civil servant is able to deliver the services efficiently and address the concerns
of weaker sections, it is considered as one of the most important attribute.

A compassionate civil servant:

 Understands the needs of marginalized/disadvantaged and wider public.
 Strives to respond quickly to meet their needs.
 Reports issues that affect service delivery
 Addresses all the issues of the citizens in an unbiased manner
 Ensures that levels of service are maintained
 Understands the value of an affirmative action towards the marginalized and disadvantaged
 Actively seeks info from all sections to understand their needs and expectations
 Is accessible to all citizens and seeks their feedback
 Establishes mechanisms to address feedback from the community
 Involve a diverse range of staff/stakeholder while developing implementation approach.
 Understands issues from others’ perspective, particularly disadvantaged.

Rule of Law:
Rule of law indicates that no branch of government is above the law , and no public official may
act arbitrarily or unilaterally outside the law.
Rule of law is also regarded as a principle of governance in which all persons, institutions and
entities, public and private.

Equity and Equality:

Equality is usually taken to mean that everyone should be treated the same whereas an equity
approach holds that a group and individuals should be treated according to their particular
circumstances and requirements.

*****

4. Emotional Intelligence (EI), utilities & application of EI in admin and governance. Emotional
Quotient (EQ) – importance, EI and Effective Leadership, Future of EI, EI & EQ in work place.

Emotions:
Emotion is an affective state of consciousness in which joy, sorrow, fear, hate, or the like, is
experienced, as distinguished from cognitive and volitional states of consciousness.
Intelligence:
Intelligence is a set of cognitive abilities which allow us to acquire knowledge, to learn and to
solve problems.

Emotional Intelligence:
EI is the ability to perceive emotions, to assess and generate emotions so as to assist thought,
to understand emotions and emotional knowledge, and to reflectively regulate emotions so as to
promote emotional and intellectual growth.
Coleman (1998), ‘EI’ refers to the capacity for recognizing our own feelings and those of others,
for motivating ourselves, and for managing emotions, well in ourselves and in our relationships.

Emotional Intelligence – Heart and Head Combined:

EI is not triumph of head over heart – it is the unique intersection of both. It combines affect with
cognition and emotion with intelligence. EI is the ability to use your emotions to help you solve
problems and live a more effective life.

Mayer & Salovey (Ability Model);

EI is the ability to perceive emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought,
to understand emotions and emotional knowledge, and to reflectively regulate emotions so as to
promote emotional and intellectual growth.
1. Perceiving Emotions- In order to understand the emotions, it is, first, necessary to accurately
perceive them, in many cases, like non-verbal signals (body language & facial expressions).
2. Reasoning with Emotions- It involves using emotions to promote thinking and cognitive activity.
Emotions help prioritize what we pay attention and react to.
3. Understanding Emotions- The emotions that we perceive can carry a wide variety of
meanings. If someone is expressing angry emotions, the observer must interpret the cause
of their anger and what it might mean.
4. Managing Emotions- Regulating emotions, responding appropriately and responding to the
emotions of others are ail important aspect of emotional management.

Domains of El as Given by Daniel Goleman:

1. Being self aware- To recognize a feeling as it is happening is fundamental to EL. If we are
unable to notice our emotions, we can be overwhelmed and flounder.
2. Managing emotions- This rests upon self-awareness; once aware, we need to handle our
emotions. The goal is to 'balance' the emotions.
3. Having self-motivation- Underlying the accomplishment of any sort of goal is the ability to
marshal our emotions in pursuit of that end.
4. Recognizing the emotions of others- People' skills are based on a capacity for empathy and the
ability to stay tuned to the emotions of others. Empathy kindles altruism.
5. Handling relationship- Interpersonal effectiveness is dependent on our ability to manage the
emotions of others. Brilliant projects and Innovative Insights are often never realized
because of a lack of social competence and leadership skill.

Attributes of an Emotionally Intelligent Administrator

 Handle conflicts constructively
 De-personalize from the angers of others
 Deal with uncertainty and change
 Identify and abide by core values and beliefs that shape the choices you make
 Understand and empathize with positions different from others
 To enroll people into his/her vision
 Manage difficult/unreasonable persons in all situations

Relevance of Emotional Intelligence in the Current Environment of Civil Services:

 Fast changing social structure and values.

 Increasing regional, economic and digital divide, rising population and unemployment
 Inadequacy of basic necessities.
 Increased awareness of masses and significant number of voiceless and marginalized poor.
 Widespread application of IT which has helped the government but has also put pressure.
 73rd/74th CAA - led decentralization and created a new class of politicians over Civil Servant.
 Paradigm shift in the idea of governance –governments are expected to move out of many
areas, and also they are expected to perform multiple roles.
 There is a consensus that govt. should perform better, be more responsive and transparent,
and enhance scope for participation of people and civil society.
 Issues get politicized easily and quickly,
 There is an all pervasive and increased cynicism & contempt of politics and administration.
 Inner dissent & conflicts over policies/programmes are more open and sharper.
 Increased tendency to agitation and aggression.
 The administration itself is beset with many problems- political pressures, rampant
corruption, obsolete and outdated methods, procedures and laws, Jack of avenues for
growth, over centralization, self aggrandizement and so on.

Awareness and application of EI helps in the following manner:-

 Greater interpersonal skills
 Increased capacity to handle - Changes in work, Pressures and stress, Conflicts.
 Ability to see the long term effects of one's actions/attitudes
 Increased levels of commitment, trustworthiness and conscientiousness
 Being able to see things in a holistic manner
 Being able to bounce back from setbacks and maintain optimism
 Finding healthy ways to handle negative/ extreme feelings
 Greater motivation- achievement drive, initiative, persistence, motivating others as well
 Better ability to communicate
 Enhanced group dynamics - cooperation, collaboration and building bonds
 Enhanced leadership traits.
 Ability to use win-win mode for negotiations
 Ability to appreciate diversity and value for others
 Ability to perform multiple tasks due to better time and information management
 Greater focus
 Aware of but minimally concerned with and affected by office politics
 Not prone to aggression
 Ability to be a change catalyst.

Emotional Quotient:
Is a measure of person’s ability to monitor his/her emotions, to cope with pressures and
demands, and to control his/her thoughts and actions.

Importance of EQ:
1. Physical Health: EI enables to take care of our bodies and manage stress.
2. Menial Well-Being: EI affects our attitude and outlook on life. It can also help to alleviate
anxiety and avoid depression and mood swings. Increases positive attitude.
 3. Relationships: EQ reflects the ability to read others cues, to accurately perceive and
understand others emotional, physical and verbal expressions.
4. Conflict Resolution: When we can discern people's emotions and empathize with their
perspective, it's much easier to resolve conflicts or possibly avoid them before they start.
5. Success: Higher EI helps us to be stronger internal motivators, which can reduce
procrastination, increase self-confidence, and improve our ability to focus on a goal.
6. Leadership: The ability to understand what motivates others, relate in a positive manner, and
to build stronger bonds with others inevitably makes those with higher EI better leaders.

EI and EQ in the Work Place:

Coleman – Intellectual Intelligence and EI contributes 20% & 80% for success respectively.
 Recruitment- EQ for selecting and recruiting desirable and high-performance workers.
 Predicting Performance- EQ to predict job performance.
 Negotiation- able to empathize/creative in finding win-win solutions will consistently pay off.
 Performance Management- 3600 feedback is a common tool for assessing EQ.
 Peer Relationships- Heightened EQ ensures a mutually beneficial approach to others.

Balanced EQ builds conducive work relationship. Employees tend to perceive challenges

optimistically, as an opportunity for betterment rather than a threat of impediment.

There are 3 Intrapersonal (Self-awareness, self-regulation and motivation) and 2 Interpersonal

(Social-skills and empathy) EIs that matter most in the domain of organizational behavior.

Emotional Intelligence and Work Attitude:

 Job Satisfaction- Individuals with high EI experience continuous positive moods and feelings
that generate higher levels of satisfaction and well-being.
 Organizational Commitment- Emotionally intelligent individuals are "optimistic".
 Work-Family Conflict- A high EI managers may be more capable of preventing work-family
conflict from the beginning because they have emotional insight.
 Job Performance- appraisal and expression of emotions, use of emotion to enhance cognitive
processing and decision making, knowledge about emotions and management of emotions -
contribute to effective leadership.

Emotional Intelligence and Effective Leadership:

Being aware of our emotions and how to manage them in ways that are appropriate and
effective is an important skill for leadership, the organization, the team and the individual. Some
authors are in view that emotional competencies contribute twice in organizational success.

Future of Emotional Intelligence in Bureaucracies:

EI skills will continue to be important as social skills are expected to decline due to increased
dependency on technological forms of communication.
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5. Contribution of Moral Thinkers and Philosophers from India and the World.

Philosophy:
It is methodical work of thoughts. It is an art of life.

Modern Moral Philosophy:

Modern moral philosophy Is increasingly revolving around 'claims-based' or 'rights-based ethics'.
Right based theories argue that people have to certain freedoms and rights, like liberal theories
which focus on people’s claim to freedoms like freedom of speech, association, religion etc.
Ex: Declaration of Human Rights of the UN, Welfarism, etc.

Development of Moral Reasoning/Consciousness – Lawrence Kohlberg