PM Shri Kendriya Vidyalaya

No. 1 AFS, Jodhpur

Topic of Project: To study Dia, Para and Ferro

magnetic substances
Session: 2024-25
Class: XII
Board Roll No. _____________

Submitted To Submitted By
SUMIT CHOUDHARY DIVYANSHI GEHLOT
PGT(PHYSICS)
 Certificate

This is hereby to certify that the original and genuine

investigation work has been carried out to investigate
about the subject matter and the related data collection
and investigation has been completed sorely sincerely
and satisfactorily by Divyashi Gehlot of class 12 science
of PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.1 AFS,
JODHPUR regarding his project titled “To study Dia,
Para and Ferro magnetic substances.”

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 Acknowledgement

It would be my pleasure to express my sincere thanks to

my physics teacher Mr. Sumit Choudhary in providing
me a helpful hand in this project his valuable guidance
support and supervision all through its project titled to
study dia, para and ferro magnetic substances.
 Index

• Introduction
• What is magnetic susceptibility
• Diamagnetism
• Characteristics of diamagnetism
• Paramagnetism
• Characters of paramagnetism
• Ferromagnetism
• Characteristics of ferromagnetism
 Introduction

It can be stated in the context of the differentiation that,

Diamagnetism is the magnetism type which forms at the
opposite of external magnetic field and has a feeble
repulsion with magnets. Ferromagnetism, is the
magnetism in substances that form along the direction of
external field of magnets and remain even if the
magnetic field is removed. Paramagnetism is also
determined as one of the types of magnesium in
substances which also form along in same direction to
external magnetic field and gets disappeared when the
magnetic field is removed.
 What is Magnetic susceptibility?

The dimensionless proportionality constant which

generally provides an indication of the magnetization
degrees of materials is determined as the magnetic
susceptibility. This indication of magnetization degrees
is always provided in response to the applied field of
magnets.
A material’s magnetic susceptibility is usually denoted
by Xm. Xm is equivalent to the ratio of M denoting the
magnetization within the substance to the strength, H of
its external magnetic field. The formula of magnetic
susceptibility can be written in the form:
Xm=M/H
 Classification Of Magnetic
Materials

1. DIAMAGNETISM
Diamagnetism is the tendency of a substance to oppose an
applied magnetic field and hence, to repel the applied magnetic
field. It can be found in all material. Diamagnetic behaviour is
thus exhibited exclusively in a completely diamagnetic
substance. Because there are no unpaired electrons in a
diamagnetic material, the inherent electron magnetic moments
cannot generate a bulk effect.

When there is no applied field, the atoms in a diamagnetic

substance have no net magnetic moment. The spinning electrons
process under the influence of an applied field (H), and this
motion, which is a form of electric current, causes a
magnetisation (M) in the opposite direction of the applied field.
The temperature has no effect on the value of susceptibility.
 Characteristics of diamagnetic
materials:

1. The magnetic moment of each atom in a diamagnetic

substance is calculated to be zero.
2. They can be repelled by a weak magnetic field.
3. Diamagnetic substances shift from the stronger to the
weaker side of the field when they are placed in a non-
uniform magnetic field.
4. When these materials are exposed to an external
magnetic field, they become weakly magnetized in the
opposite direction as the field.
5. In diamagnetic materials, magnetic susceptibility is
shown to be negative.
6. Diamagnetism occurs in substances such as copper,
silver, gold etc.
2. PARAMAGNETISM

The electron spin of unpaired electrons causes

paramagnetism. When a group of electrons is subjected to
a magnetic field, the dipole moments of the electrons
seem to line up with the field, just like a tiny bar magnet.
The effect boosts net magnetisation in the applied field’s
direction. Paramagnetism, like diamagnetism, is weak and
only exists in the presence of an applied field; however,
because the effect boosts the applied field, the
paramagnetic susceptibility is always positive.
Paramagnetic materials align themselves with the applied
field.
Unpaired electrons, or atomic or molecular orbitals
containing exactly one electron, exist in paramagnetic
materials. When a magnetic field is present externally,
these magnetic moments try to equate in the same
direction as the applied field, strengthening it.
Characteristics Of Paramagnetic
Materials:

1. Every atom in this substance is thought to be a

magnetic dipole with a magnetic moment as a result.
2. These materials are attracted to the external magnetic
field via a weak attraction.
3. When placed in a non-uniform field, they travel from
the weaker to the stronger area of the field.
4. When the external magnetic field is removed, these
materials lose their magnetism.
5. Paramagnetism occurs in substances such as lithium,
tantalum and magnesium.
3. FERROMAGNETISM

Because of the electron’s magnetic properties,

ferromagnetism also exists. Unlike paramagnetism,
ferromagnetism can exist even when there is no external
field. Because it is energetically advantageous, the
magnetic dipole moments of the atoms naturally lineup
with one another. Absolute zero (0 K, or -273.15° C) is
the only temperature at which the dipole moments can be
perfectly aligned. Thermal motions begin to disrupt
magnetic moments above absolute zero.
The thermally produced disorder overcomes the
alignment at a temperature called the Curie temperature,
which varies from material to material, and the
substance’s ferromagnetic qualities vanish. Ferromagnetic
materials have a high susceptibility and also a positive
one. They have a large, positive susceptibility to an
external magnetic field. They have a strong attraction to
magnetic fields, and they are also able to retain their
magnetic properties even after the external field has been
removed.
Characteristics Of Ferromagnetic
Materials:
1. Ferromagnetic compounds are made up of a high number of
tiny domains.
2. When the external magnetic field is removed, these
substances retain their magnetism.
3. When heated over the curie point, certain materials become
paramagnetic.
4. Ferromagnetic compounds are highly attracted by the
external magnetic field.
5. When the magnetic field is non-uniform, these
ferromagnetic materials tend to shift from the weaker to the
stronger section of the field.
6. When a ferromagnetic rod is placed in a homogeneous
magnetic field, it will come to rest with its length parallel to
the field’s direction.

Ferromagnetism only occurs in some substances like iron,

cobalt, nickel, their alloys, and some alloys of rare-earth
metals.
 Bibliography

• NCERT class 12 textbook

• ChatGPT
• Goggle
• Wikipedia